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Climate impacts hit us directly as e.g. floods and forest fires, but also cascade over borders. How can we address these transboundary climate risks (TCRs)? To answer this, the Nordic Council of Ministers commissioned a study. As open economies, the Nordics can be exposed to TCRs. Some key trade partners have medium (e.g. China) or even high (e.g. India) risk. The study dove deeper into six food commodities. For example, climate change affects sources of maize negatively, with risks outweighing opportunities by 28:1. This can mean higher prices or disturbances in supplies. The Nordics are better prepared than most others, but not well enough. There are also important differences among them. The report makes recommendations on how Nordics can better address TCRs together. These include a joint research programme, raising awareness and engaging with the private sector.

Climate impacts hit us directly as e.g. floods and forest fires, but also cascade over borders. How can we address these transboundary climate risks (TCRs)? To answer this, the Nordic Council of Ministers commissioned a study. As open economies, the Nordics can be exposed to TCRs. Some key trade partners have medium (e.g. China) or even high (e.g. India) risk. The study dove deeper into six food commodities. For example, climate change affects sources of maize negatively, with risks outweighing opportunities by 28:1. This can mean higher prices or disturbances in supplies. The Nordics are better prepared than most others, but not well enough. There are also important differences among them. The report makes recommendations on how Nordics can better address TCRs together. These include a joint research programme, raising awareness and engaging with the private sector.

An increasing number of non-state actors are taking steps towards and beyond carbon neutrality and making claims about their contribution to global climate action. The voluntary use of carbon credits is one way to support more, earlier and faster climate action than what would be possible with own emission reductions alone, if high environmental and social integrity is ensured. The Nordic Dialogue on Voluntary Compensation brought together Nordic stakeholders to co-create guidance for the robust voluntary use of carbon credits in line with the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement and the UN Sustainable Development Agenda. This report summarises Nordic perspectives on best practice for the voluntary use of carbon credits and related claims, and recommendations for further Nordic cooperation in this field.

Selvitys on jatkoa vuonna 2013 ilmestyneelle Selvitys energiaköyhyydestä, kotitalouksien energiakustannukset -raportille. Työssä tarkastellaan tilastojen, energialaskelmien ja haastattelujen avulla omistusasunnoissa asuvien pieni- ja alle keskituloisten talouksien energiaköyhyysriskiä. Energiaköyhyydellä tarkoitetaan vaikeutta ylläpitää perustarpeita energiakustannusten takia. Suomessa on 60 000–100 000 energiaköyhyyden riskiryhmiin kuuluvaa omistusasunnossa asuvaa kotitaloutta eli pieni- ja alle keskituloisia, jotka asuvat perusparantamattomissa 1960- ja 1970-luvun kerrostaloissa tai isoissa ennen vuotta 1980 rakennetuissa tai öljylämmitteisissä pientaloissa. Alueellisesti suurin riski on väestöään menettävillä alueilla, joissa on suhteellisesti eniten pieni- ja alle keskituloisia, kuten Etelä-Savossa, Pohjois-Karjalassa ja Kainuussa. Absoluuttisesti eniten energiaköyhyyden riskiryhmiin kuuluvia on Uudellamaalla. Energiaköyhyyttä voi esiintyä vanhuksilla, joilla ei ole varaa lämmittää taloaan riittävästi. Suomessa energiaköyhyys on harvinaista, sillä sosiaaliturva lieventää sen vaikutuksia. Jos energian reaalihinta nousee parikin prosenttia vuosittain, energiaköyhyyden riski voi lisääntyä. Suurimmat lämmityskustannukset ovat Pohjois-Suomessa suuressa ja vanhassa öljylämmitteisessä omakotitalossa. Ilmaisilla säästötoimenpiteillä, kuten sisälämpötilaa laskemalla, ilmaisella puulla lämmittämällä ja sähkön kilpailutuksella, voi laskea energiakustannuksia 5–35 prosenttia. Lämmitystapamuutoksilla on suurin vaikutus energiakustannuksiin, mutta esteenä ovat suuret investointikustannukset. Lämmitysremontti tulee eteen kaikilla öljylämmittäjillä ja rahoituksen kanssa voi tulla ongelmia. Energiaköyhyysriskiä voidaan pienentää kehittämällä rahoitusmuotoja, kuten malleja, joissa investointikustannukset maksetaan syntyvillä energiakustannussäästöillä tai valtion takaamia lainoja. Energiaköyhyyden riskiryhmät tarvitsevat parempaa energianeuvonnan ja rahoituksen saavutettavuutta.

The TRIAD approach to forest management involves dividing the forest into 3 zones, each with its own management objectives, but with the overall goal of increasing the ecological and economic sustainability of the forest. For the past 5 years, we have been experimenting with TRIAD zoning in central Quebec, incorporating social interests into the original concept of TRIAD management. Results generally indicate that this approach is economically viable, socially acceptable, and preferable ecologically in this area. Although much remains to be done, thus far the consensus among the various project participants is that this approach may be a good fit for the public forest of Canada.

Depuis les années 1990, l'étude de la perception du public sur les forêts et l'aménagement forestier fait l'objet d'un intérêt croissant qui se reflète par une attention accrue sur l'aménagement durable des forêts (ADF). Puisque l'ADF vise à intégrer les diverses valeurs écologiques, économiques et sociales, l'acceptabilité sociale devient un préalable essentiel à sa réalisation. Afin d'évaluer l'acceptabilité sociale, il est important d'avoir des informations sur les perceptions locales et leur distribution entre les groupes. Jusqu'à présent, il n'existe pas de théorie ou de modèle conceptuel qui explique les interactions entre la forêt, l'individu, incluant son milieu social et culturel, ainsi que la politique et l'aménagement forestier. Pour illustrer ces interactions, le concept de modèle culturel est introduit et utilisé pour créer un modèle conceptuel fournissant un cadre théorique permettant les comparaisons entre les régions. Ce modèle conceptuel facilite aussi le lien entre l'utilisation actuelle et historique des forêts et les perceptions. Le cadre théorique explique aussi la qualité non-statique des modèles culturels sur les forêts et décrit la façon dont ils sont changés ou renforcés par de nouvelles expériences forestières ou par le discours public. L'introduction d'informations additionnelles sur les forêts et leur aménagement devrait ainsi influencer les modèles culturels des gens et leurs perceptions des forêts. Basée sur le cadre théorique décrit au-dessus, cette dissertation a comme but de mieux comprendre l'effet des conditions locales et de l'introduction de nouvelles informations sur les perceptions reliées à l'ADF. La question des conditions locales est approchée en étudiant les valeurs forestières, les attitudes par rapport à l'aménagement forestier et les préférences des groupes d'intérêt provenant de trois régions boréales concernant l'ADF. Les régions étudiées diffèrent dans leur utilisation actuelle et historique des forêts. L'effet de l'i

The TRIAD approach to forest management involves dividing the forest into 3 zones, each with its own management objectives, but with the overall goal of increasing the ecological and economic sustainability of the forest. For the past 5 years, we have been experimenting with TRIAD zoning in central Quebec, incorporating social interests into the original concept of TRIAD management. Results generally indicate that this approach is economically viable, socially acceptable, and preferable ecologically in this area. Although much remains to be done, thus far the consensus among the various project participants is that this approach may be a good fit for the public forest of Canada.

Differences in the way local and regional interest groups perceive Sustainable Forest Management in regions with different forest use histories were studied using Southeastern Finland, the Mauricie in Quebec and Central Labrador in Canada as examples of regions with high, medium and low importance of commercial forestry. We present a conceptual model illustrating the cyclic interaction between the forest, cultural models about forests and forest management. We hypothesized that peoples’ perceptions would be influenced by their cultural models about forests and would thus vary amongst regions with different forest use histories and among different interest groups. The weightings of the environmental, economic and social components of sustainability as well as themes important for each of the interest groups were elicited using individual listing of SFM indicators and group work aimed at developing a consensus opinion on a common indicator list. In Southeastern Finland the views of the different groups were polarized along the environmenteeconomy axis, whereas in Central Labrador all groups were environmentally oriented. The social dimension was low overall except among the Metis and the Innu in Labrador. Only environmental groups were similar in all three research regions, the largest differences between regions were found among the forestry professionals in their weightings concerning economy and nature. As the importance of commercial forestry increased, a greater importance of economic issues was expressed whereas the opposite trend was observed for issues regarding nature. Also inter-group differences grew as the importance of commercial forestry increased in the region. Forest management and forest use can be seen as factors strongly influencing peoples’ cultural models on forests.

To assist forest managers in balancing an increasing diversity of resource objectives, we developed a toolkit modeling approach for sustainable forest management (SFM). The approach inserts a meta-modeling strategy into a collaborative modeling framework grounded in adaptive management philosophy that facilitates participation among stakeholders, decision makers, and local domain experts in the meta-model building process. The modeling team works iteratively with each of these groups to define osential questions, identify data resources, and then determine whether available tools can be applied or adapted, or whether new tools can be rapidly created to fit the need. The desired goal of the process is a linked series of domain-specific models (tools) that balances generalized "top-down" models (i.e., scientific models developed without input from the local system) with case-specific customized "bottom-up" models that are driven primarily by local needs. Information flow between models is organized according to vertical (i.e., between scale) and horizontal (i.e., within scale) dimensions. We illustrate our approach within a 2.1 million hectare forest planning district in central Labrador, a forested landscape where social hnd ecological values receive a higher priority than economic values. However, the focus of this paper is on the process of how SFM modeling tools and concepts can be rapidly assembled and applied in new locations, balancing efficient transfer of science with adaptation to local needs. We use the Labrador case study to illustrate strengths and challenges uniquely associated with a meta-modeling approach to integrated modeling as it fits within the broader collaborative modeling framework. Principle advantages of the approach include the scientific rigor introduced by peer-reviewed models, combined with the adaptability of meta-modeling. A key challenge is the limited transparency of scientific models to different participatory groups. This challenge

This research tested whether demonstration of the long term effect of different forest management scenarios in a large forested area changes people's forest values and attitudes. Forestry professionals and other forest users in Central Labrador were shown simulation results of three alternative forest management scenarios illustrating possible long term effects on various indicators. Forest values and attitudes towards forestry were measured before and after the presentation. Our conception of values and attitudes is based on the cognitive hierarchy model of human behaviour which states that values are more enduring and more difficult to change than attitudes. It was thus hypothesized that attitudes would change but not values and that change in forestry professionals would be less than in other forest users since foresters are trained to think about long-term effects and large-scale processes of forest management scenarios. We also hypothesized that a greater number of people would have an opinion on forest management after the presentation. All three hypotheses were partially supported by the results. The results indicated that some attitude change occurred, but that values also changed somewhat. Most of the significant changes occurred when persons with no clear opinion on several forest-related questions formed an opinion. Long-term, landscape simulation results provide valuable information and enhance understanding of both forestry professionals and other forest users. However, being provided the same information, the two groups learned different things. While forest users gained more confidence in the current forest management plan and were motivated to further participate, professionals learned more specific things. This reflects differences between technical and local knowledge.