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Användningen av trä som byggmaterial i stomsystem har ökat markant. I takt med att förfrågan ökar, blir det allt mer relevant att undersöka hur materialet kan utnyttjas optimalt. Av KL-träbjälklag som tillverkas idag, är majoriteten homogena och tillverkade av konstruktionsvirke med hållfasthetklass C24. Idag finns nya metoder på marknaden för att hållfasthetssortera konstruktionsvirke. Genom att sortera två hållfasthetsklasser samtidigt, är det möjlighet att erhålla ca 30 % C40 tillsammans med 69 % C24, alternativt 46 % C35 tillsammans med 54 % C18. Genom att utnyttja parallell sortering av två hållfasthetsklasser, skulle tillgängligheten av konstruktionsvirke med hög hållfasthet öka och därmed även möjligheten för bjälklag att tillverkas med högre hållfasthet i det yttersta lamellerna. Genom att använda styvare lameller i ytterkanterna, där störst belastning uppstår, uppnås bättre mekaniska egenskaper. Optimeringen skulle kunna leda till längre spännvidder eller tunnare element. Syftet med arbetet är att kartlägga dimensioneringsprinciper i byggnorm, standarder, handböcker och KL-trätillverkarnas rekommendationer med avseende på bjälklag. Vidare är syftet att påvisa prestandaförbättring hos elementen genom teoretiska beräkningar, där styvare virke utnyttjas i ytterlamellerna. Arbetet kommer även att belysa huruvida elementen kan optimeras med avseende på tjocklek och spännvidd. De element som har undersökts består av tre, fem och sju lameller. En jämförelse mellan KL-träskivor beståendes av enbart C24 och likvärdiga skivor med C40+C24 och C35+C18 har också utförts. Resultatet visar att bruksgränstillståndet är uteslutande dimensionerande vid dimensionering av bjälklag. De dimensionerade faktorerna varierar mellan första egenfrekvens och punktlastnedböjning. För skivor med tre skikt är punktlastnedböjning dimensionerande, medan för skivor med sju skikt är första egenfrekvensen dimensionerande. För fem skikt varierar det beroende på tjockleken på KL-träskivan och st, The use of wood as a construction material has increased significantly in recent years. As demand for wood products grows, it becomes increasingly important to examine how the material can be used in a more efficient way. Today, the majority of cross laminated timber (CLT) panels, including floor elements, are manufactured homogeneously, with all layers consisting of the same strength class, most commonly C24. However, studies have shown that with new technologies for strength grading, it is possible to yield higher amounts of C40 and C35. By grading two strength classes simultaneously, it is possible to yield 30% C40 and 69% C35, or 46% C35 and 54% C18. By using parallel grading, the availability of structural timber with high strength would increase, thus enabling the possibility to manufacture CLT floor panels with higher strength in the outer layers. By using laminations of a higher strength class for the outer layer, the stiffness of the panel increases. This optimization could lead to longer spans and thinner panels. This thesis aims to investigate principles for designing CLT floor panels in regard to building codes, construction standards, handbooks and recommendations provided by CLT manufacturers in Sweden. It also investigates the potential improvements in mechanical performance, in terms of increased span length and decreased thickness of optimized CLT panels, by using laminations of a higher strength class in the outer layers. In the study, CLT floor panels made of three, five and seven layers were examined. A comparison was conducted between homogenous panels made of C24 and equivalent panels made of C40+C24 or C35+C18. The results show that designing a CLT floor panel is governed by the requirements of service limit state (SLS). The most common governing requirements are natural frequency and stiffness measured by point load deflection. The study shows that three layered CLT floor panels are governed by stiffness, while seven layered CLT floor panel

We show that an ion-ion cross-field streaming instability between cold newborn cometary ions and heated heavy ions that were picked up upstream is likely a contributing source of observed lower hybrid (LH) waves in the inner coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Electric field oscillations in the LH frequency range are common here, and have previously been attributed mainly to the lower-hybrid drift instability, driven by gradients associated with observed local density fluctuations. However, the observed wave activity is not confined to such gradients, nor is it always strongest there. Thus, other instabilities are likely needed as well to explain the observed wave activity. Several previous works have shown the existence of multiple populations of cometary ions in the inner coma of 67P, distinguished by differences in mass, energy and/or flow direction. We here examine two selected time intervals in October and November 2015, with substantial wave activity in the LH frequency range, where we identify two distinct cometary ion populations: a bulk population of locally produced, predominantly radially outflowing ions, and a more tenuous population picked up further upstream and accelerated back toward the comet by the solar wind electric field. These two populations exhibit strong relative drifts (similar to 20 km/s, or about five times the pickup ion thermal velocity), and we perform an electrostatic dispersion analysis showing that conditions should be favorable for LH wave generation through the ion-ion cross-field instability.

Context: Rosetta followed comet 67P at heliocentric distances from 1.25 to 3.6 au. The solar wind was observed for much of this time, but was significantly deflected and to some extent slowed down by the interaction with the coma. Aims: We use the different changes in the speed of H+ and He2+ when they interact with the coma to estimate the upstream speed of the solar wind. The different changes in the speed are due to the different mass per charge of the particles, while the electric force per charge due to the interaction is the same. A major assumption is that the speeds of H+ and He2+ were the same in the upstream region. This is investigated. Methods: We derived a method for reconstructing the upstream solar wind from H+ and He2+ observations. The method is based on the assumption that the interaction of the comet with the solar wind can be described by an electric potential that is the same for both H+ and He2+. This is compared to estimates from the Tao model and to OMNI and Mars Express data that we propagated to the observation point. Results: The reconstruction agrees well with the Tao model for most of the observations, in particular for the statistical distribution of the solar wind speed. The electrostatic potential relative to the upstream solar wind is derived and shows values from a few dozen volts at large heliocentric distances to about 1 kV during solar events and close to perihelion. The reconstructed values of the solar wind for periods of high electrostatic potential also agree well with propagated observations and model results. Conclusions: The reconstructed upstream solar wind speed during the Rosetta mission agrees well with the Tao model. The Tao model captures some slowing down of high-speed streams as compared to observations at Earth or Mars. At low solar wind speeds, below 400 km s-1, the agreement is better between our reconstruction and Mars observations than with the Tao model. The magnitude of the reconstructed electrostatic potent

Background The long-term course of coronary atherosclerosis has not been studied in large nationwide cohorts. Understanding the natural history of coronary atherosclerosis could help identify patients at risk for future coronary events. Methods and Results All coronary artery segments with <50% luminal stenosis in patients with a first-time coronary angiogram between 1989 and 2017 were identified (n=2 661 245 coronary artery segments in 248 736 patients) and followed until a clinically indicated angiography within 15 years was performed or until death or end of follow-up (April 2018) using SCAAR (Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry). The stenosis progression and incidence rates were 2.6% and 1.45 (95% CI, 1.43-1.46) per 1000 segment-years, respectively. The greatest progression rate occurred in the proximal and middle segments of the left anterior descending artery. Male sex and diabetes were associated with a 2-fold increase in risk, and nearly 70% of new stenoses occurred in patients with baseline single-vessel disease (hazard ratio, 3.86 [95% CI, 3.69-4.04]). Coronary artery segments in patients with no baseline risk factors had a progression rate of 0.6% and incidence rate of 0.36 (95% CI, 0.34-0.39), increasing to 8.1% and 4.01 (95% CI, 3.89-4.14) per 1000 segment-years, respectively, in patients with >= 4 risk factors. The prognostic impact of risk factors on stenosis progression was greatest in younger patients and women. Conclusions Coronary atherosclerosis progressed slowly but more frequently in the left coronary artery in men and in the presence of traditional risk factors. Coronary artery segments in patients without risk factors had little or no risk of stenosis progression, and the relative impact of risk factors appears to be of greater importance in younger patients and women. These findings help in the understanding the long-term course of coronary atherosclerosis.

Background The long‐term course of coronary atherosclerosis has not been studied in large nationwide cohorts. Understanding the natural history of coronary atherosclerosis could help identify patients at risk for future coronary events. Methods and Results All coronary artery segments with <50% luminal stenosis in patients with a first‐time coronary angiogram between 1989 and 2017 were identified (n=2 661 245 coronary artery segments in 248 736 patients) and followed until a clinically indicated angiography within 15 years was performed or until death or end of follow‐up (April 2018) using SCAAR (Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry). The stenosis progression and incidence rates were 2.6% and 1.45 (95% CI, 1.43–1.46) per 1000 segment‐years, respectively. The greatest progression rate occurred in the proximal and middle segments of the left anterior descending artery. Male sex and diabetes were associated with a 2‐fold increase in risk, and nearly 70% of new stenoses occurred in patients with baseline single‐vessel disease (hazard ratio, 3.86 [95% CI, 3.69–4.04]). Coronary artery segments in patients with no baseline risk factors had a progression rate of 0.6% and incidence rate of 0.36 (95% CI, 0.34–0.39), increasing to 8.1% and 4.01 (95% CI, 3.89–4.14) per 1000 segment‐years, respectively, in patients with ≥4 risk factors. The prognostic impact of risk factors on stenosis progression was greatest in younger patients and women. Conclusions Coronary atherosclerosis progressed slowly but more frequently in the left coronary artery in men and in the presence of traditional risk factors. Coronary artery segments in patients without risk factors had little or no risk of stenosis progression, and the relative impact of risk factors appears to be of greater importance in younger patients and women. These findings help in the understanding the long‐term course of coronary atherosclerosis., Background The long-term course of coronary atherosclerosis has not been studied in large nationwide cohorts. Understanding the natural history of coronary atherosclerosis could help identify patients at risk for future coronary events. Methods and Results All coronary artery segments with <50% luminal stenosis in patients with a first-time coronary angiogram between 1989 and 2017 were identified (n=2 661 245 coronary artery segments in 248 736 patients) and followed until a clinically indicated angiography within 15 years was performed or until death or end of follow-up (April 2018) using SCAAR (Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry). The stenosis progression and incidence rates were 2.6% and 1.45 (95% CI, 1.43-1.46) per 1000 segment-years, respectively. The greatest progression rate occurred in the proximal and middle segments of the left anterior descending artery. Male sex and diabetes were associated with a 2-fold increase in risk, and nearly 70% of new stenoses occurred in patients with baseline single-vessel disease (hazard ratio, 3.86 [95% CI, 3.69-4.04]). Coronary artery segments in patients with no baseline risk factors had a progression rate of 0.6% and incidence rate of 0.36 (95% CI, 0.34-0.39), increasing to 8.1% and 4.01 (95% CI, 3.89-4.14) per 1000 segment-years, respectively, in patients with ≥4 risk factors. The prognostic impact of risk factors on stenosis progression was greatest in younger patients and women. Conclusions Coronary atherosclerosis progressed slowly but more frequently in the left coronary artery in men and in the presence of traditional risk factors. Coronary artery segments in patients without risk factors had little or no risk of stenosis progression, and the relative impact of risk factors appears to be of greater importance in younger patients and women. These findings help in the understanding the long-term course of coronary atherosclerosis.

Background: The clinical importance of intraprocedural stent thrombosis (IPST) during percutaneous coronary intervention in the contemporary era of potent oral P2Y12 inhibitors is not established. The aim of this study was to assess IPST and its association with clinical outcome in patients with myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with contemporary antithromboticmedications. Methods and Results: The VALIDATE-SWEDEHEART study (Bivalirudin Versus Heparin in ST-Segment and Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Patients on Modern Antiplatelet Therapy in the Swedish Web System for Enhancement and Development of Evidence-Based Care in Heart Disease Evaluated According to Recommended Therapies Registry Trial) included 6006 patients with myocardial infarction, treated with potent P2Y12 inhibitors during percutaneous coronary intervention. IPST, defined as a new or worsening thrombus related to a stent deployed during the procedure, was reported by the interventional cardiologist in 55 patients (0.9%) and was significantly associated with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction presentation, longer stents, bailout glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, and final Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction flow <3. The primary composite end point included cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, out-of-laboratory definite stent thrombosis and target vessel revascularization within 30 days. Secondary end points were major bleeding and the individual components of the primary composite end point. Patients with versus without IPST had significantly higher rates of the primary composite end point (20.0% versus 4.4%), including higher rates of cardiovascular death, target vessel revascularization, and definite stent thrombosis, but not myocardial infarction or major bleeding. By multivariable analysis, IPST was independently associated with the primary composite end point (hazard ratio, 3.82; 95% CI, 2.05-7.12; P<0.001). Conclusions: I, Funding agencies:Thorsten Westerstrom's Research FoundationSixten Gemzeus Research FoundationUlla Ekdahl's Research Foundation

Low-energy ions play important roles in the formation of the plasma environment around a comet. Reliable ways of measuring these ions are therefore of high importance to fully understand the processes and dynamics of this environment. Unfortunately, low-energy ions are infamously difficult to detect. A spacecraft interacts with the surrounding environment, which leads to an accumulation of charge on the spacecraft surface. As a result, the surface acquires an electrostatic potential with respect to the surrounding plasma, which can be either positive or negative. Low-energy ions are then attracted to or repelled from the charged surface before being detected by the instrument on board, resulting in an energy shift and change of travel direction of the ions. The Rosetta mission studied comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko during the years 2014-2016, and provided the most detailed observations of a comet and its environment to date. The Ion Composition Analyzer of the Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC-ICA) measured positive ions in the cometary environment with energies down to just a few eV. The low-energy part of the data is, however, difficult to interpret due to the distortions caused by the spacecraft potential. In this thesis, the Spacecraft Plasma Interaction Software (SPIS) is used to correct the low-energy ion measurements made by RPC-ICA for the effects introduced by the spacecraft potential. The distortion of the effective field of view is modelled for different ion energies and plasma environments, and the results are used to correct the flow direction of low-energy ions around the comet. The FOV distortion can be considered insignificant when the energy of the ions (in eV) is twice the value of the spacecraft potential (in volts). The FOV distortion at lower energies is geometry dependent, and varies substantially between different pixels of the instrument. The FOV distortion is furthermore dependent on the Debye length of the surrounding plasma. The knowledge, Lågenergi-joner spelar en viktig roll i de processer som skapar plasmaomgivningen runt en komet. För att förstå dessa processer är det därför viktigt att det finns tillförlitliga sätt att mäta dessa joner. Tyvärr så är lågenergi-joner kända för att vara svåra att mäta. En rymdfarkost påverkas av sin omgivning, vilket leder till att farkostens yta laddas upp till en elektrisk potential. Potentialen kan vara antingen positiv eller negativ relativt det omgivande plasmat. Detta innebär att lågenergi-jonerna accelereras mot eller repelleras från farkostens yta innan de detekteras av ett instrument ombord. Farkostpotentialen påverkar både jonernas energi och rörelseriktning. Rymdsonden Rosetta studerade komet 67P/Tjurjumov-Gerasimenko från år 2014 till 2016, och gav oss de mest detaljerade mätningarna av en komet och dess omgivning som hittills har gjorts. Jonmasspektrometern RPC-ICA (Rosetta Plasma Consortium - Ion Composition Analyzer) mätte positivt laddade joner runt kometen. RPC-ICA kunde mäta joner med väldigt låga energier (ner till några få eV), men den delen av datat är svårtolkat på grund av farkostpotentialen. I den här avhandlingen utvecklar vi en ny metod för att korrigera mätningarna av lågenergi-joner gjorda av RPC-ICA. Vi använder programvaran SPIS (Spacecraft Plasma Interaction Software) för att simulera hur RPC-ICAs synfält har påverkats av den uppladdade farkosten. Påverkan på synfältet simuleras för olika farkostpotentialer och plasmaomgivningar, och resultaten används sedan för att korrigera flödesriktningen av lågenergi-joner runt kometen. Påverkan på RPC-ICAs synfält är försumbar när jonernas energi (i eV) är mer än dubbelt så hög som farkostpotentialen (i volt). Vid lägre jonenergier påverkas synfältet olika för olika pixlar av instrumentet, beroende på tittriktningen i förhållande till farkostens geometri. Hur stor påverkan är beror också på Debyelängden i det omgivande plasmat. Det korrigerade datat används för att studera flödesriktningen av lå

The flow direction of low-energy ions around comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko has previously been difficult to constrain due to the influence of the spacecraft potential. The Ion Composition Analyzer of the Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC-ICA) on Rosetta measured the distribution function of positive ions with energies down to just a few eV/q throughout the escort phase of the mission. Unfortunately, the substantial negative spacecraft potential distorted the directional information of the low-energy data. In this work, we present the flow directions of low-energy ions around comet 67P, corrected for the spacecraft potential using Particle-In-Cell simulation results. We focus on the region in and around the diamagnetic cavity, where low-energy ions are especially important for the dynamics. We separate between slightly accelerated 'burst' features and a more constant 'band' of low-energy ions visible in the data. The 'bursts' are flowing radially outwards from the nucleus with an antisunward component while the 'band' is predominantly streaming back towards the comet. This provides evidence of counter-streaming ions, which has implications for the overall expansion velocity of the ions. The backstreaming ions are present also at times when the diamagnetic cavity was not detected, indicating that the process accelerating the ions back towards the comet is not connected to the cavity boundary.

Context. During its two-year mission at comet 67P, Rosetta nearly continuously monitored the inner coma plasma environment for gas production rates varying over three orders of magnitude, at distances to the nucleus ranging from a few to a few hundred kilometres. To achieve the best possible measurements, cross-calibration of the plasma instruments is needed. Aims. Our goal is to provide a consistent plasma density dataset for the full mission, while in the process providing a statistical characterisation of the plasma in the inner coma and its evolution. Methods. We constructed physical models for two different methods to cross-calibrate the spacecraft potential and the ion current as measured by the Rosetta Langmuir probes (LAP) to the electron density as measured by the Mutual Impedance Probe (MIP). We also described the methods used to estimate spacecraft potential, and validated the results with the Ion Composition Analyser (ICA). Results. We retrieve a continuous plasma density dataset for the entire cometary mission with a much improved dynamical range compared to any plasma instrument alone and, at times, improve the temporal resolution from 0.24-0.74 Hz to 57.8 Hz. The physical model also yields, at a three-hour time resolution, ion flow speeds and a proxy for the solar EUV flux from the photoemission from the Langmuir probes. Conclusions. We report on two independent mission-wide estimates of the ion flow speed that are consistent with the bulk H2O+ ion velocities as measured by the ICA. We find the ion flow to consistently be much faster than the neutral gas over the entire mission, lending further evidence that the ions are collisionally decoupled from the neutrals in the coma. Measurements of ion speeds from Rosetta are therefore not consistent with the assumptions made in previously published plasma density models of the comet 67P's ionosphere at the start and end of the mission. Also, the measured EUV flux is perfectly consistent with independently de

Y Comets are constantly interacting with the solar wind. When the comet activity is high enough, this leads to the creation of a magnetic field free region around the nucleus known as the diamagnetic cavity. It has been suggested that the ion-neutral drag force is balancing the magnetic pressure at the cavity boundary, but after the visit of Rosetta to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko the coupling between ions and neutrals inside the cavity has been debated, at least for moderately active comets. In this study, we use data from the ion composition analyser to determine the bulk speeds and temperatures of the low-energy ions in the diamagnetic cavity of comet 67P. The low-energy ions are affected by the negative spacecraft potential, and we use the Spacecraft Plasma Interaction Software to model the resulting influence on the detected energy spectra. We find bulk speeds of 5-10 km s(-1) with a most probable speed of 7 km s(-1), significantly above the velocity of the neutral particles. This indicates that the collisional coupling between ions and neutrals is not strong enough to keep the ions at the same speed as the neutrals inside the cavity. The temperatures are in the range 0.7-1.6 eV, with a peak probability at 1.0 eV. We attribute the major part of the temperature to the fact that ions are born at different locations in the coma, and hence are accelerated over different distances before reaching the spacecraft.

Average flow patterns of ions around comet 67P detected by the RPC-ICA instrument onboard Rosetta are presented both as a time series and as a spatial distribution of the average flow in the plane perpendicular to the comet - Sun direction (Y-Z plane in the coordinate systems used). Cometary ions in the energy range up to 60 eV flow radially away from the nucleus in the Y-Z plane, irrespective of the direction of the magnetic field, throughout the mission. These ions may however be strongly affected by the spacecraft potential, the uncertainty due to this is briefly discussed. Inside the solar wind ion cavity and in the periods just before and after, the cometary pick up ions moving antisunward are deflected against the inferred solar wind electric field direction. This is opposite to what is observed for lower levels of mass-loading. These pick up ions are behaving in a similar way to the solar wind ions and are deflected due to mass-loading. A spatial asymmetry can be seen in the observations of deflected pick up ions, with motion against the electric field primarily within a radius of 200 km of the nucleus and also in the negative electric field hemisphere. Cometary ions observed by RPC-ICA typically move in the antisunward direction throughout the mission. These are average patterns, full-resolution data show very much variability.

Low-energy ions are difficult to measure, mainly due to spacecraft charging. The ions are attracted to or repelled from the charged surface prior to detection, which changes both the energy and travel direction of the ions. This results in distortions of the data, and the changed travel directions distort the effective field of view (FOV) of the instrument performing the measurements. The ion composition analyzer (RPC-ICA) was measuring positive ions down to an energy of a few eV around comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Low-energy ions play important parts in processes in the cometary environment, but the FOV of RPC-ICA has been shown to get severely distorted at low ion energies. Several factors are believed to affect the distortion level. In this study we use the Spacecraft Plasma Interaction Software (SPIS) to investigate the influence of varying spacecraft potentials and Debye lengths on the FOV distortion of RPC-ICA. We show that the distortion level is dependent on the Debye length of the surrounding plasma, but the sensitivity varies substantially between different viewing directions of the instrument. We also show that a small nonlinearity exists in the relation between FOV distortion, ion energy, and spacecraft potential, mainly caused by the photoemission and bulk flow of the cometary plasma.

Spacecraft charging is problematic for low-energy plasma measurements. The charged particles are attracted to or repelled from the charged spacecraft, affecting both the energy and direction of travel of the particles. The Ion Composition Analyzer (RPC-ICA) on board the Rosetta spacecraft is suffering from this effect. RPC-ICA was measuring positive ions in the vicinity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, covering an energy range of a few eV/q to 40 keV/q. The low-energy part of the data is, however, heavily distorted by the negatively charged spacecraft. In this study we use the Spacecraft Plasma Interaction Software to model the influence of the spacecraft potential on the ion trajectories and the corresponding distortion of the field of view (FOV) of the instrument. The results show that the measurements are not significantly distorted when the ion energy corresponds to at least twice the spacecraft potential. Below this energy the FOV is often heavily distorted, but the distortion differs between different viewing directions. Generally, ions entering the instrument close to the aperture plane are less affected than those entering with extreme elevation angles. Plain Language Summary The Rosetta spacecraft followed comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko for 2 years, providing data giving new insights into the nature of comets. The Ion Composition Analyzer (RPC-ICA) on board the spacecraft measures positive ions in the vicinity of the comet. The instrument can measure low-energy ions, which play an important part in the processes taking place in this environment. To fully understand the environment around the comet, we have to understand these low-energy ions. Unfortunately, this part of the RPC-ICA data is distorted by the spacecraft potential. A spacecraft in space interacts with the surrounding environment, which charges the spacecraft surface to a positive or negative potential. Rosetta was commonly charged to a negative potential throughout the mission, which means

A spacecraft in space interacts with the surrounding environment and aqcuires an electrostatic potential. Charged particles are constantly bombarding the surface of the spacecraft, and at the same time solar EUV radiation induces photoemission, causing electrons to be emitted from the surface. The result is a transfer of charge between the environment and the spacecraft surface, and the surface charges to a positive or negative potential. The charged surface can cause interferences with scientific instruments on board. In this thesis, we investigate how spacecraft charging affects low-energy ion measurements. The Rosetta spacecraft visited comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko between the years 2014-2016. On board the spacecraft, the Ion Composition Analyzer (ICA) was measuring positive ions in the environment around the comet with the aim of investigating the interaction between cometary particles and the solar wind. Important for this interaction is ions with a low energy. Measuring these ions is, however, difficult due to the charged spacecraft surface. Rosetta was commonly charged to a negative potential, and consequently the measured positive ions were accelerated toward the surface before detection, affecting both their energy and travel direction. In this thesis, we study how the changed travel directions affected the effective field of view (FOV) of the instrument. We use the Spacecraft Plasma Interaction Software (SPIS) to simulate the spacecraft plasma interactions and the ion trajectories around the spacecraft. The results show that the FOV of ICA is severely distorted at low ion energies, but the distortion varies between different viewing directions of the instrument and is dependent on the properties of the surrounding plasma., En rymdfarkost i rymden växelverkar med omgivningen och laddas upp till en elektrostatisk potential. Laddade partiklar från omgivningen kolliderar ständigt med farkostens yta, och samtidigt inducerar EUV-strålning från solen fotoemission, vilket gör att fotoelektroner emitteras från ytan. Laddning överförs då mellan omgivningen och ytan på farkosten, och ytan laddas upp till en positiv eller negativ potential. Den laddade ytan påverkar mätningar som görs av vetenskapliga instrument ombord på farkosten. I denna avhandling undersöker vi hur farkostpotentialen har påverkat mätningar av lågenergi-joner.Rymdfarkosten Rosetta studerade komet 67P/Tjurjumov-Gera-simenko mellan åren 2014-2016. Jonmasspektrometern ICA mätte positiva joner i omgivningen runt kometen, med syfte att studera hur kometjoner växelverkar med solvinden. Joner med låg energi är viktiga i denna interaktion. På grund av den uppladdade farkosten är det dock svårt att mäta dessa joner. Rosetta var oftast uppladdad till en negativ potential under missionen, och de positiva jonerna som ICA observerade accelererades därför mot farkosten innan de detekterades, vilket ledde till att både deras energi och färdriktning förändrades. I denna avhandling studerar vi hur ICAs effektiva synfält har förändrats på grund av de förändrade partikelbanorna. Vi använder programvaran SPIS (Spacecraft Plasma Interaction Software) för att simulera växelverkan mellan farkosten och omgivningen och upp-laddningen av ytan. Vi studerar sen hur jonerna rör sig genom den resulterande potentialfördelningen i omgivningen. Resultaten visar att ICAs synfält är förvrängt vid låga jonenergier, men effekten varierar mellan olika tittriktningar och påverkas av egenskaperna hos det omgivande plasmat.

Bakgrund: Barnet som föds prematurt genomgår en stor omställning från livet i magen till livet utanför, och behöver anpassad omvårdnad. Det prematura barnets familj hamnar i en omvälvande situation som kan kännas ovan och skrämmande. Vårdpersonalens bemötande av familjen är avgörande för familjens delaktighet, vilket ställer krav på personalens kompetens. Samskapande omvårdnad handlar om samspel mellan personal och förälder för att ge barnet så bra vård som möjligt. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att beskriva barnsjuksköterskans erfarenheter av att göra föräldrarna delaktiga i vården av sitt prematurfödda barn. Metod: Kvalitativ design användes och data samlades in genom fokusgruppsintervjuer med barnsjuksköterskor på neonatalavdelningar. Intervjuerna analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: I resultatet beskrivs kommunikationens betydelse för föräldrarollen genom vikten av stöd och anpassad information till den enskilda familjen. Föräldrarna behöver information, stöd och vägledning för känna sig trygga och delaktiga. Vidare beskrivs den psykosociala och fysiska miljöns betydelse för föräldrarollen och hur även miljön påverkar föräldranärvaron. Slutsats: Familjecentrerad och samskapande omvårdnad uppnås med fördel genom att familjen får en patientansvarig sjuksköterska (PAS), där en förtroendefull relation bidrar till att kommunikationen och informationsflödet fungerar optimalt. Strategier och modeller behövs för att lättare kunna applicera kunskapen om PAS-relationen i verksamheterna., Background: Premature babies undergoes a major adjustment from the womb into life at the neonatal ward with special care. The family ends up in a new and frightening situation. Nurse´s treatment of the family is crucial for parental participation, which demands competent nurses. Co-productive care is about a parent-nurse partnership to provide the best possible care for the baby. Aim: The aim of the study is to describe the pediatric nurses experiences of making the parents involved in caring for their premature baby. Method: A qualitative design was used, data was gathered through focus group interviews with pediatric nurses at neonatal wards, and analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Result: The result describes the importance of communication for the parental role through support to the individual family and personalized information. Parents need information, support and guidance to become confident participants in their baby's care. The result also describes how the psychosocial and physical environment affects the parental role and parental participation. Conclusion: Family centered and co-productive care can be reached by providing an accountable nurse where a trustful relationship with the family contributes to good communication. Strategies and models are needed to apply the knowledge of the family-nurse relationship in the neonatal care.

Denna uppsats behandlar porträtteringen av transmän i filmerna Pojkarna (2015) och Boys Don’t Cry (1999). Syftet är att undersöka hur karaktärernas könsidentiteter är porträtterade och även att kunna bidra med kunskap till filmskapare om hur man kan utveckla porträtteringar av transmän i film. Analysen skrivs ur ett queerteoretiskt och normkritiskt perspektiv och genomförs med hjälp av Jens Eders analysmetod Karaktärsklockan. Maskulinitetsteori används för att undersöka karaktärernas maskulina uttryckssätt. Resultatet av denna undersökning visar att karaktärerna är nyanserade men att filmskaparna berövar karaktärerna rätten till sina könsidentiteter genom att de ständigt behöver rättfärdiga sig själva och sedan avslutar de filmerna med en tragisk eftersmak. Att karaktärerna berövas ett lyckligt slut kan skapa reflektioner om att det är ouppnåeligt att leva ett bra liv som transperson., This thesis will examine the portrayal of trans men in the films Girls Lost (2015) and Boys Don’t Cry (1999). The purpose is to analyse how the characters’ gender identities are portrayed, and be able to contribute with knowledge of how to further advance the portrayal of trans men in film. The analysis is written from a queer theoretical and norm-critical perspective, with support from Jens Eder’s method of analysis Clock of Character. Masculine theory is used in order to examine how the characters express their masculine traits. The result of this study shows that the characters are nuanced, though, the filmmakers deprive them of their right to their gender identities as they constantly need to justify themselves, as well as ending both films with a tragic aftertaste. As the characters are deprived of a happy ending, this might create reflections that a good life as a trans person is unachievable.

Bakgrund: Aktuell forskning har exempelvis visat att patienter som drabbats av en stroke och fått massage under tiden på sjukhuset förbättrat sin förmåga att genomföra aktiviteter i det dagliga livet snabbare än kontrollgruppen. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva patienters upplevelser av mjuk massage inom sjukvården. Metod: Litteraturöversikten baseras på tio kvalitativa och en kvantitativ artikel vilka har funnits i databasen Cinahl. Fribergs analysmetod har använts i analysdelen. Sökorden var: touch, experience, care, touching, patient, nursing, nurs*, massage, tactile, tactile massage, soft tissue massage och aromatherapy. I diskussionen kopplas resultatet till den teoretiska utgångspunkten som är Katie Erikssons omvårdnadsteori, samt det vårdvetenskapliga konsensusbegreppet vårda. Resultat: I resultatet framkom fyra teman varav ett har två underteman. I första temat, Relationen till massören, beskrivs patientens relation och känslor gentemot massören. Detta tema har även två subteman: Tillit och samhörighet och Känna sig omhändertagen och speciell. Det andra temat, Att vara här och nu, handlar om den mentala avslappningen deltagarna upplevde att de fick av massagen. Tredje temat, Kroppsligt välbefinnande, handlar om deltagarnas olika positiva fysiska upplevelser. Fjärde och sista temat, Negativa aspekter, handlar om det deltagarna upplevde som negativt i samband med massagen. Diskussion: Som grund för diskussion ligger det vårdvetenskapliga begreppet vårda samt litteraturöversiktens teoretiska utgångspunkt, Katie Erikssons omvårdnadsteori vilken handlar om begreppen: Ansa, Leka och Lära. Dessa begrepp diskuteras tillsammans med några av huvudfynden som funnits i litteraturöversiktens resultat. Beröring, närhet och värme kännetecknar ansningen och här är det kroppsliga välbehaget är ett viktigt element. Mjuk massage kan ses som en del av ansningen i vårdandet då det kan göras med syftet att skapa kroppslig så väl som själslig avslappning och välbefinnande för patien, Background: Methods such as massage can be traced all the way from ancient Greece and the Roman Empire in the writings of Hippocrates. Hippocrates felt that through various "rubbingprocesses” could treat some medical conditions. Recent research has shown, for example, that patients who suffered a stroke and had a massage while in the hospital improved their abilities to carry out activities of daily living faster than the control group. Aim: The aim was to describe patients' experiences of soft tissue massage in health care. Method: This literature review is based on ten qualitative and one quantitative article which were found in the database Cinahl. Friberg's method of analysis has been used when the authors analyzed the articles. Keywords: touch, experience, care, touching, patient, nursing, nurs*, massage, tactile, tactile massage, soft tissue massage and aromatherapy. In the discussion the results were linked to the theoretical point that is Katie Erikssons nursing theory and the nursing concept “care”. Results: The results revealed four themes, one of which has two subthemes. In the first theme, The relationship to the massage giver, the patients describe the relationship and feelings toward the massage giver. This theme has two subthemes: Trust and connectedness and Feel cared for and special. The second theme, To be here and now, is about the mental relaxation, the participants felt that they were given by the massage. The third theme, Bodily well-being, is about the participants' various positive physical experiences. The fourth and final theme, Negative aspects, is about what the participants experienced as negative during the massage. Discussions: The discussion is anchored in two theoretical points which are Katie Erikson's theory of nursing, Trim, Playing and Learning, and the consensus concept Care. The debate focuses on the main findings of the result. These concepts are discussed along with some of the main findings of the results. Touch, intimacy an