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Genetic selection has significantly improved the muscle development of fast-growing broiler chickens in the last 50 yr. However, improvement in muscle growth has coincided with relatively poor development of visceral systems, resulting in impaired ability to cope with high environmental temperatures. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of thermal manipulation (TM) during different periods of embryogenesis on chick hatchability, BW and thermoregulation upon hatching, on their ability to cope with thermal challenge at 42 d of age, and on carcass and breast meat traits. Control embryos were incubated at 37.8°C. The TM embryos were incubated at 37.8°C and treated for 3 h at 39.5°C on the following days of embryogenesis: E8 to E10 [early (BA)], E16 to E18 [late (LA)], and both E8 to E10 and E16 to E18 (BA-LA). Body weight and body temperature (Tb) were measured at hatching and throughout the growth period as well as during exposure of 42-d-old chickens to a thermal challenge at 35°C for 6 h. The LA and EA chicks exhibited significantly lower Tb than control chicks (37.9 vs. 38.2°C) at hatching, but during the growth period, differences in Tb between treated and control chicks decreased with age. Significant hyperthermia (over 44°C) was monitored in all groups during the thermal challenge, but mortality was higher in treated than in control chickens. No effect of treatments on BW was found during the entire growth period. However, breast yield was higher in LA chickens than in controls at slaughter. The EA and EA-LA treatments slightly decreased the ultimate pH of breast meat, whereas the LA treatment had no effect. In conclusion, none of the TM conditions tested in the present study were able to improve long-term thermotolerance in chickens. Late treatment favored breast muscle growth without affecting ultimate pH and drip loss of breast meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial development of branches of social production is an important form of the manifestation of technical progress and the intensification of production. Decisions of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union have repeatedly emphasized that the industrial development of all social production is one of the most important bases for substantially improving the people's standard of living. Decisions and materials of the Twenty-Fourth Congress of the CPSU indicate the great importance of converting a number of key branches of the national economy to an industrial approach to development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under socialism, scientific forecasting is a necessary stage in the process of national economic planning. It is called upon to determine, in the stage preceding the plan, possible variants of technical, economic, and social development in the long run, the knowledge of which makes it possible to proceed to the preparation of state national economic plans. In the forecasting process, the elaboration of these variants is first based on general tasks in communist construction, on consideration of existing trends in the base period (for a more or less extended period), and on projected changes in the operationof factors in economic development in the future that can lead to changes in old trends and to the formation of new socioeconomic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elaboration of a national economic plan should meet two basic requirements. First, the plan should guarantee the continuous growth of proportional balanced social production in keeping with the demands of a society that is moving toward communism; and, second, the plan should ensure increasing effectiveness in social production. These two planning principles determine the content of the plan and the process of plan formation. It should be emphasized that while we, for the most part, strike the proper balance in our plans, the task of increasing the effectiveness of social production is still not quite satisfactorily solved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic efficiency of production concentration and the determination of the optimal size of enterprises are among the key problems of the socialist economy. Insufficient theoretical treatment of these problems adversely affects the practical solution of the problems of production concentration in both industry and agriculture. Although in some stages of the development of our economy, when it became evident that the level of production concentration in given branches was inadequate, measures were taken to amalgamate production, not infrequently the dimensions of amalgamated or newly built large enterprises were determined on the basis of subjective or, sometimes, purely intuitive decisions. As a result, excessively large enterprises were sometimes created which were low in efficiency and were difficult to manage. And this subsequently made it necessary to wage a struggle against the mania to create giant units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successes of our national economic planning are undisputed and well known. Its methods and principles, developed in the course of socialist construction, have shown their viability and great effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interindustry balance sheets characterizing the interrelations between branches of material production provide extensive material for studying the structure of production and the influence exerted on it by technical progress. The structure of social production depends on the level of development of the productive forces and on the nature of the social system of the given country. It is out of the question, therefore, to think in terms of copying the structure of production of the more technically developed capitalist countries in our long-term plans. However, a discerning study of the production structures of the capitalist countries, chiefly those with a high level of technical development, is of considerable interest to planning personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The national economy of the USSR, rapidly growing in scale and diversity, requires the constant development of methods of economic analysis and national economic planning which would make it possible to raise considerably the accuracy of planning calculations and thus select the most effective balanced variants of a plan for economic development. The interbranch balance method is one of the methods affording a deeper insight into, and a broader study of, the structure of the national economy and the interdependence of its main elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main ways of improving the balance method of planning is the working out of a balance showing the production and distribution of products in the branches of industry. The inter-branch balance gives an overall and detailed picture of the process of socialist reproduction, and is a specification of the social product balance. Like the latter, it reflects the key national economic proportions, such as the relation of the replacement fund and the national income, the accumulation and consumption funds, material outlays and net output, the necessary and surplus product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method of balances plays a very important part in national economic planning. In the process of preparing long-range and annual plans by means of the method of balances the necessary proportions in the development of the different branches of the national economy are established and correct relationships between production and consumption are determined.A most important part in determining national economic proportions is played by the national economic balance worked out in our country. It reflects the fundamental economic proportions, for example - the relationships between consumption and accumulation, between industry and agriculture, between the production of the means of production and the production of articles of consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the years of Soviet power, the peoples of our country, under the leadership of the Communist Party, have effected tremendous transformations in all fields of the economy and of culture. As the result of the industrialization of the country, the collectivization of agricuIture, the elimination of exploiting classes and the execution of a cultural revolution in the USSR, the socialist mode of production has triumphed. Our country was transformed from a backward agrarian country to one of powerful industry and collective farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In all the stages of building socialism, the Communist Party and the Soviet government have directed and continue to direct the development of our industry along the path of specialization and cooperation. The latter are becoming increasingly important for the growth and the improvement of socialist production. A program of further development of specialization and cooperation was formulated at the 20th Congress of the CPSU. On the basis of the thoroughgoing studies of the present situation of specialization and cooperation and with consideration of the requirements of advanced technology and the new, larger scales of production, the Party and the government proposed a number of important measures regulating the specialization of existing enterprises, creating new specialized plants and shops of mass production of semi-fabricates, parts, units, and aggregates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CFTR is an anion channel that has evolved from the mold of an ABC transporter. It possesses specific structural features, including a lateral portal between the cytoplasmic extensions of its transmembrane helices TM4 and TM6. This TM4-TM6 portal is lined by basic residues attracting anions from the cytosol towards the intracellular vestibule. Even though a symmetric, open portal is not observed at the level of the TM10/TM12 interface, basic amino acids are also present at this level, exposed to solvent in the vicinity of the regulatory R region, whose phosphorylation enables channel activation. Here, using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations in combination with functional and biochemical assays, we investigate the importance of these basic amino acids (R1158 and R1030), and of a neighboring aromatic amino acid (W846) in the regulation of CFTR activity. Results indicate that mutation of these amino acids globally increased channel activity and enabled channel opening by potentiators without the need to elevate cAMP levels. These effects (i) were observed even when the binding site of the potentiator VX-770 was mutated, revealing a probable independent mechanism, and (ii) were additive to one gain-of-function mutant within the selectivity filter. Taken together, our results indicate that the region of the membrane-spanning domain 2 (MSD2), symmetric to the lateral portal located between MSD1 TM4 and TM6, is a novel critical actor of CFTR regulation., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The radiographic examination of the shoulder, one of the most common studies performed in the emergency department of examine trauma patients, very often yields poor and incorrect results. A radiographic study of the shoulder requires at least two radiographs, and different projections-namely, a frontal anteroposterior view and some additional projections, at right angles to one another. The shoulder radiographs of 126 patients examined for acute trauma were retrospectively reviewed to investigate the adequacy of lateral and oblique apical views in detecting shoulder injuries missed on anteroposterior view. The antero-posterior view was the most effective one, showing 88% of the injuries. Even though the oblique apical and the lateral views were less sensitive than the antero-posterior view, detecting 82% and 60% of the injuries, respectively, they were more sensitive for some specific injuries missed by the other views. Thus, glenohumeral dislocations with or without fracture and some clavicular fractures were best depicted by the oblique apical view, while the fractures of the body and coracoid process of the scapula were best detected by the lateral view. However, the two views had a complementary role and, in our series of patients, both of them showed four injuries missed by the anteroposterior view. Therefore, we conclude that the radiologist should collaborate with the orthopedist to choose which projections to use in each patient on the basis of physical and clinical examinations.