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Copyright of International Journal of Social Sciences (IJSS) / Uluslararasi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of International Journal of Social Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Historically, researchers have studied commemorative events primarily for their political role in the (re)construction of contested national collective memories and identities, but globalisation, social justice movements, multiculturalism and regionalism forces are further transforming commemorative practices in the 21st century. This study adopts the semiotic paradigm to deconstruct commemorative narratives communicated during major anniversary celebrations of the fall of the Berlin Wall. In doing so, this paper evidences how interwoven signs in these commemorative events construct multi-layered narratives of transnational collective memory and identity based on shared values that transcend the political boundaries of the nation. The study further showcases how shifting political contexts influence commemorative narratives, whilst at the same time commemorative events may increasingly be designed to appeal to a broader, global audience as leisure phenomena of transnational significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

On November 9, 1989, after 28 years standing, the Berlin Wall is torn down. This event triggered a series of events that would eventually bring down the Eastern Bloc and socialism in Europe. Throughout this work we will analyze the testimony of three people related to the Spanish Communist Movement and we will take a tour of their lives.

Copyright of Estudios de Teoría Literaria is the property of Estudios de Teoria Literaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The German Democratic Republic (GDR) treated the Berlin Wall as an official state border, but the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) did not recognize it as an official state border and thus did not impose entry controls. This asymmetric recognition opened up a gap in the regime of border policing and turned divided Berlin into one of the most significant sources of unauthorized migration into the FRG, creating tensions in Berlin, West Germany, and western Europe more broadly. Countries including France, Denmark, and the Netherlands all pressured the FRG to shut the open border in Berlin. This article examines how West German authorities sought to respond to their demands without recognizing the Berlin Wall as a state border. West German authorities pursued two broad strategies. The first involved internalizing the border through institutionalized racial profiling in West Berlin. The second entailed externalizing the border by asking the GDR to enforce FRG visa and passport requirements. Although both forms of border policing have often been associated with the end of the Cold War, this article shows that they were adopted earlier, and in response to Cold War imperatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jesse Reiser reflects on the unexpected re‐emergence of craft within the disciplinary body of architecture: from Buck's Rock Work Camp in Connecticut during the summers of the 1970s, to Cranbrook Academy of Art, to the ongoing work of Reiser + Umemoto, the New York‐based practice he co‐founded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the scandal caused in the German public sphere by the Center for Political Beauty’s intervention The First Fall of the European Wall (2014). Prepared just before the twenty-fifth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, the campaign aimed to expose the hypocrisy of German politicians, who celebrated the dismantling of old borders and at the same time co-financed the emergence of new ones. The author presents the course of this artivist action and analyzes its negative reception, focusing on comments from a group of recipients which she categorizes as “disgusted audience.” The analysis draws on the concepts of competitive and multidirectional memory (Michael Rothberg), affect theory (Sara Ahmed), and theory of disgust (Winfried Menninghaus) to show how an audience constituted itself to depreciate the project based on the category of taste and to activate various defense mechanisms blocking the discussion about political issues brought to public attention by the artists

John le Carré's The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963), the literary breakthrough of one of the most successful novelists of our time, is a Cold War classic that changed the direction of spy fiction, and has gone far to redefining it. The story is compelling, bleak and without heroes: that causes are betrayed is no surprise, but here institutions betray their own men. Reviewers took the novel to be credible and realistic, qualities assumed even by some recent political and cultural studies of the Cold War; the author had, after all, served the British Foreign Office in Germany, and though he denied it for decades, he was from the first suspected to have been a spy. The novel's authenticity grew with le Carré's denials, reinforced by his published story of how he wrote it: it was an immediate and intensely personal reaction to seeing the Berlin Wall being built, written in a great rush within five or six weeks. The novel itself, however, tells a different story, which no competent intelligence officer could ever have believed. Its chronologies are variously impossible, both internally and in their historical anchorage. It assumes the existence of the Wall from the outset, but parts must have been composed before the Wall was built: as will appear, the story is composite, and it marches to contradictory calendars. The textual archaeology thus indicated is confirmed by some of le Carré's own correspondence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wortfolge. Szyk Słów is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The monograph under review examines the pages of life and political activities of Helmut Kohl, the Chancellor of German unity. The source base of the book includes materials from Russian and German archives, documentary collections, memoirs, and publications on the subject under research. Thanks to this, the author was able to show that the solution of the German question was possible not only due to the external and internal factors but also due to the political will of Helmut Kohl.

The article revisits architect and artist Lebbeus Woods' Zagreb Free Zone project that was created in 1991 and exhibited at the Museum of Arts and Crafts in Zagreb, Croatia. Topics discussed are difference between the concepts of freespace and free zone, link of cybernetics to freedom and the happy absurdity of circus performers, architectural performance demonstrated by the sketchbooks of Woods, and the paradoxical position of the Zagreb Free Zone within avant-garde paper architecture.

AN INSTRUMENT OF CONTAINMENT, SUBDIVISION, OWNERSHIP OF SPACE, COLONISATION, AND RACIAL AND POLITICAL DIVIDE, THAT MOST UBIQUITOUS OF ARCHITECTURAL TOOLS – THE WALL – CAN ALSO BE DÉTOURNED, REAPPROPRIATED, DEMOLISHED AND RE‐ADORNED. ARTIST AND DESIGNER, AND CO‐FOUNDER OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY PRACTICE YEJU & CHAT, CHAT TRAVIESO LOOKS AT DIFFERENT WAYS OF SUBVERTING THE FUNCTION OF A WALL AS A BARRIER BY EITHER DISREGARDING IT, APPROPRIATING IT, CIRCUMVENTING IT OR ABOLISHING IT, AND THE POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THESE ACTIONS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The German Society of Neurosurgery (DGNC) was founded in Bonn in 1950 and saw itself as the all-German representation of neurosurgeons. The development of neurosurgery in divided Germany was different in each case as part of a system and was not unaffected by the confrontation between the two blocs (cold war), which also had a negative impact on the field of science. Thus, early on, restrictions on intra-German travel from the East made normal relations difficult. But travel restrictions also came from the West, where an Allied Travel Office in West Berlin decided whether an East German could enter a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) country. Nevertheless, it was possible that Georg Merrem from Leipzig took over the second chairmanship of the board of the DGNC of the election period from 1960 to 1962 and eight individual memberships of German Democratic Republic (GDR) neurosurgeons were still tolerated by the state side. The construction of the Berlin Wall on August 13, 1961 meant that these connections also collapsed. Merrem, at that time the only full professor of neurosurgery in the GDR, founded the "Association of Neurosurgeons in the GDR" in 1962 in agreement with the state authorities. With the foundation of a GDR neurosurgeons' society, the demarcation from the DGNC desired by the state was visibly accomplished. There were no official relations between the two neurosurgical societies. During the period of its existence until 1990, the entire work of the East German society was under the guidance and control of state institutions, which in turn derived their work from the guidelines of the party and the decisions of the council of ministers. Using the example of the congress activities of the first 5 years after the Wall was built, we show this dependence on state institutions. It extends from congress planning to reporting. With available figures of participating speakers from West Germany and other countries, it is demonstrated for the individual congresses in Leipzig, Magdeburg, and Erfurt that the German–German connection was continued despite all adverse circumstances. The presence of West German colleagues, who were not deterred from attending the congress even by the construction of the Berlin Wall, can be seen as a visible expression of an unbroken togetherness. However, already in 1967, the party and the council of ministers passed the resolution "On the organization of work in the field of science and culture of the GDR to West Germany as well as West Berlin." This regulated membership, the associated travel, and the conditions for publications in West German journals. Among other things, this directive prohibited membership in scientific societies, including the DGNC, based in West Germany. The organization of its own congresses took on a special significance because a congress visit from East to West was regulated by the state and thus only possible in isolated cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In heritage sites and museums, souvenir shops are of considerable commercial importance; furthermore, they add to the overall experience of visitors. This contribution explores the narrative quality of some souvenirs that seek to reflect a country's history and heritage. Three examples will serve as case studies: (1) souvenirs depicting the Berlin Wall (Germany)--moving from a historical event toward wider-reaching generic ideas, such as freedom; (2) souvenirs commemorating the First World War and their role in the context of the War's centenary (England); and (3) souvenirs that reflect aspects of dark tourism (various locations). In each case, the narrative attached to the items for sale potentially removes them from the experience of the exhibition. As such, souvenirs in the shop offer an experience in their own right, but they do not necessarily echo the culture, heritage, or history of a region or a country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

David Bowie's "'Heroes'" (1977) is typically considered to be a song about Cold War Berlin. This paper provides a detailed discussion and textual interpretation of the song's musical actualization and its lyrics and shows that it does not explicitly reference the city. It also examines Bowie's idealized time in the divided city to illustrate that, instead, the close association of song and city derives from the contexts of the song's production and the subsequent discourses around it, so that, in terms of cultural memory studies, "'Heroes'" can be seen as mnemonic product that contributes to the collective memory of 1970s Berlin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines Ingo Schulze's novel Die rechtschaffenen Mörder (2020) in the light of the considerations on estrangement expressed by the author in his speech for the Brecht Prize in 2013. This paper highlights how the novel is about two types of 'estrangements': the first, along Brecht's lines, is at the service of committed literature, capable of representing an "alternative project" for society; the second, on the other hand, is functional to the author's self-reflective moment and characteristic of the postmodern novel. The analysis of the novel argues that 'estrangement', from being a tool of political and social commitment aimed at demystifying power relations, ultimately becomes a merely formal device that preserves the status quo in the market of artistic forms produced by the "mass-democratic postmodernity" (Kondylis) in which Schulze operates, thus counteracting Brecht's and perhaps even Schulze's own initial aim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of VLC Arquitectura is the property of VLC Arquitectura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

People are emotionally attached to places and make economic decisions accordingly. I, therefore, study the effect of regional identity on internal migration flows in Germany between 1995 and 2017. Regional identity is proxied by measuring the historical affiliation of NUTS3 regions in the former patchwork of German states. I confirm that historical affiliation determines migration patterns and control for the influence of distance, culture (measured by dialects) and regional characteristics in a gravity model. Exploiting the separation effect of the Berlin Wall confirms that regional identity has a stronger impact on movements than previous migration or family bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the scope and quality of selected aspects and issues of relations between the German Democratic Republic (Gdr) and China in the 1950s and early 1960s. How was Chinese dictator Mao Zedong's Hundred Flowers Campaign perceived and interpreted in East Berlin, why and until when was Gdr leader Walter Ulbricht supportive of and indeed enthusiastic about Mao's disastrous Great Leap Forward are among the questions this article will address and seek to answer. As it turned out, East German leaders' assessments and newspaper reporting on Mao's domestic and foreign policy and government propaganda did not in any way correspond with Chinese on the ground realities. The same was true for Chinese reporting and propaganda on Ulbricht's decision to divide Berlin with a wall in 1961: misleading and wrong reporting in support of a fair-weather friendship, in the wake of the Sino-Soviet Split in early Sixties would turn into enmity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I examine the repeated material-semiotic mobilization of the trope of the Berlin Wall in post-communist Bulgaria. I show that despite the official dismantlement of the Wall commenced some thirty years ago, the structure’s afterlife continues to exert a unique influence on Bulgaria’s public life today. I explore the function of the Wall as a narrative and political device in moments when the relation to public space is negotiated or when notions of “past” and “present” are short-circuited. By taking up the notion of a “recording surface,” developed by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in Anti-Oedipus, I show how Bulgarian post-communism can be understood as the terrain of a continuous production of consensus. I argue that after 1989 the Berlin Wall has adopted a governing and consensus-building function that contributes to the “smoothening” of political and social differences on the recording surface of Bulgarian post-communism. Yet, what makes the examination of the fictitious successors of the original Berlin Wall an interesting terrain for examination is that their operation is predicated upon a material heterogeneity and dynamism. In the article, I explore the way this trope has been mobilized in four different cases from Bulgaria’s most recent history and demonstrate in what sense its “reactivation” can be seen as contributing to the stabilization of the recording surface of Bulgarian post-communism. Author(s): Neda Genova Title (English): Material-semiotic Transformations of the Berlin Wall in Post-Communist Bulgaria Journal Reference: Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 16, No. 1-2 (Summer - Winter 2019) Publisher: Institute of Social Sciences and Humanities - Skopje Page Range: 78-90 Page Count: 13 Citation (English): Neda Genova, “Material-semiotic Transformations of the Berlin Wall in Post-Communist Bulgaria,” Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 16, No. 1-2 (Summer - Winter 2019): 78-90.

The symbolic and significant 2019 year for Europe is coming to an end: the largescale celebration of size of the 30th Anniversary of the Berlin Wall fall – the reference point of birth of renewed Europe implying fundamental changes of the socio-economic system in the East of the continent, which affected the Soviet Union during the Gorbachev perestroika. By the way, 30 years ago, the Soviet leadership quite sincerely recognized our country as part of Greater Europe – from Lisbon to Vladivostok. Today, the continent is undergoing another wave of political transformation, one of the main signs of which, apparently, is the strengthening of centrifugal trends – from the regular agreement reached in October on Britain’s withdrawal from the European Union (Brexit) on January 31, 2020 to becoming dominant in the central and eastern parts of the EU right-populist political forces. And this is against the background of growing alienation between the European Union and the USSR’s successor – Russia. In this symbolic year for the EU, it was French President Emmanuel Macron – in the spirit of de Gaulle and the post-war traditions of the Old World – who urged Europeans and Russians to return to the political thinking of those times – not to repel, but to involve Russia in the process of creating a renewed Europe.

Copyright of Desacatos is the property of Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropologia Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989, brought a symbolic end to the Cold War. The authors examine the discourse of commemoration as a space for the production of meaning. Their subject is approached from two analytical angles: (1) the commemorative event with the original product it supplies and (2) the status of the media discourse of commemoration. The corpus comprises all the articles, a total of 101, discussing the fall of the Berlin Wall in the online editions of one or two quality newspapers from four European countries: the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Romania.

In the years of the 2008 world financial crisis and of the global protests of the Occupy-Movement, the German author Ingo Schulze writes a novel about the German reunification, in which he tells the story of the ‘GDR-rogue’ Peter Holtz fighting for a fairer society. In this novel Schulze challenges the question of the democratic quality of the political and economic world order arisen at the historical moment of the Fall of the Berlin Wall. Why does Schulze decide to write just a picaresque novel about the German reunification during the financial crisis after 2007? What is the additional value of this literary elaboration of the historical turning point of 1989? Why does money play such a significant role in this novel? The contribution expounds that Schulze retrospectively and critically retraces in his picaresque novel the way from the ‘anti-fascist rampart’ of the GDR to the moneycentred financial world of Wall Street. The article illustrates at the same time Schulze’s diagnosis according to which during the process of German reunification the West betrayed its own democratic values and against the background of the peaceful revolution in the GDR missed the historical chance to build a fairer future society.

Copyright of Other Modernities / Altre Modernita / Otras Modernidades / Autres Modernités is the property of Altre Modernita and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Other Modernities / Altre Modernita / Otras Modernidades / Autres Modernités is the property of Altre Modernita and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From the beginning of 1960s, an occupation of Denmark was a theme in the Warsaw Pact military exercises and manoeuvres in the so-called Cold War. This is connected to a struggle for a maritime offensive strategy, as well inside the USSR as internal among Soviet allies with the aim of securing the fleets of the Warsaw Pact access to the North Sea and the Atlantic in case of war with NATO members. In the GDR and Poland these plans were very important in the national military strategies. However, the Soviet navy also played an important role in abovementioned maritime strategy. But was it really so great in different occupation plans of Denmark? Or was it first and foremost a local strategy of the Warsaw Pact countries in the western part of the Baltic Sea area? The article provides answers to these questions. There is also given a description of the strategic importance of Denmark in the Baltic Sea, and its influence on the Danish foreign politics in decades.

The article reflects on the year 1989 and on the end of the tragic role of the Berlin Wall and deals particularly with the strategies of involved in its building. Since 1962, the Wall started to take on a role of a different way of thinking, in both East and West, because it expresses an overcoming of the “two Europes”, and of the growth of a new and dialectical perspective between the two different visions of values: theoretical pedagogy had been a relevant interpreter in building this dialogue.