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A viewgraph presentation on NASA's Outer Solar System Exploration is shown. The topics include: 1) Completed Missions; 2) Operating Missions; 3) Missions in Development; and 4) Future Missions.

The spatial organization and time dependence of Jupiter's temperature near 250-millibar pressure were measured through a jovian year by imaging thermal emission at 18 micrometers. The temperature field is influenced by seasonal radiative forcing, and its banded organization is closely correlated with the visible cloud field. Evidence was found for a quasi-periodic oscillation of temperatures in the Equatorial Zone, a correlation between tropospheric and stratospheric waves in the North Equatorial Belt, and slowly moving thermal features in the North and South Equatorial Belts. There appears to be no common relation between temporal changes of temperature and changes in the visual albedo of the various axisymmetric bands.

The present publication discusses Uranus and its interior, atmosphere, rings, satellites, and magnetosphere. Attention is given to photochemistry and vertical mixing, spectroscopy and chemistry of the Uranian atmosphere, the thermal structure and energy balance of Uranian atmospheric dynamics and circulations, and clouds and aerosols in the Uranian atmosphere. Topics considered include particle properties and processes in Uranus' rings, the origin and properties of the Uranian satellites, the geology and cratering of the Uranian satellites, and the planet's magnetic field and magnetospheric configuration. Also addressed are wave-particle interactions in the Uranian magnetosphere, the magnetic field and magnetospheric configuration of Uranus, the plasma environment of Uranus, and Uranus as a radio source.

Results of many years of observations from the ground and from the Voyager encounter with Venus are presented which clarify a number of issues that were subjects of speculation or partial information. The new issues that the encounter brought to light are outlined. The encounter revealed additional rings, extensive dust associated with them, and complexities, including azimuthal asymmetries. Uranus possesses a strong (about 1 gauss) magnetic field with a bizarre geometry that can be described as a dipole offset 0.3 RU from the center of the planet and tilted approximately 60 deg with respect to the axis of rotation. It is argued that it is produced by a magnetohydrodynamic dynamo at about 0.4 RU from the planet's center. It is inferred from this that at least part of the interior is a convective fluid, indicating an adiabatic temperature profile and a warm interior. The magnetic field produces a magnetosphere with some peculiar characteristics, owing to the unique orientation of the dipole axis with respect to the direction of the solar wind flow.

The goal of this research in to obtain infrared data on planetary atmospheres which provide information on several aspects of structure and composition. Observations include direct mission real-time support as well as baseline monitoring preceding mission encounters. Besides providing a broader information context for spacecraft experiment data analysis, observations will provide the quantitative data base required for designing optimum remote sensing sequences and evaluating competing science priorities. In the past year, thermal images of Jupiter and Saturn were made near their oppositions in order to monitor long-term changes in their atmospheres. Infrared images of the Jovian polar stratospheric hot spots were made with IUE observations of auroral emissions. An exploratory 5-micrometer spectrum of Uranus was reduced and accepted for publication. An analysis of time-variability of temperature and cloud properties of the Jovian atomsphere was made. Development of geometric reduction programs for imaging data was initiated for the sun workstation. Near-infrared imaging observations of Jupiter were reduced and a preliminary analysis of cloud properties made. The first images of the full disk of Jupiter with a near-infrared array camera were acquired. Narrow-band (10/cm) images of Jupiter and Saturn were obtained with acousto-optical filters.

The goal of this task is to acquire physical data on the atmospheres of the outer planets and Titan by means of ground-based spectroscopy, spectrophotometry, and spectral imaging at visible to near-infrared wavelengths (approximately 0.3 to 2.5 micrometer). These data constrain physical parameters which characterize properties and distribution of aerosols in the atmospheres of these bodies. Reduced spectral imaging of Neptune was accomplished. The data were analyzed in several ways. Direct inspection of images reveals the distribution of discrete clouds in the atmosphere, which indicate that the global distribution of clouds has changed since earlier imaging. Disk-integrated photometry obtained from the images demonstrates that the diurnal variability at methane-band wavelengths is caused by the presence of discrete clouds; short-term variability is also seen in the rotational light curve, providing evidence for modification of cloud structure on the planet. The center-to-limb brightness profiles of the equatorial region of Neptune were analyzed, which provided constraints on the location, albedos, and optical depths of aerosol scattering layers in the troposphere and lower stratosphere.

Observations and theoretical investigations of the Uranus (U) system from the period 1983-1986 are reviewed, with an emphasis on the Voyager 2 encounter with U on January 26, 1986. Topics addressed include the bulk U composition, structure, and heat flux; the U atmospheric composition, structure, and circulation; the U rings; the major and minor U satellites; the U magnetosphere; and the Lyman-alpha 'electroglow' observed on the sunlit hemisphere of U.

Mauna Kea's NASA IRTF has been used to obtain 21- and 32-cm radiometric measurements of Uranus and Neptune; brightness temperatures of 54.1 + or - 0.3 K for Uranus and 58.1 + or 0.3 K for Neptune were obtained by calibrating the 21-cm data against Alpha Boo. A calibration of the 32-cm data against Callisto and Ganymede yielded respective temperatures of 51.8 + or - 1.5 K and 55.6 + or - 1.2 K. The general decrease of brightness temperatures with wavelength from 20 to 30 microns is confirmed. The two planets are noted to appear as bodies sufficiently different to depart from the hypothesis of smooth planetary bulk property variation as a function of heliocentric distance.

During the last 15 years, a revolution has occurred in the understanding of the physical nature of the solar system. The most conspicuous contributions have come from investigations on spacecraft, ranging from the early Explorers to the current Voyagers. Less conspicuous but equally important are the discoveries that have come from parallel investigations in ground-based, airborne and Earth-orbital astronomy. The role of Earth-based remote observations in achieving the goals of Solar System Exploration's Planetary Astronomy Program are currently under review. To assess the specific need for future Earth-orbital facilities, a workshop was convened at Jet Propulsion Laboratory on 13 to 15 January, 1986. The charter of the workshop included requests to (1)identify and need for Earth-orbital observations within the context of the current goals of the Solar System Exploration Program and (2)identify candidate facilities and instruments required to support these needs.