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Architectura hydraulica oder, 4

Architectura hydraulica oder, 2

Architectura hydraulica oder, 1

Architecture hydraulique ou l' art de conduire, d' élever et de ménager les eaux pour les différens besoins de la vie, 2

Architecture hydraulique ou l' art de conduire, d' élever et de ménager les eaux pour les différens besoins de la vie, 1

Architectura hydraulica oder, 3

The aim of this study was to describe the behaviour of a shock machine designed for testing hip prostheses. A microseparation between head and cup occurs inducing a shock of several times the body weight, leading to fracture of ceramic femoral components. Femoral heads and cups of diameter 32 mm manufactured from alumina were tested in dry and wet conditions. Implants were subjected to shocks with a load profile of 9 kN load at 2 Hz and various microseparations. Position is monitored and force is measured with two acquisition systems. The working range and the device capabilities were investigated. Only cups tested in dry conditions failed. Observations by scanning electron microscopy revealed intergranular and transgranular fractures. Two wear stripes were observed on the heads. Three-dimensional roughness of wear stripes was measured. Since experimental results are in good agreement with retrieved femoral heads, the shocks machine reproduces the in vivo degradations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

International audience; The electrochemical behaviour of the biomedical and metallic alloys, especially in the orthopaedic implants fields, raises many questions. This study is dedicated for studying the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS, in various physiological media,: Ringer solution, phosphate buffered solution (PBS), PBS solution and albumin, PBS solution with calf serum and PBS solution with calf serum and an antioxidant (sodium azide). Moreover, the desionised water was considered as the reference solution. The tests reproducibility was investigated. The time-frequency-Module graphs highlighted that the desionised water is the most protective for the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. This biomedical alloy is the less protected in the solution constituted by PBS and albumin. The time-frequency graph allows pointing out the graphic signatures of adsorption for organic and inorganic species (differences between the modules means in studied solution and the modules mean in the reference solution).; Le comportement électrochimique des alliages métalliques biomédicaux, notamment dans le domaine des implants orthopédiques, pose encore de nombreuses questions. Ce travail propose d'étudier l'alliage de titane Ti-6Al-4V, par spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique, SIE, dans différents milieux physiologiques : solution de Ringer, solution à base d'un tampon phosphate (PBS), solution PBS avec de l'albumine, solution PBS avec du sérum bovin et une solution PBS avec du sérum bovin et un antioxydant (azoture de sodium). De plus, une solution d'eau ultra-pure servira de référence. La reproductibilité des tests a été étudiée. Les représentations temps-fréquence des modules ont mis en évidence que l'eau désionisée est la solution qui présente le caractère le plus protecteur pour le Ti-6Al-4V. Cet alliage de titane est le moins protégé dans la solution de PBS contenant de l'albumine. Cette représentation permet de mettre en évidence des signatures graphiques d'adsorption des espèces inorganiques et organiques (différences entre les moyennes des modules dans les solutions étudiées et la moyenne des modules dans la solution de référence).

National audience; Des films de tetrahedral amorphous-Carbon (ta-C) ont été déposés, sous vide poussé, par ablation d'une cible de graphite avec un laser Ti : saphir (durée d'impulsion 170 fs, fréquence de répétition 1 kHz, énergie maximale par impulsion 1,5 mJ, longueur d'onde 800 nm) sur substrats standard et sur biomatériaux (acier AISI 316L, polyéthylène à très haut poids moléculaire). Les propriétés de ces couches (structure, propriétés nanomécaniques et tribologiques) ont été caractérisées, en fonction des conditions d'élaboration, en examinant l'intérêt de l'utilisation d'un laser femtoseconde et leur capacité à satisfaire aux exigences spécifiques du domaine biomédical. Les propriétés d'adhérence des films ont été considérablement améliorées lors du dépôt sur des substrats en acier inoxydable préalablement préparés par décapage ionique in situ sous atmosphère d'argon. La surface hémisphérique d'une tête fémorale, en acier inoxydable, de prothèse de hanche de diamètre 22,2 mm a été revêtue d'un film de DLC adhérent et homogène en épaisseur. La résistance à l'usure de ce revêtement sera quantifiée à l'aide d'un simulateur de marche durant un million de cycles (correspondant à une année d'activité physique d'un être humain).

To study the influence of the shape and the material on the behaviour of a total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP).It was hypothesized that the influence of the shape and material of a TORP on its performance could be quantified using a simple mechanical model. The prosthesis is represented simply by an axisymmetric shape and two models are used. In the first model, we assume that the strain of the prosthesis is negligible, whereas the strain is taken into account in the second model. In both cases, literature plots of stapes displacement versus frequency are used to check the validity of the modelling.It was found that the influence of the strain of the implant was insignificant in comparison to its rigid body movement. Furthermore, if it is assumed that the reaction force exerted by the inner ear on the stapedial footplate depends on both frequency and mass, it can be shown that the human body is able to adapt itself to the mass and shape of the prosthesis.As the prosthesis is not strained and no material criteria appear in the equation used in the modelling, both materials studied, titanium and hydroxyapatite, are equivalent from a mechanical point of view. In addition, a cylindrical prosthesis would give good results in response to an external stimulus but its very rigidity could damage the inner ear during pressure shocks.

The environment of orthopaedic implants sometimes induces vibrations at the contact of the modular prostheses components. These microdisplacements contribute to the total failure of the implant. The necessary optimisation of orthopaedic device life requires a better knowledge of the damages induced by fretting corrosion. The aim of this paper is to describe the damage mechanism at the head–neck contact of a total hip joint with a neck in Ti–6Al–4V alloy and a head in austenitic stainless steel (AISI 316L SS). Simple tests were performed at the ambient air and in an artificial physiologic medium in order to reveal the damage induced by the physiological medium. The presence of a solution containing chloride ions activates a localised corrosion phenomenon which leads to the modification of the displacement accommodation regime. The consequences of electrochemical phenomena on this evolution are discussed. A quantitative energetic approach shows the lubricant effect of the artificial physiological environment. The different materials are ranked according to their wear rates. The result shows that fretting regime, accumulated dissipated energy and corrosion activated at the interface are interdependent.

The fretting corrosion behaviour of a 316L SS flat against a PMMA counterface has been investigated in an artificial physiological medium. A specific device has been used to visualize the in situ degradation at the contact interface. Simultaneous analysis of the coefficient of friction and free corrosion potential has shown four distinct stages during fretting experiments. An energy-oriented approach to the fretting process was conducted in tandem with measurement of wear. This method has shown a linear progression in the wear volume of the samples as a function of the interfacial energy dissipated during fretting. The presence of chlorides contributes to a considerable acceleration of the degradation of the stainless steel surface. This process was explained by a mechanism related to crevice corrosion activated by friction.

International audience; Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to describe finite element modelling for fracture and fatigue behaviour of zirconia toughened alumina microstructures. // Design/methodology/approach - A two-dimensional finite element model is developed with an actual Al2O3-10 vol% ZrO2 microstructure. A bilinear, time-independent cohesive zone law is implemented for describing fracture behaviour of grain boundaries. Simulation conditions are similar to those found at contact between a head and a cup of hip prosthesis. Residual stresses arisen from the mismatch of thermal coefficient between grains are determined. Then, effects of a micro-void and contact stress magnitude are investigated with models containing residual stresses. For the purpose of simulating fatigue behaviour, cyclic loadings are applied to the models. // Findings - Results show that crack density is gradually increased with increasing magnitude of contact stress or number of fatigue cycles. It is also identified that a micro-void brings about the increase of crack density rate. // Social implications - This paper is the first step for predicting the lifetime of ceramic implants. The social implications would appear in the next few years about health issues. // Originality/value - This proposed finite element method allows describing fracture and fatigue behaviours of alumina-zirconia microstructures for hip prosthesis, provided that a microstructure image is available.

In biomedical field, fretting-corrosion between 316L SS femoral stem and bone cement is one of the significant causes of the hip prosthesis loosening. This article investigates wear by fretting-corrosion at the contact between 316L and PMMA. The influences of the ionic strength (NaCl solutions from 10 −3 to 1 mol L −1 ), a model protein (albumin) and electrochemical conditions on contact behaviour are studied. At OCP (open circuit potential) conditions, the chlorides concentration, i.e. the ionic strength, increases the 316L wear; and albumin, concentration of 1 g L −1 , does not play a significant role in total 316L wear. At cathodic applied potential E = −400 mV(SCE), a threshold concentration of 10 −1 mol L −1 (NaCl solution), C th , indicates two behaviours: a protective effect below C th , and an additional anodic dissolution above C th . One might suggest that, beyond C th , the passive layer is not efficient for protecting against the corrosion. At this potential, albumin reduces wear due to corrosion and amplifies mechanical wear induced by corrosion. Albumin seems to act as an anodic inhibitor. To determine the mechanisms of synergism, a “more cathodic” potential is applied, E = −800 mV(SCE), during fretting-corrosion experiments. Consequently, the corrosive wear can be neglected and the mechanical wear can be only measured.

The aim of this work was to simulate the behaviour of hip prostheses under mechanical shocks. When hip joint is replaced by prosthesis, during the swing phase of the leg, a microseparation between the prosthetic head and the cup could occur. Two different sizes of femoral heads were studied: 28 and 32 mm diameter, made, respectively, in alumina and zirconia. The shock-induced stress was determined numerically using finite element analysis (FEA), Abaqus software. The influence of inclination, force, material, and microseparation was studied. In addition, an algorithm was developed from a probabilistic model, Todinov's approach, to predict lifetime of head and cup. Simulations showed maximum tensile stresses were reached on the cup's surfaces near to rim. The worst case was the cup-head mounted at 30°. All simulations and tests showed bulk zirconia had a greater resistance to shocks than bulk alumina. The probability of failure could be bigger than 0.9 when a porosity greater than 0.7% vol. is present in the material. Simulating results showed good agreement with experimental results. The tests and simulations are promising for predicting the lifetime of ceramic prostheses.

This paper describes a two-dimensional (2D) finite element simulation for fracture and fatigue behaviours of pure alumina microstructures such as those found at hip prostheses. Finite element models are developed using actual Al2O3 microstructures and a bilinear cohesive zone law. Simulation conditions are similar to those found at a slip zone in a dry contact between a femoral head and an acetabular cup of hip prosthesis. Contact stresses are imposed to generate cracks in the models. Magnitudes of imposed stresses are higher than those found at the microscopic scale. Effects of microstructures and contact stresses are investigated in terms of crack formation. In addition, fatigue behaviour of the microstructure is determined by performing simulations under cyclic loading conditions. It is shown that crack density observed in a microstructure increases with increasing magnitude of applied contact stress. Moreover, crack density increases linearly with respect to the number of fatigue cycles within a given contact stress range. Meanwhile, as applied contact stress increases, number of cycles to failure decreases gradually. Finally, this proposed finite element simulation offers an effective method for identifying fracture and fatigue behaviours of a microstructure provided that microstructure images are available.

Wear of Poly (methyl methacrylate), PMMA, against a metallic surface, AISI 316L stainless steel (SS) has been investigated in dry conditions. These materials have been used to simulate the degradation of the contact, femoral stem-bone cement in the field of hip prosthesis. First of all, no significant wear was observed on the 316L SS. PMMA wear has been quantified: the energy wear coefficient, slope of the line, and wear volume according to the cumulated dissipated energy, don't depend on the normal load, FN. This energy analysis allows predicting the PMMA wear depth. According to the comparison between the measured dissipated energy and the energy breaking polymer chains, mechanical dissipated energy is used essentially to transform third body structure and to expel it from the contact between the two materials. Moreover, the experimental results have highlighted the stick-slip phenomenon. Lastly, Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform InfraRed and Reflection Absorption-Fourier Transform InfraRed have shown that PMMA debris configuration and conformation have changed after wear against 316L SS. The driving force of these changes seems to be the acid–base interactions between PMMA and hydroxyl groups of the SS surface. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:633–648, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.

International audience; Ceramic hip prostheses are very reliable with respect to wear, however, there has been evidence of brittleness problems. Microseparation is likely to occur between the head and the cup during human gait and the mechanical shocks transmitted to these elements are believed to enhance the risk of potential failure of the prosthesis. A finite element model has been developed and, based on its results, fracture probabilities for zirconia cups have been simulated over time. The results show good agreement with experimental work, nevertheless, additional work is in progress to take into account the wear occuring at the surface of the elements.; Les prothèses de hanche en biocéramiques sont résistantes à l’usure mais, du fait de leur fragilité intrinsèque, sont susceptibles de casser. Le phénomène de décoaptation (séparation de la tête et de la cupule) a été mis en évidence lors de la marche, et le choc mécanique en résultant peut fortement augmenter les risques de rupture. Un modèle par éléments finis a été développé et les résultats ont été exploités afin de simuler l’évolution de la probabilité de rupture de cupules en zircone au cours du temps. Les résultats s’accordent bien avec l’expérience, même si des améliorations sont en cours afin de prendre en compte l’usure des surfaces de contact.

International audience; In the biomedical field, about 6% of the hip total prostheses must be replaced after 9 years. One of the main causes of the aseptic loosening may be attributed to fretting corrosion between the prosthesis and the bone cement. To understand this degradation, a fretting test between a stainless steel, 316L and PMMA has been used in Ringer solution. Fretting maps for the contact 316L/PMMA were determined in air and in Ringer solution. It has been shown that the lubricant effect of the aqueous environment shifts the gross slip/partial slip transition towards larger normal forces or lower displacements. To understand the fretting degradation behaviour of 316L against PMMA, fretting corrosion experiments have been investigated under constant applied potential. The first conclusion is that the dissipated energy is maximum at about -600 mV/SCE. The wear on PMMA does not depend on the applied potential. Moreover, the wear coefficient is lower than that in air due to the lubricant effect of the Ringer solution. Wear on 316L depends on the applied potential. The wear volume is minimum at -600 mV/SCE although the dissipated energy is maximum. The wear on 316L in Ringer solution is attributed to a dissolution process due to the local destruction of the passive film by fretting. The effect of potential on the wear of 316L may be accounted for by changes in the aqueous environment confined in the contact zone due to a restricted mass transport from the bulk solution and to the large local current densities consecutive to the destruction of the passive film. Accordingly, the wear volume on 316L is correlated to the time. Finally, the proton reduction, inside the contact, is believed to contribute significantly to the dissolution process.

International audience; Marking is of prime importance in the field of biomaterials to allow the identification of surgical tools or implants. Markings are obtained under industrial conditions with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser on a X30C13 martensitic stainless steel. Depending on laser parameters, two modes of marking are considered: a surface oxidisation mode and a matter photoablation mode. Electrochemical behaviour, i.e. passive state, corrosion rate, resistance to pitting, is evaluated in Ringer's saline solution. Results are then explained on the basis of metallurgical modifications regarding the phases composition and the distribution of alloying elements. In oxidative regime, laser treatment drastically affects both microstructure and chemical composition. Specially, chromium depletion is measured in subsurface, leading to a loss of passive ability. In ablative mode the surface is transformed into a thin favourable layer of austenite. Moreover, the overall chromium distribution is little modified. Therefore, the passive character is maintained, but with nevertheless a shorter passive domain than base material one.

International audience; Marking is of prime importance in the field of biomaterials to allow the identification of surgical tools as well as prostheses. Nowadays, marking is often achieved by means of laser beam, which may modify the characteristics of the treated surfaces. The use of laser devices delivering nanosecond pulses is known to induce dramatic corrosion degradations during sterilization or decontamination processes of the biomaterials. The aim of the present study is to investigate the ability of femtosecond (pulse duration in the 10-15 second range) laser treatments to avoid preferential corrosion processes of the marked areas, in order to extend the durability and the reliability of biomaterials. Experiments have been performed on martensitic Z30C13 and austenitic 316L stainless steels. Electrochemical measurements (cyclic polarization curves) were carried out to determine the passive state of samples before and after engraving, their corrosion rate and their susceptibility to localized corrosion. Further protracted immersion tests were also carried out to evaluate the natural long-term degradation of engraved parts. The electrochemical behavior is then explained on the basis of surface characterizations. Femtosecond laser marking is shown to provide an electrochemical ennoblement. Moreover, the chemical composition is not affected so that the passive character of both stainless steels is maintained, even improved if we consider the susceptibility to localized corrosion.

To ensure the tracability of surgical equipments, parts are now identified by a code engraved by a laser treatment. Owing to the repeated cycles of cleaning/disinfection of parts, marked zone is sometimes preferentially corroded, in spite of the passivable nature of initial material. This paper deals with the influence of laser marking of a martensitic stainless steel commonly used in surgery (X30Cr13) on its electrochemical properties. Corrosion tests are carried out in saline Ringer's solution, with the purpose of representing the physiological medium. Three laser treatments were investigated, differentiated mainly by their pulse duration (from femtosecond to nanosecond). The different electrochemical behaviours are explained on the basis of metallurgical modifications induced by the thermal effect. A digital modelling by finite elements allows evaluating the temperature profile due to marking. The key-parameter influencing the corrosion resistance seems to be the power density-pulse duration couple. Then, for moderate short impacts, the heating is very short and the material remains passive, whereas for a long irradiation, the passive-ability of steel is lost due to a chromium depletion on surface. Afin d'assurer une traçabilité fiable des matériels utilisés en chirurgie, les instruments sont systématiquement identifiés par un code (numéro, sigle...) réalisé désormais par traitement laser. Lors des cycles répétés de nettoyage/désinfection des pièces, cette zone traitée peut parfois constituer un site privilégié de corrosion, et ce en dépit de la nature passivable du métal employé. L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier l'influence du marquage laser d'un acier inoxydable martensitique (Z30C13) couramment utilisé dans l'outillage chirurgical, sur ses caractéristiques électrochimiques. Afin de représenter le milieu physiologique, la solution saline de Ringer a été choisie comme électrolyte. Trois types de traitement laser sont considérés, différenciés principalement par leur durée d'impulsion : nanoseconde ou ultra-brève (femtoseconde). Les différents comportements électrochimiques sont ensuite explicités à la lumière des modifications métallurgiques consécutives à l'effet thermique. Une simulation par éléments finis permet d'évaluer le profil de température dû au marquage. Le paramètre clé contrôlant la résistance vis-à-vis du milieu semble être le couple densité de puissance-durée d'impulsion. Ainsi pour une impulsion courte de forte densité, l'échauffement est très bref et l'inoxydabilité demeure, tandis que pour une irradiation longue, le caractère passivable de l'acier est perdu par chute de la teneur en chrome en surface.

International audience; Femtosecond pulsed laser deposition (PLD) has been performed using a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser including an amplification stage (150 fs, 800 nm, 1 kHz) to deposit tetrahedral -amorphous carbon films (ta-C) on AISI 316L stainless steel and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, in perspective to extend the wear resistance of materials used in hip joints. Ta-C films have been elaborated in high vacuum conditions at room temperature. The diamond-like coated silicon substrates exhibit high wear resistance (in the 10-8)-10-9 mm3 (N m)-1 range) with moderate hardness (in the 20-30 GPa range), which may be favorable for the accommodation motion between contacting surfaces in a hip joint. In situ sputter cleaning of the orthopaedic substrates in argon plasma prior to carbon deposition has been investigated, leading to the enhancement of the adhesion of the films onto the stainless steel substrates. The adhesion properties of films deposited in various conditions on metallic substrates have been studied by tensile tests. The tribological behavior of the coatings deposited on cleaned substrates have been widely investigated in a pin-on-flat configuration in ambient air and Ringer solution. Finally, a DLC thin film with an homogeneous thickness has been deposited on hemispherical surface of 22.2 mm in diameter of a stainless steel femoral head of a hip prosthesis, whose wear behavior will be quantified using a hip joint simulator during one million of cycles (corresponding to the human activity during one year).

Publié suite au congrès : 15th International Conference on Wear of Materials, July-August 2005; International audience; In the biomedical field, about 6% of hip total joint prostheses have to be replaced after 9 years because of a loosening of the femoral stem. One of the main causes of a new surgical intervention is attributed to the phenomenon of fretting-corrosion, i.e. wear under small movements (lower than 100 µm) in corrosive aqueous medium. To understand this degradation, the fretting between 316L steel and PMMA has been investigated to simulate the fretting between femoral stem and bone cement. First, fretting in air has been studied as a reference environment. No significant wear was observed on the stainless steel. PMMA suffers a wear that exhibits a linear evolution as a function of the cumulated dissipated energy. Third body evolution could explain the particular W shape of the active wear track in PMMA, in dry conditions. In aerated Ringer's solution, at free corrosion potential, stainless steel suffers significant wear damage, and the wear volume increases linearly with time but not with dissipated energy. Moreover the optical observations and three-dimensional (3-D) profilometry show a 'W' shape of the wear track of 316L. A corrosion mechanism involving a crevice effect enhanced by fretting allows to explain the location of the maximum damage zones. Finally, the effect of electrochemical potential on the behaviour of 316L/PMMA contacts has been studied by recording current intensity and cumulated dissipated energy under potentiodynamic conditions. Dissipated energy exhibited a reproducible variation with potential. Lubrication regimes and effect of potential on the surface charges could account for such a behaviour.

Introduction L’objectif de cette etude etait de verifier si l’existence de deux niveaux possibles de mobilite etait susceptible de diminuer les contraintes transmises a l’interface os-cupule d’une arthroplastie totale de hanche a double mobilite, aboutissant a un effet protecteur sur l’ancrage de ces cupules. Materiel Les implants etudies avaient les caracteristiques suivantes : tetes metalliques de diametre 22,2 mm en chrome cobalt, inserts en polyethylene de haut poids moleculaire sterilises sous atmosphere d’azote avec un diametre interieur de 22,2 5 ± 0,05 mm et cupules en acier inoxydable 316 L, sans trous additionnels, avec un diametre exterieur de 55 mm. Methode Lors des essais, effectues en solution de Ringer, la charge appliquee etait constante (300 daN), avec un nombre minimal de 300 000 cycles par essai. Un bras mecanique appliquait a la cupule un mouvement alternatif de rotation autour d’un axe orthogonal au col femoral, avec une frequence de 0,8 Hz et une amplitude de 30° et un mouvement de rotation autour de l’axe du bras avec une frequence de 0,2 Hz et une amplitude de 180°. A chaque cycle le couple de frottement etait mesure autour de l’axe de rotation du bras mecanique. Les mesures, repetees, ont ete effectuees pendant 300 000 cycles sur un systeme ou les deux mobilites etaient libres puis sur 300 000 cycles apres blocage de la mobilite externe. Resultats Au cours de la premiere phase ou les deux mobilites etaient libres, les valeurs de couple de frottement mesurees sont comprises entre 2 et 4 N.m. Apres un arret, qu’il s’agisse d’un arret simple ou apres blocage de la mobilite externe, le couple de frottement etait modifie au demarrage pour revenir se stabiliser apres 100000 cycles dans la zone precedente. Apres blocage de la mobilite externe, le niveau du couple de frottement n’etait pas modifie significativement par rapport a ce qui est observe lorsque les deux mobilites sont libres. Discussion L’experimentation effectuee n’est pas en faveur d’une diminution des contraintes a l’interface os-cupule du simple fait de l’existence d’un deuxieme niveau de mobilite. Il ne semble donc pas y avoir de dissipation d’energie au niveau de la mobilite externe lorsque les deux mobilites sont libres. Au genou, Barrack et al avaient montre que l’utilisation d’inserts tibiaux mobiles ne permettait pas de diminuer les taux de descellement par rapport a des inserts standards. Conclusion L’utilisation d’implants a double mobilite ne permet pas de se dispenser d’un ancrage optimal.

par M. Belidor

Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Cultura. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, 2008

Partie 1, tome 1: Frontispiz, [4] Bl., XII, 312 [i.e. 412] S., 44 Taf., [1] Bl. ; partie 1, tome 2: [4] Bl., 424, XXVI S., [1] Bl., 55 Taf. ; partie 2, tome 1: [2] Bl., Frontispiz, [3] Bl., XIV S., [1] Bl., 412 S., [16] Bl., 60 Taf. ; partie 2, tome 2: Frontispiz, VIII, 480 S., [20] Bl.., LX Taf., par Belidor, Titel der seconde partie: Architecture hydraulique ... qui comprend l'art de diriger les eaux de la mer & des rivières à l'avantage de la défense des places, du commerce & de l'agriculture, Fehlpaginierung: Bd. 1: S. 389-412 als 289-312 bezeichnet

Bernard Forest de Belidor; nunmehro aber auf hohen Befehl Des ... Herrn Josephi Wenceslai, ... Fürsten von und zu Liechtenstein ... In die Teutsche Sprache übersetzt und mit nöthigen Zusätzen versehen Von Johann Theobald Bion ..., [Originaltitel: Nouveau cours de mathématique, à l'usage de l'artillerie et du génie ..., Paris 1725]

in deutscher Sprache herausgegeben, mit Anmerkungen, nebst einer angehängten Fortifications- und Artilleriebibliothek, auch nöthigen Kupferplatten versehen, durch David Andreas Schneller ...

Abrégé de la pratique des mines de Vauban, Bernard Forest de Bélidor

Theil 2 Architectura hydraulica, oder: Die Kunst, Das Gewässer des Meeres und der Flüsse zum Vortheil der Vertheidigung der Festungen, des Handels und des Ackerbaues anzuwenden, aufs gründlichste abgehandelt von Monsieur Bernard Forest de Belidor ...; aus dem Französischen ins Teutsche übersetzet; ... wie auch einer Vorrede Herrn Christian Wolffen ..., Originaltitel: Architecture hydraulique, ou l'Art de conduire, d'élever, et de ménager les eaux pour les differens besoins de la vie; bzw.Partie 2: Qui comprend l'art de diriger les eaux de la Mer & des Rivieres à l'avantage de la défense des Places, du Commerce, & de l'Agriculture, Paris 1737-53

Bernard Forest de Belidor ...

Дело Бернарда Форест де Белидора (1697-1761), француског војног и грађевинског инжењера, који је био значајан у развоју науке о хидраулици. Илустровано многим преклопљеним гравурама хидрауличних машина које управљају ветрењачама, пумпама, бунарима, фонтанама итд, као и плановима и прорачунима. Ово је био први рад те врсте који је применио интегрални рачун на практичне проблеме. Преведено са француског на немачки. Обрађују се следеће области: вештина коришћења вода мора и река у корист одбране тврђава, трговине и пољопривреде. The work of Bernard Forest de Bélidor (1697-1761), a French military and civil engineer, who was important in the development of the science of hydrology. Illustrated by many folded engravings of hydraulic machines that control windmills, pumps, wells, fountains, etc, as well as plans and calculations. This was the first work of its kind to apply an integral calculus to practical problems. Translated from French into German. Contains: the skill of using the waters of the sea and rivers in favor of the defense of fortresses, trade and agriculture.

Дело Бернарда Форест де Белидора (1697-1761), француског војног и грађевинског инжењера, који је био значајан у развоју науке о хидраулици. Илустровано многим преклопљеним гравурама хидрауличних машина које управљају ветрењачама, пумпама, бунарима, фонтанама итд, као и плановима и прорачунима. Ово је био први рад те врсте који је применио интегрални рачун на практичне проблеме. Преведено са француског на немачки. Дело се бави следећим областима: механика, трење; основе хидраулике; тестере, резачи мермерног камена, млинови за бушење цеви; млинови за прах; водени точкови, машине за вађење воде; пумпе за воду, машине за ветар, теорија пумпи за воду; опис и прорачун машине за воду у Паризу; црпљење, вођење и дистрибуција воде, нове машине; дубоки бунари и употреба ватре / парне машине; проналажење и усмеравање воде, фонтана. The work of Bernard Forest de Bélidor (1697-1761), a French military and civil engineer, who was important in the development of the science of hydrology. Illustrated by many folded engravings of hydraulic machines that control windmills, pumps, wells, fountains, etc, as well as plans and calculations. This was the first work of its kind to apply an integral calculus to practical problems. Translated from French into German. Contains: mechanics, friction; basics of hydraulics; saws, marble stone cutters, pipe drills; powder mills; water wheels, water extraction machines; water pumps, wind machines, water pump theory; description and calculation of a water machine in Paris; water pumping, directing and distribution, new machines; deep wells and use of fire / steam engines; finding and directing water, fountain

Дело Бернарда Форест де Белидора (1697-1761), француског војног и грађевинског инжењера, који је био значајан у развоју науке о хидраулици. Илустровано многим преклопљеним гравурама хидрауличних машина које управљају ветрењачама, пумпама, бунарима, фонтанама итд, као и плановима и прорачунима. Ово је био први рад те врсте који је применио интегрални рачун на практичне проблеме. Преведено са француског на немачки. Дело обрађује области које се тичу: својстава ваздуха потеклих из многих емпиријских узорака; темељних теорија њихових водених сметњи; сила и снаге ветра; израчунавања највећег могућег утицаја различитих машина које ветар може покренути; темељних описа свих врста чепова за воду и опсежне теорије о томе како са великом прецизношћу израчунати њихове ефекте. The work of Bernard Forest de Bélidor (1697-1761), a French military and civil engineer, who was important in the development of the science of hydrology. Illustrated by many folded engravings of hydraulic machines that control windmills, pumps, wells, fountains, etc, as well as plans and calculations. This was the first work of its kind to apply an integral calculus to practical problems. Translated from French into German. Contains: features of air which originated from many empirical samples; basic theory of water disturbances; wind force and power; calculating the maximum possible impact of different machines that can be driven by the wind; basic descriptions of all types of water plugs and a comprehensive theory of how to calculate their effects with great precision

Par M. Belidor, ..., Supralibros der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich Exemplar der ZB Zürich

par ... Belidor

Exlibrisstempel: "[...] Marine [...] Bibliothek" 000191736_0001 Exemplar der ETH-BIB

Дело Бернарда Форест де Белидора (1697-1761), француског војног и грађевинског инжењера, који је био значајан у развоју науке о хидраулици. Илустровано многим преклопљеним гравурама хидрауличних машина које управљају ветрењачама, пумпама, бунарима, фонтанама итд, као и плановима и прорачунима. Ово је био први рад те врсте који је применио интегрални рачун на практичне проблеме. Преведено са француског на немачки. Садржане су следеће области: вештина коришћења вода мора и река у корист одбране тврђава, трговине и пољопривреде The work of Bernard Forest de Bélidor (1697-1761), a French military and civil engineer, who was important in the development of the science of hydrology. Illustrated by many folded engravings of hydraulic machines that control windmills, pumps, wells, fountains, etc, as well as plans and calculations. This was the first work of its kind to apply an integral calculus to practical problems. Translated from French into German. Contains:the skill of using the waters of the sea and rivers in favor of the defense of fortresses, trade and agriculture