87 results on '"Berman, Nicolas"'
Search Results
2. TRADE POLICY AND MARKET POWER: FIRM-LEVEL EVIDENCE
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Asprilla, Alan, Berman, Nicolas, Cadot, Olivier, and Jaud, Mélise
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- 2019
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3. DEMAND LEARNING AND FIRM DYNAMICS : EVIDENCE FROM EXPORTERS
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Berman, Nicolas, Rebeyrol, Vincent, and Vicard, Vincent
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- 2019
4. Financial constraints, institutions, and foreign ownership
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Alquist, Ron, Berman, Nicolas, Mukherjee, Rahul, and Tesar, Linda L.
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- 2019
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5. This Mine is Mine! How Minerals Fuel Conflicts in Africa
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Berman, Nicolas, Couttenier, Mathieu, Rohner, Dominic, and Thoenig, Mathias
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- 2017
6. Trade Policy and Market Power: Firm-Level Evidence
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Asprilla, Alan, primary, Berman, Nicolas, additional, Cadot, Olivier, additional, and Jaud, Melise, additional
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- 2019
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7. Crop prices and deforestation in the tropics
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Berman, Nicolas, primary, Couttenier, Mathieu, additional, Leblois, Antoine, additional, and Soubeyran, Raphael, additional
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- 2023
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8. Mineral Resources and the Salience of Ethnic Identities
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Berman, Nicolas, primary, Couttenier, Mathieu, additional, and Girard, Victoire, additional
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- 2023
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9. Export dynamics and sales at home
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Berman, Nicolas, Berthou, Antoine, and Héricourt, Jérôme
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- 2015
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10. EXTERNAL SHOCKS, INTERNAL SHOTS: THE GEOGRAPHY OF CIVIL CONFLICTS
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Berman, Nicolas and Couttenier, Mathieu
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- 2015
11. Time to Ship during Financial Crises
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Berman, Nicolas, de Sousa, José, Martin, Philippe, and Mayer, Thierry
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- 2013
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12. CREDIT CONSTRAINTS AND THE CYCLICALITY OF R&D INVESTMENT: EVIDENCE FROM FRANCE
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Aghion, Philippe, Berman, Nicolas, Eymard, Laurent, Askenazy, Philippe, and Cette, Gilbert
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- 2012
13. HOW DO DIFFERENT EXPORTERS REACT TO EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES?
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Berman, Nicolas, Martin, Philippe, and Mayer, Thierry
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- 2012
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14. The Vulnerability of Sub-Saharan Africa to Financial Crises: The Case of Trade
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BERMAN, NICOLAS and MARTIN, PHILIPPE
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- 2012
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15. Mineral resources and the salience of ethnic identities
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Berman, Nicolas, Couttenier, Mathieu, Girard, Victoire, Lhuillier, Elisabeth, Aix-Marseille School of Economics - - AMSE (EUR)2017 - ANR-17-EURE-0020 - EURE - VALID, INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE - - Amidex2011 - ANR-11-IDEX-0001 - IDEX - VALID, IDEXLYON - - IDEXLYON2016 - ANR-16-IDEX-0005 - IDEX - VALID, Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques (AMSE), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), CEPR, Groupe d'Analyse et de Théorie Economique Lyon - Saint-Etienne (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NOVA - School of Business and Economics (NOVA SBE), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA), the Swiss National Foundation (grant Ambizione-PZ00P1 161451), the Fundaçao para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (UID/ECO/00124/2013, UID/ECO/00124/2019 and Social Sciences DataLab, Project 22209), POR Lisboa (LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-007722) and POR Norte., ANR-17-EURE-0020,AMSE (EUR),Aix-Marseille School of Economics(2017), ANR-11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE(2011), ANR-16-IDEX-0005,IDEXLYON,IDEXLYON(2016), Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Économie d'Orleans [2022-...] (LEO), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université de Tours (UT)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), The project leading to this publication has received funding from the French government under the France 2030' investment plan managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR-17-EURE-0020) and from Excellence Initiative of Aix-Marseille University-A*MIDEX. Mathieu Couttenier acknowledges financial support from the IDEXLYON from the University of Lyon (French National Research Agency, 'Programme Investissements d'Avenir' ANR-16-IDEX-0005) and the Swiss National Foundation (grant Ambizione-PZ00P1 161451). This project benefited from the financial support of the chair Energy and Prosperity. Victoire Girard acknowledges funding by the Swiss National Foundation (Scientific Exchange grant IZSEZ0 179672), the Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (UID/ECO/00124/2013, UID/ECO/00124/2019 and Social Sciences DataLab, Project 22209), POR Lisboa (LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-007722) and POR Norte., École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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Economics and Econometrics ,JEL: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth/O.O1 - Economic Development/O.O1.O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development ,JEL: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth/O.O5 - Economywide Country Studies/O.O5.O55 - Africa ,ethnicity ,JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics/J.J1 - Demographic Economics/J.J1.J15 - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants • Non-labor Discrimination ,JEL: N - Economic History/N.N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries/N.N5.N57 - Africa • Oceania ,[SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance ,natural resources ,[SHS.ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance ,JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation/Q.Q3.Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development ,identity - Abstract
This paper shows how ethnic identities may become more salient due to natural resources extraction. We combine individual data on the strength of ethnic—relative to national—identities with geo-localised information on the contours of ethnic homelands, and on the timing and location of mineral resources exploitation in 25 African countries, from 2005 to 2015. Our strategy takes advantage of several dimensions of exposure to resources exploitation: time, spatial proximity and ethnic proximity. We find that the strength of an ethnic group identity increases when mineral resource exploitation in that group’s historical homeland intensifies. We argue that this result is at least partly rooted in feelings of relative deprivation associated with the exploitation of the resources. We show that such exploitation has limited positive economic spillovers, especially for members of the indigenous ethnic group; and that the link between mineral resources and the salience of ethnic identities is reinforced among members of powerless ethnic groups and groups with strong baseline identity feelings or living in poorer areas, or areas with a history of conflict. Put together, these findings suggest a new dimension of the natural resource curse: the fragmentation of identities, between ethnic groups and nations.
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- 2022
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16. Financial factors and the margins of trade: Evidence from cross-country firm-level data
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Berman, Nicolas and Héricourt, Jérôme
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- 2010
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17. Financial Constraints, Institutions, and Foreign Ownership
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Alquist, Ron, primary, Berman, Nicolas, additional, Mukherjee, Rahul, additional, and Tesar, Linda, additional
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- 2018
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18. L’Afrique : une terre fertile en conflits?
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Berman, Nicolas and Basiuk, Aurore
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- 2023
19. Violence en Afrique : les multinationales dans le viseur?
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Berman, Nicolas and Lapique, Claire
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- 2023
20. Comment le «boom des minerais» augmente la violence en Afrique.
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Berman, Nicolas and Lapique, Claire
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- 2023
21. Crop Prices and Deforestation in the Tropics
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Berman, Nicolas, primary, Couttenier, Mathieu, additional, Leblois, Antoine, additional, and Soubeyran, Raphaël, additional
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- 2021
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22. Les conflits à l’heure de la COVID-19
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Berman, Nicolas, Couttenier, Mathieu, Monnet, Nathalie, and Ticku, Rohit
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poverty ,COVID-19 ,health ,lcsh:Political science ,social protection ,labour market ,lcsh:HD72-88 ,lcsh:Economic growth, development, planning ,violence ,inequalities ,confinement ,employment ,conflits ,lcsh:J - Abstract
Cette contribution traite des conséquences possibles sur la fréquence et le nombre des conflits dans le monde de la diffusion de la COVID-19 et des politiques restrictives qu’elle a engendrées dans de nombreux pays. Partant de données anecdotiques et de recherches récentes, ce texte vise à montrer que les mesures de confinement généralisées imposées par les États ont eu pour effet, en général, de réduire le nombre d'évènements liés à des conflits, mais que cette baisse peut être temporaire et très hétérogène d’un État à l’autre. En particulier, les phénomènes violents ne semblent pas décliner dans les pays pauvres et divisés. Les données tendent à montrer que les politiques de restriction liées à la COVID-19 pourraient accroitre les conflits de deux manières : la perte de revenus et l’amplification des tensions ethniques et religieuses transformant les minorités en boucs émissaires. This chapter discusses the potential impacts of the spread of COVID-19, and the restriction policies that it has triggered in many countries, on conflict incidence worldwide. Based on anecdotal evidence and recent research, we argue that imposing nation-wide shutdown policies diminishes conflict incidence on average, but that this conflict reduction may be short-lived and highly heterogeneous across countries. In particular, conflict does not appear to decline in poor, fractionalised countries. Evidence points to two potential ways in which COVID-related restriction policies may increase conflict: losses in income and magnified ethnic and religious tensions leading to scapegoating of minorities.
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- 2020
23. Is Worldwide Deforestation Associated with Agricultural Commodities Price Fluctuations?
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Berman, Nicolas, Couttenier, Mathieu, Leblois, Antoine, Soubeyran, Raphaël, Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques (AMSE), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Groupe d'Analyse et de Théorie Economique Lyon - Saint-Etienne (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier (CEE-M), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 (CEE-M), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), and Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
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[SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences - Abstract
International audience
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- 2020
24. Shutdown policies and worldwide conflict
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Berman, Nicolas, Couttenier, Mathieu, Monnet, Nathalie, Ticku, Rohit, Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques (AMSE), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), CEPR, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies [Geneva, Switzerland] (Institut de hautes études internationales et du développement), Institute for the Study of Religion, Economics and Society, Chapman University, This work was supported by French National Research Agency Grants ANR-17-EURE-0020. Mathieu Couttenier acknowledges financial support from the IDEXLYON, University of Lyon (French National Research Agency, 'Programme Investissements d’Avenir' ANR-16-IDEX-0005). Nathalie Monnet acknowledge financial support from the Swiss National Research Foundation (grant Economics of Conflict and Violence P0GEP1-175125). Rohit Ticku acknowledges financial support from the Institute for the Study of Religion, Economics and Society, Chapman University., ANR-17-EURE-0020,AMSE (EUR),Aix-Marseille School of Economics(2017), ANR-16-IDEX-0005,IDEXLYON,IDEXLYON(2016), Lhuillier, Elisabeth, Aix-Marseille School of Economics - - AMSE (EUR)2017 - ANR-17-EURE-0020 - EURE - VALID, and IDEXLYON - - IDEXLYON2016 - ANR-16-IDEX-0005 - IDEX - VALID
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[SHS.ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance ,[SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance - Abstract
International audience; We provide real-time evidence on the impact of Covid-19 restrictions policies on conflicts globally. We combine daily information on conflict events and government policy responses to limit the spread of coronavirus to study how conflict levels vary following shutdown and lockdown policies. We use the staggered implementation of restriction policies across countries to identify their effect on conflict incidence and intensity. Our results show that imposing a nationwide shutdown reduces the likelihood of daily conflict by around 9 percentage points. The reduction is driven by a drop in the incidence of battles, protests and violence against civilians. Across actors the decline is significant for conflicts involving political militias, protesters and civilians. We also observe a significant cross-country heterogeneity in the effect of restriction policies on conflict: no conflict reduction is observed in low income countries and in societies more fractionalized along ethnic or religious lines. We discuss the potential channels that can explain this heterogeneity.
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- 2020
25. Sweet child of mine: Parental income, child health and inequality
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Berman, Nicolas, Rotunno, Lorenzo, Ziparo, Roberta, Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques (AMSE), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), ANR-17-EURE-0020,AMSE (EUR),Aix-Marseille School of Economics(2017), ANR-11-IDEX-0001,Amidex,INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE(2011), Lhuillier, Elisabeth, Aix-Marseille School of Economics - - AMSE (EUR)2017 - ANR-17-EURE-0020 - EURE - VALID, INITIATIVE D'EXCELLENCE AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE - - Amidex2011 - ANR-11-IDEX-0001 - IDEX - VALID, École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), and CEPR
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parental investments ,JEL: I - Health, Education, and Welfare/I.I1 - Health/I.I1.I14 - Health and Inequality ,income ,JEL: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth/O.O1 - Economic Development/O.O1.O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development ,JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics/J.J1 - Demographic Economics/J.J1.J13 - Fertility • Family Planning • Child Care • Children • Youth ,JEL: D - Microeconomics/D.D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics/D.D1.D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation ,health ,intra-household allocations ,[SHS.ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance ,[SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance ,JEL: I - Health, Education, and Welfare/I.I1 - Health/I.I1.I15 - Health and Economic Development - Abstract
How to allocate limited resources among children is a crucial household decision, especially in developing countries where it might have strong implications for children and family survival. We study how variations in parental income in the early life of their children affect subsequent child health and parental investments across siblings, using micro data from multiple waves of the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) spanning 54 developing countries. Variations in the world prices of locally produced crops are used as measures of local income. We find that children born in periods of higher income durably enjoy better health and receive better human capital (health and education) investments than their siblings. Children whose older siblings were born during favourable income periods receive less investment and exhibit worse health in absolute terms. We interpret these within-household reallocations in light of economic and evolutionary theories that highlight the importance of efficiency considerations in competitive environments. Finally, we study the implications of these for aggregate child health inequality, which is found to be higher in regions exposed to more volatile crop prices.
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- 2020
26. Conflict in Times of COVID-19
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Berman, Nicolas, primary, Couttenier, Mathieu, additional, Monnet, Nathalie, additional, and Ticku, Rohit, additional
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- 2020
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27. Fertile Ground for Conflict
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Berman, Nicolas, primary, Couttenier, Mathieu, additional, and Soubeyran, Raphael, additional
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- 2019
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28. Time to Ship During Financial Crises
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Berman, Nicolas, primary, De Sousa, José, additional, Martin, Philippe, additional, and Mayer, Thierry, additional
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- 2012
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29. Fertile Ground for Conflict.
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Berman, Nicolas, Couttenier, Mathieu, and Soubeyran, Raphael
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GEODESY ,SOIL fertility ,SOIL productivity ,SOIL quality ,INCOME inequality - Abstract
We investigate how variations in soil productivity affect civil conflicts. We first present a model with heterogeneous land in which variations in input prices (fertilizers) affect appropriable rents and the opportunity costs of fighting. The theory predicts that spikes in input prices increase the likelihood of conflicts through their effect on income and inequality, and that this effect is magnified when soil fertility is naturally more heterogeneous. We test these predictions using data on conflict events covering all Sub-Saharan African countries at a spatial resolution of 0.5 |$\times$| 0.5 degree latitude and longitude over the 1997–2013 period. We combine information on soil characteristics and worldwide variations in fertilizer prices to identify local exogenous changes in input costs. As predicted, variations in soil productivity triggered by variations in fertilizer prices are positively associated with conflicts, especially in cells where land endowments are more heterogeneous. In addition, we find that the distribution of land fertility both within and across ethnic groups affects violence, and that the effect of between-group heterogeneity in soil quality is magnified in densely populated areas. Overall, our findings imply that inequality in access to fertile areas—an issue largely neglected in the literature dealing with the roots of Sub-Saharan African civil wars—constitutes a serious threat to peace at the local level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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30. Pricing-to-market, trade policy, and market power
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Asprilla, Alan, Berman, Nicolas, Cadot, Olivier, and Jaud, Mélise
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trade policy ,F14 ,tariffs ,ddc:330 ,F12 ,F13 ,exchange rate ,pricing-to-market ,F31 - Abstract
This paper studies the determinants of pricing-to-market at the firm-level, with a particular focus on the role of firm-specific and policy-induced market power. We use a large dataset containing export values and quantities by product and destination for all exporting firms in 12 developing and emerging countries, over several years. We first show that firms in our sample do price to market, i.e. significantly adjust their unit values in home currency in response to exchange- rate variations. The extent of pricing-to-market is quantitatively limited but highly significant and homogenous across origin countries despite their very different levels of development. We then study how firm performance and trade policy affect pricing-to-market at the firm-level. We find that within a given origin-destination-product cell, large, high-performance exporters price more to market. More importantly, we identify significant effects of trade-policy instruments on pricing-to- market: Higher import tariffs on a destination market are associated with less pricing-to-market, whereas non-tariff measures are associated with more. These results are consistent with models where pricing-to-market is increasing in firm size and market share, and suggest that trade pol- icy has deep effects on market power, the direction of which depends on the type of instrument used.
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- 2015
31. Replication data for: External Shocks, Internal Shots: The Geography of Civil Conflicts
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Berman, Nicolas
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- 2015
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32. FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS, INSTITUTIONS, AND FOREIGN OWNERSHIP.
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Alquist, Ron, Berman, Nicolas, Mukherjee, Rahul, and Tesar, Linda
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- 2018
33. Fertile Ground for Conflict.
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BERMAN, Nicolas, COUTTENIER, Mathieu, and SOUBEYRAN, Raphael
- Published
- 2017
34. Export dynamics and sales at home
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Berman, Nicolas, Berthou, Antoine, and Héricourt, Jerome
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Auslandsmarkt ,liquidity ,Absatz ,F14 ,L20 ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,Frankreich ,L2 ,F1 ,export dynamics ,markets ,ddc:330 ,domestic sales ,Export ,F10 ,F44 ,demand shocks ,health care economics and organizations ,Schätzung - Abstract
Using a French firm-level database that combines balance-sheet and product-destination-specific export information over the period 1995-2001, we study the interconnections between exports and domestic sales. We identify exogenous shocks that affect the firms' demand on foreign markets to instrument yearly variations in exports. We use alternatively as instruments product-destination specific imports or tariffs changes, and large foreign shocks such as financial crises or civil wars. Our results show that exogenous variations in foreign sales are positively associated with domestic sales, even after controlling for changes in domestic demand. A 10% exogenous increase in exports generates a 1 to 3% increase in domestic sales in the short-term. This result is robust to various estimation techniques, instruments, controls, and sub-samples. We provide empirical evidence suggesting that this positive effect of exogenous changes in exports on domestic sales is related to a relaxation of short-run liquidity constraints.
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- 2014
35. Credit Constraints and the Cyclicality of R&D Investment: Evidence from Micro Panel data
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Aghion, Philippe, Askenazy, Philippe, Berman, Nicolas, Cette, Gilberte, Eymard, Laurent, Harvard University, Paris-Jourdan Sciences Economiques (PSE), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris School of Economics (PSE), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Banque de France, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Graduate Institute of International and Development studies (IHEID), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Harvard University [Cambridge], École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The Graduate Institute, Geneva, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
- Subjects
JEL: E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics/E.E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles/E.E3.E32 - Business Fluctuations • Cycles ,business cycles ,R&D ,JEL: E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics/E.E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy/E.E2.E22 - Investment • Capital • Intangible Capital • Capacity ,volatility ,JEL: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth/O.O3 - Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights/O.O3.O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D ,JEL: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth/O.O3 - Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights/O.O3.O30 - General ,JEL: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth/O.O1 - Economic Development/O.O1.O16 - Financial Markets • Saving and Capital Investment • Corporate Finance and Governance ,credit constraints ,[SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance - Abstract
We use a French firm-level data set containing 13,000 firms over the period 1994-2004 to analyze the relationship between credit constraints and firms' R&D behavior over the business cycle. Our main results can be summarized as follows: (i) R&D investment is countercyclical without credit constraints, but it becomes procyclical as firms face tighter credit constraints; (ii) this result is only observed for firms in sectors that depend more heavily upon external finance, or that are characterized by a low degree of asset tangibility; (iii) in more credit-constrained firms, R&D investment plummets during recessions but does not increase proportionally during upturns.
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- 2012
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36. External shocks, internal shots: The geography of civil conflicts
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Berman, Nicolas and Couttenier, Mathieu
- Subjects
Agraraußenhandel ,Gesamtwirtschaftliche Nachfrage ,F15 ,conflict ,Schock ,Afrika südlich der Sahara ,civil war ,ddc:330 ,income shock ,Q17 ,D74 ,O13 ,Bürgerkrieg - Abstract
This paper uses detailed information on the latitude and longitude of conflict events within a set of Sub-Saharan African countries to study the impact of external income shocks on the likelihood of violence. We consider a number of external demand shocks faced by the country or the regions within countries - changes in the world demand of agricultural commodities, financial crises in the partner countries or changes in foreign trade policy - and combine these with information reflecting the natural level of trade openness of the location. We find that (i) within-country, the incidence, intensity and onset of conflicts are generally negatively and significantly correlated with income shocks within locations; (ii) this relationship is significantly weaker for the most remote locations, i.e those located away from the main seaports, (iii) at country-level, we cannot detect any significant effect of these shock on conflict incidence or onset; but (iv) large and longlasting shocks seem to affect the location of conflict outbreaks. In general, our results suggest that external income shocks are important determinants of the intensity and geography of conflicts within countries. However, conflicts tend to start in remote locations which are naturally less affected by foreign shocks, which might explain why these seem to have little effect on conflict onset at the country-level.
- Published
- 2012
37. The vulnerability of sub-Saharan Africa to the financial crisis: the case of trade
- Author
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Berman, Nicolas and Martin, Philippe
- Subjects
Africa ,financial crisis ,trade ,jel:F14 ,jel:F36 - Abstract
In the early stage of the 2008-2009 financial crisis, the conventional wisdom was that financial under-development of sub Saharan African economies may be a blessing in disguise because it insulates them from the direct effects of the crisis. This paper argues that this may also make African exporters, dangerously more dependent on the health of financial institutions in countries they export to. On past financial crises (1976-2002), we find that for the average country, the disruption effect on exports due to a financial crisis in the partner country is moderate (a deviation from the gravity predicted trade of around 2 to 8%) but long lasting (around 7 years). We find however that the disruption effect is much larger for African exporters as the fall in trade (relative to gravity) is at least 20% more than for other countries in the aftermath of a financial crisis. Part of the vulnerability of African exports comes from a composition effect because primary exports are hit more severely than manufacturing exports. We also provide evidence that African countries more dependent on trade finance are more vulnerable to financial crises.
- Published
- 2010
38. Exporter Dynamics and Productivity Growth
- Author
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BERMAN, Nicolas and REBEYROL, Vincent
- Subjects
Financial Constraints ,Export Dynamics ,O30 ,F10 ,International Trade ,Innovation ,D21 ,Productivity Growth - Abstract
Using a large firm-level database containing information on export flows of French firms by destination, over the period 1995-2005, we study the impact of exporter dynamics on their future productivity growth. Our empirical strategy allows to control for reverse causality problems that arise when considering the export-productivity relationship. We first find that neither entry on the export market, nor the capacity of firms to remain exporters have a significant impact on their productivity growth. Second, we show that the dynamics of the exporting activity, i.e. post-entry export growth, has a positive impact on future productivity growth. Third, this positive impact of exporting is only observed in more dependent sectors upon external finance. We therefore provide suggestive evidence that a positive export dynamics affects productivity growth because it acts both as (i) an incentive to innovate, by increasing the expected return to innovation; (ii) a means to innovate, by relaxing liquidity constraints. Finally, by showing that only a few successful, dynamic exporters may enjoy important productivity gains through entry into the export market, our results explain why past empirical studies generally failed to find a significant effect of export participation on firms' productivity.
- Published
- 2010
39. How do different exporters react to exchange rate changes? Theory, empirics and aggregate implications
- Author
-
Berman, Nicolas, Mayer, Thierry, and Martin, Philippe
- Subjects
productivity ,pricing to market ,distribution costs ,jel:F41 ,heterogeneity ,exchange rates ,export ,health care economics and organizations ,jel:F12 - Abstract
This paper analyzes the reaction of exporters to exchange rate changes. We present a model where, in the presence of distribution costs in the export market, high and low productivity firms react differently to a depreciation. Whereas high productivity firms optimally raise their markup rather than the volume they export, low productivity firms choose the opposite strategy. Hence, pricing to market is both endogenous and heterogenous. This heterogeneity has important consequences for the aggregate impact of exchange rate movements. The presence of fixed costs to export means that only high productivity firms can export, firms which precisely react to an exchange rate depreciation by increasing their export price rather than their sales. We show that this selection effect can explain the weak impact of exchange rate movements on aggregate export volumes. We then test the main predictions of the model on a very rich French firm level data set with destination-specific export values and volumes on the period 1995-2005. Our results confirm that high performance firms react to a depreciation by increasing their export price rather than their export volume. The reverse is true for low productivity exporters. Pricing to market by exporters is also more pervasive in sectors and destination countries with higher distribution costs. Consistent with our theoretical framework, we show that the probability of firms to enter the export market following a depreciation increases. The extensive margin response to exchange rate changes is modest at the aggregate level because firms that enter, following a depreciation, are smaller relative to existing firms.
- Published
- 2009
40. Financial Crises and International Trade: The Long Way to Recovery
- Author
-
BERMAN, Nicolas
- Subjects
Gravity Equation ,Balance-sheet effects ,Fixed Costs ,F17 ,F10 ,International Trade ,F12 ,F34 ,Currency Crises - Abstract
Standard theoretical models would predict that a currency depreciation generates an increase in net exports. However, recent emerging market crises, accompanied by sharp exchange rate devaluations, have often been followed by a fall in or a stagnation of exports. This paper provides a simple theoretical framework which shows that a currency crisis affects trade through (i) a competitiveness effect, i.e. a variation in relative prices, that positively influences the intensive margin of trade (the amount of exports by firms); (ii) a balance-sheet effect, i.e. a modification of the fixed cost of exports, which negatively affects the extensive margin of trade (the number of exporters). We derive from our model a gravity-like equation of bilateral sectoral trade which we estimate using data on 27 industries and 32 countries over the period 1976-2002. First, we find that these events have a long-lasting negative impact on exports - which remain below their natural level for five years. We present evidence suggesting that this persistent effect is due to the combination of firms’ foreign currency borrowing and fixed costs of exports, which leads to important balance-sheet problems in the aftermath of the crisis. Second, the net effect of crises on exports largely depends on country specialization: the positive competitiveness effect is magnified by a specialization in high elasticity of substitution’s industries, while negative balance-sheets effects are exacerbated in industries more dependent upon external finance, in which assets are more tangible, or in high fixed costs sectors.
- Published
- 2009
41. Credit constraints and the cyclicality of R&D investment: Evidence from France
- Author
-
Aghion, Philippe, Askenazy, Philippe, Berman, Nicolas, Cette, Gilbert, Eymard, Laurent, Department of Economics, Harvard University, Paris School of Economics (PSE), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), IZA, Centre de recherche de la Banque de France, Banque de France, Paris-Jourdan Sciences Economiques (PJSE), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2, École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
- Subjects
JEL: E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics/E.E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles/E.E3.E32 - Business Fluctuations • Cycles ,R&D ,JEL: E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics/E.E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy/E.E2.E22 - Investment • Capital • Intangible Capital • Capacity ,Business cycles ,Credit constraints ,Volatility ,volatility ,JEL: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth/O.O3 - Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights/O.O3.O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D ,jel:E32 ,jel:E22 ,recherche et développement ,JEL: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth/O.O1 - Economic Development/O.O1.O16 - Financial Markets • Saving and Capital Investment • Corporate Finance and Governance ,credit constraints ,[SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance ,jel:O30 ,cycle des affaires ,business cycles ,jel:O32 ,volatilité ,jel:O16 ,JEL: O - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth/O.O3 - Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights/O.O3.O30 - General ,contraintes de crédit ,cycle des affaires,recherche et développement,contraintes de crédit,volatilité,business cycles,R&D,credit constraints,volatility - Abstract
We use a French firm-level data set containing 13,000 firms over the period 1993-2004 to analyze the relationship between credit constraints and firms' R&D behavior over the business cycle. Our main results can be summarized as follows: (i) the share of R&D investment over total investment is countercyclical without credit constraints, but it becomes less countercyclical as firms face tighter credit constraints; (ii) this result is magnified for firms in sectors that depend more heavily upon external finance, or that are characterized by a low degree of asset tangibility ; (iii) in more credit constrained firms, R&D investment share plummets during recessions but does not increase proportionally during upturns; (iv) average R&D investment and productivity growth are more negatively correlated with sales volatility in more credit constrained firms., Cette note analyse la relation entre les contraintes de crédit et l'investissement en R&D des entreprises le long de leur cycle d'affaire. Elle exploite l'appariement de deux bases de l'observatoire des entreprises de la Banque de France formant un large panel d'entreprises de toutes tailles sur la période 1993-2004. Les principaux résultats sont : (i) la part des investissements en R&D dans l'investissement total est contra-cyclique en l'absence de contraintes de crédit, mais il devient plus pro-cyclique lorsque les entreprises font face à des contraintes de crédit plus strictes ; (ii) le résultat est plus marqué dans les secteurs où les entreprises dépendent fortement definancements externes ; (iii) dans les entreprises les plus contraintes, la part des investissements en R&D plonge en cas de récession, mais ne se rattrape pas proportionnellement lors des reprises ; (iv) les investissements en R&D et la croissance de la productivité moyens sont plus négativement corrélés à la volatilité des ventes dans les entreprises les plus contraintes.
- Published
- 2008
42. This Mine is Mine! How Minerals Fuel Conflicts in Africa
- Author
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Berman, Nicolas, primary, Couttenier, Mathieu, additional, Rohner, Dominic, additional, and Thoenig, Mathias, additional
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Demand Learning and Firm Dynamics: Evidence from Exporters
- Author
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Berman, Nicolas, primary, Rebeyrol, Vincent, additional, and Vicard, Vincent, additional
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Export Dynamics and Sales at Home
- Author
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Berman, Nicolas, primary, Berthou, Antoine, additional, and Hericourt, Jerome, additional
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. This mine is mine! How minerals fuel conflicts in Africa.
- Author
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Berman, Nicolas, Couttenier, Mathieu, Rohner, Dominic, and Thoenig, Mathias
- Published
- 2014
46. EXTERNAL SHOCKS, INTERNAL SHOTS: THE GEOGRAPHY OF CIVIL CONFLICTS.
- Author
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Berman, Nicolas and Couttenier, Mathieu
- Published
- 2014
47. Export Dynamics and Sales at Home
- Author
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Berman, Nicolas, primary, Berthou, Antoine, additional, and Hericourt, Jerome, additional
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Debt denomination, exchange-rate variations and the margins of trade
- Author
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Berman, Nicolas, primary and Héricourt, Jérôme, additional
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Financial Market Imperfections and the Impact of Exchange Rate Movements on Exports*
- Author
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Berman, Nicolas, primary and Berthou, Antoine, additional
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Credit Constraints and the Cyclicality of R&D Investment: Evidence from France
- Author
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Aghion, Philippe, primary, Askenazy, Philippe, additional, Berman, Nicolas, additional, Cette, Gilbert, additional, and Eymard, Laurent, additional
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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