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Background The Asian population presents a high incidence of Fitzpatrick skin types III and IV. The management of skin tone is a very important cosmetic issue in these groups. Efficacy check of a new cosmetic concept to achieve skin color lightening arouses great interest. Objective To estimate the clinical efficacy of a new facial microfiber tissue (FMT) which combines a surface micropeeling technology (due to the structure of the microfibers) with skin whitening cosmetic actives in Asian skin. The FMT is a new concept featuring a dry microfiber tissue loaded with cosmetic actives, which is just wetted with little tap water before use. Methods A total of 34 females aged 21-58 years old with Fitzpatrick skin types III and IV were enrolled in this randomized, blank-controlled trial for 12 weeks. Participants applied FMT on the left or right forearm according to random assignment. At the same time, FMT was used on the face. Skin whitening effects on the forearm and face were evaluated using Mexameter MX18 and Minolta Spectrophotometer CM-2600d. In addition, assessment by subjects via a self-evaluation questionnaire was conducted at study end. Results The FMT treatment showed a significant whitening effect mainly on the forearm compared with blank control forearm. Facial whitening was also noted. No adverse reactions were reported during the study. Conclusion The new cosmetic concept of FMT can be used as an effective and safe whitening cosmetic agent.

Background/aims: Irritant reactions to surfactants, cleansing products, soaps and detergents are common in clinical and occupational dermatology. Mildness has become a major benefit claimed, and testing for mildness now ranks among the first concerns of the manufacturing industry. A wealth of publications deals with this problem, trying to improve the methodology, reduce the costs of testing and facilitate decision-making. Differences in vivo can be measured clinically and/or instrumentally. This is difficult, as commercially available products are generally safe to use and none are harsh in the absolute sense. Methods: Nineteen different products (syndets, shampoos, personal cleansers), all claiming to be mild, were tested in vitro by a newly introduced method, corneosurfametry. For evaluating the aggressiveness of the products, the calculation of an index of irritation (IOI) was proposed. A concentration-effect curve of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as standard and model surfactant was obtained. Some of the products were further tested in vivo with a flex wash test and with a soap chamber test and compared to SLS. Bioengineering methods (transepidermal water loss TEWL, skin color) were used to evaluate the results.

Background and Objective: There is a well-documented need for effective human UVA and UVB photoprotection. Since there are important anatomical variations, the sun protection factor (SPF) of a lipstick sunscreen was measured on the anatomical site intended for use. Methods: The SPF tests were performed according to Federal US and European COLIPA guidelines. Prior to performing a test on the lip, the minimal erythemal dose (MED) of the unprotected back skin was determined. Subsequently, the sunscreen SPF was measured on the anatomical target site (lip). The evaluator was blinded with respect to scoring the SPF of each sunscreen treatment. Individual test sites were assigned to one of the following treatment conditions: (1) no treatment (MED of unprotected skin); (2) test formulation; (3) reference standard. Results: The MED on unprotected back skin was found to be 25% lower than on unprotected lip skin. The SPF of the lipstick sunscreen was measured 2 units lower than the SPF determined in the classical way on the back skin. Conclusion: It was hypothesized that the higher MED of the lower lip compared with back skin was due to the adaptation of this tissue to the continuous exposure to UV radiation.

Background/aims: Some electrical properties of the skin may be related to the water content of the horny layer, and measurements of impedance and/or capacitance have been used to assess the hydration state of the skin surface. This study was designed to compare three commercially available instruments used in dermato-cosmetic research, namely, the Corneometer CM 825, the Nova DPM 9003 and the Skicon-200. Methods: Comparative measurements were carried out with the three instruments in vivo on the volar part of the forearms of 12 human volunteers. Results: The decrease in hydration induced by an irritant cationic detergent, and the increase of hydration after application of a moisturizer cream under occlusion could be easily measured with the three instruments. High degrees of correlation were obsewed between the three instruments over a broad range of hydration values of the skin. Conclusions: This comparative study performed under controlled environmental conditions reveals that the three instruments give validated coherent information concerning relative changes in hydration of the upper layers of the epidermis.

Skin surface lipids (SSL) are a mixture of epidermal lipids and lipids from the sebaceous glands (sebum). Epidermal lipids are found on the whole body and are the sole component of SSL in anatomical regions where no or only few sebaceous glands are present. High quantities of SSL are present on cutaneous areas with many sebaceous glands such as the face (forehead, nose and cheeks), the scalp and the upper parts of the trunk and of the back where sebum may make up to 95–97 % of SSL.

Objective Instrumental colour readings (Minolta Chromameter CR200) were performed in order to quantify corticosteroid induced skin blanching. Methods Different Halcinonide concentrations in the same vehicle ranging from 0.005% to 0.200% were tested on the volar part of the forearms. Besides dose-response relationships we studied the influence of application time by applying the formulations under occlusion during 2, 12 and 18 h. Results All evaluated formulations provoked a discernible blanching as indicated by the significant increase of the L∗ parameter and the decrease of the a∗ parameter. Discrimination between the different Halcinonide concentrations was possible only in the 2 h application experiment. With longer application times a similar blanching was recorded for all Halcinonide concentrations. Conclusion Our results indicate that a shorter application time may lead to a more sensitive skin blanching assay.

International audience; Infestation with head lice is a widespread, persistent, and recurring issue leading to serious health problems if untreated. We are facing resistance phenomena to usual pediculicides and questions about their direct or cumulative toxicity. The aim of this trial was to assess the efficacy of a new product, free of chemical insecticides but with a physical effect. This product contains components whose antilice efficacy has already been demonstrated, as well as Andiroba oil which asphyxiates the lice and Quassia vinegar which dissolves the chitin of the nits (they are then inactivated). 30 patients with head lice infestation, aged 3-39 years, applied the treatment one to three times, 5 days apart. Cure was defined as the absence of live lice after 5, 10, or 14 days, and symptoms are usually associated with infestation. Easiness and safety of the treatment were assessed by the patients and/or their parents. Overall cure rates were 20% on D5 after one treatment, 37% on D10 after two treatments, and 90% on D14 after three treatments. Symptoms such as itch, scalp dryness, redness, and flakiness rapidly diminished. This treatment seems to be a beneficial addition or a valuable alternative to existing treatments, considering the total absence of chemical insecticides, the absence of drug-resistance induction in head lice, the absence of major toxicological risks compared with usual pediculicides, and the favourable patient use instructions.

Therapeutic effectiveness and tolerability of two different pellet (ie, multiple-unit) formulations of diclofenac sodium (50 mg TID and 75 mg slow-release BID) were compared in a randomized, double-blind trial. One hundred twenty-one subjects suffering from osteoarthritis or from a spinal pain syndrome were treated for 3 weeks. Main investigational criteria were pain at rest, initial pain, and pain on movement. Most patients showed remarkable improvement. Unwanted effects were rare and usually mild. No statistically relevant differences concerning effectiveness and tolerability between the two application regimens could be found; both treatments were considered equivalent. Twice-daily administration of slow-release diclofenac 75 mg might provide an advantage with respect to patient compliance in the therapy of chronic rheumatic diseases.

Summary Background: There are no widely-accepted methodical specifications with which to objectify cleansing effectiveness and skin compatibility of occuptional skin cleansing products in Europe. Therefore the German Social Insurance Agency (DGUV) initiated a study with the goal to evaluate such products in view of the potency and the safety of hand cleansers. A market analysis was a part of the project. Methodology: The product descriptions and safety data sheets of 120 products (5–20/manufacturer) of 11 manufacturers were evaluated between 02/2008 and 04/2008. Results: The manufacturers used mainly ingredients of low irritancy. The declaration of the applied ingredients was in the majority of the cases correctly labeled according to the INCI Declaration. Although there was documentation of skin tolerability for most products, the manufacturers used widely differing tests of skin compatibility. Evidences for cleansing effectiveness were not declared or have not been provided. One manufacturer even promised medical effects of its products. There was no uniform general classification of products making it difficult to identify characteristics of cleansers and choose between them. Conclusions: Presently, there are no commonly accepted criteria to classify products in view of cleansing effectiveness und skin compatibility. Generally accepted criteria and test methods are needed for the evaluation of hand cleansers in order to provide the possibility of transparency and comparability.

A method to quantitate N-acetylcysteine in plasma using reductive cleavage with tributylphosphine and post-HPLC column derivatisation with omicron-phthalaldehyde is described. Using this method, endogenous average concentrations of 0.08 microM were measured in 10 volunteers participating in a crossover study to compare the bioavailability of two different formulations of N-acetylcysteine. The drug was detected in plasma for up to 12 h after administration of a single oral dose (200 mg); the Cmax values were up to 20 times the endogenous levels. The sensitivity and selectivity of the method should thus enable the behaviour of N-acetylcysteine after oral administration to be properly described and bioavailability studies to be performed.

Temperature influences the stratum corneum adsorption of several topically applied compounds. This study was designed to evaluate the influence of the temperature on the stratum corneum adsorption of 3 UV filters. The UV filters were solubilized in two vehicles, an emulsion gel and petroleum jelly and applied at respectively, 31 and 40 degrees C during 30 min. In vivo stratum corneum UV filter content was measured using the tape stripping method. Similar amounts of UV filter were detected in the stratum corneum when comparing applications at the different temperatures. Application of the UV filters in the emulsion gel resulted in higher stratum corneum UV filter concentrations compared with application in the petroleum jelly. The application temperature did not influence the stratum corneum adsorption of the tested UV filters while the nature of the vehicle significantly influenced the amount of UV filters recovered from the stratum corneum.

Dermatopharmacology of tropical preparations , Dermatopharmacology of tropical preparations , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز

The existence of a stratum corneum reservoir for topically applied substances is well known. Data concerning the stratum corneum retention time are important for the elaboration of optimal topical treatment. We used the re-occlusion technique followed by skin colour measurements (Chromametry) for the evaluation of the stratum corneum retention time of halcinonide. We found a significant reservoir for halcinonide up to 5 days after the initial application. The retention was found to be corticosteroid concentration and formulation dependent.

The presence of an adequate amount of water in the stratum corneum is important for the following properties of the skin: general appearance of a soft, smooth, flexible and healthy skin and presence of an intact barrier function allowing a slow rate of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) under dry external conditions, which are often encountered [1–4].

It is now well documented that chronic UVA exposure induces damage to human skin. Therefore, modern sunscreens should not only provide protection from both UVB and UVA radiation but also maintain this protection during the entire period of exposure to the sun. UVA filters, however, are rare and not sufficiently photostable. We investigated the effect of the introduction of a new UV filter, bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (Tinosorb S), in oil in water sunscreen formulations on the photostability of butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (Avobenzone [AVB]) after irradiation with an optically filtered Xenon arc source (UV irradiance adjusted at 1 mean effective dose [MED]/min). With spectrophotometrical methods to assess the sun protection factor (SPF) and UVA ratio and chromatographical methods to determine the amount of UV filters recovered after irradiation we showed that Tinosorb S prevented the photodegradation of AVB in a concentration-dependent way, leading to a sustained SPF and UVA ratio even after irradiation with doses of up to 30 MED. Since AVB was shown to destabilize ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHM) we tested the effect of Tinosorb S in sunscreens containing this UV filter combination. Here too Tinosorb S showed photoprotective properties toward both UV filters. Thus, Tinosorb S can be used successfully to improve the photostability and efficiency of sunscreens containing AVB and EHM.

The distribution and excretion of sodium 2,3-dimercapto-1,3 14C-propane-1-sulfonate as dependent on time has been studied in the rat. The highest concentration is found in the kidneys, the lowest in the brain. The excretion is very rapid (T1/2 = 19 min) and follows a monoexponential curve during the first hour after administration. This holds for plasma and most of the organs too. The apparent distribution volume of the radioactivity is equivalent to the volume of the extracellular water. After oral administration, 30-40% is absorbed from the gut. The results lead to the conclusion that a fraction of the drug is weakly bound to plasma- and membrane-proteins. They are discussed with respect to the treatment of heavy metal poisoning.

A comparative study of the urinary and fecal excretion of mercury after an oral or intraperitoneal treatment of methylmercury poisoning with sodium 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate (DMPS) in rats was carried out. DMPS greatly improved the urinary excretion of mercury after either po or ip treatment. The dependence on the DMPS dose of the total mercury excretion is shown to be linear after double logarithmic transformation. DMPS is most effective in removing the mercury from the kidneys, less effective in the brain. This holds also for a delayed treatment with DMPS as compared with an immediate treatment.

Oral administration of sodium–2,3–dimercaptopropane–l–sulphonate leads to a substantially increased urinary excretion of intravenously injected methyl mercury in rat and proved to be clearly superior to equimolar doses of N–acetyl–D, L–homocysteinethiolactone and D–penicillamine.

Chromatographic analysis of the radioactive urine obtained after injection into rats of [1,3-(14)C] dimercaptopropane sodium sulfonate (DMPS, Dimaval) showed that part of the administered chelating agent is excreted unchanged. This was confirmed by the results of studies of sulfur excretion in the different fractions of the urine as well as by titration of the excreted thiol groups. The results show that, at least in rats, DMPS is not involved in important metabolic reactions.

Die Bedeutung lokal applizierter Kortikosteroid-Präparate bei Hautkrankheiten ist unbestritten. Dabei gilt es aber, möglichst risikoarme Anwendungsstrategien einzusetzen und wichtige Kontraindikationen zu beachten. Die differenzierte Verordnung verschieden stark wirkender Präparate ermöglicht heute eine weitgehend individualisierte Therapie.