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Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur amerikanska påståenden kring Irakiska massförstörelsevapen användes som övertalningsmedel innan och omedelbart efter invasionen av Irak 2003. Detta görs via en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Analysen utgår från Jowett och O`Donnells teoretiska ramverk på tio punkter för analys av propaganda. Dessa operationaliseras och appliceras på källmaterialet. Källmaterialet består av tal från tre framstående amerikaner under tiden. President George Bush, vicepresident Dick Cheney samt stadssekreterare Colin Powell. Resultaten visar att vi via den teoretiska modellen kan få viss insikt i hur massförstörelsevapen användes som en specialteknik för rättfärdigandet av invasionen. Slutsatser kring hur massförstörelsevapen passade in i det större narrativet efter 9/11 dras samt applicerbarheten på teorin. Teorin anses passa bättre för mer omfattande studier, samt på ickestatliga aktörer.

Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals heterostructures combine the distinct properties of individual 2D materials, resulting in metamaterials, ideal for emergent electronic, optoelectronic, and spintronic phenomena. A significant challenge in harnessing these properties for future hybrid circuits is their large-scale realization and integration into graphene interconnects. In this work, we demonstrate the direct growth of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) crystals on patterned graphene channels. By enhancing control over vapor transport through a confined space chemical vapor deposition growth technique, we achieve the preferential deposition of monolayer MoS2 crystals on monolayer graphene. Atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals the high structural integrity of the heterostructures. Through in-depth spectroscopic characterization, we unveil charge transfer in Graphene/MoS2, with MoS2 introducing p-type doping to graphene, as confirmed by our electrical measurements. Photoconductivity characterization shows that photoactive regions can be locally created in graphene channels covered by MoS2 layers. Time-resolved ultrafast transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy reveals accelerated charge decay kinetics in Graphene/MoS2 heterostructures compared to standalone MoS2 and upconversion for below band gap excitation conditions. Our proof-of-concept results pave the way for the direct growth of van der Waals heterostructure circuits with significant implications for ultrafast photoactive nanoelectronics and optospintronic applications.

In heterogeneous catalysis the surface-adsorbate bond strength is critical for the function of the system. Here we study a series consisting of multilayer, bilayer and monolayer N2O on Ni(111) and employ Auger-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy (APECS) to study the interaction between the molecule and the substrate directly. We observe intensity in the nitrogen Auger spectra that arise from the interaction between molecule and surface (not observed in free molecules) whereas the oxygen spectra are thickness-independent. Since the two nitrogen atoms of N2O are chemically inequivalent we can assign the intensity present in the bilayer and monolayer cases to orbitals centered on the terminal nitrogen which is closest to the Ni(111) surface. Using ab initio, molecular dynamics and solid-state density functional theory calculations we infer a Blyholder model of the surface bond as consisting of donation from the terminal nitrogen lone-pair valence orbital with back-donation from the metal into the unoccupied orbitals on that nitrogen. This coincidence technique can readily be used to study substrate–adsorbate interactions directly with chemical and orbital specificity — this opens up prospects to study fundamental steps of molecular adsorption and heterogeneous catalysis with unprecedented detail.

The conductivity of organic polymer heterojunction devices relies on the electron dynamics occurring along interfaces between the acceptor and donor moieties. To investigate these dynamics with chemical specificity, spectroscopic techniques are employed to obtain localized snapshots of the electron behavior at selected interfaces. In this study, charge transfer in blends (by weight 10, 50, 90, and 100%) of p-type polymer P(g(4)2T-T) (bithiophene-thiophene) and n-type polymer BBL (poly(benzimidazo-benzo-phenanthroline)) was measured by resonant Auger spectroscopy. Electron spectra emanating from the decay of core-excited states created upon X-ray absorption in the donor polymer P(g(4)2T-T) were measured in the sulfur KL2,3L2,3 Auger kinetic energy region as a function of the excitation energy. By tuning the photon energy across the sulfur K-absorption edge, it is possible to differentiate between decay paths in which the core-excited electron remained on the atom with the core-hole and those where it tunneled away. Analyzing the competing decay modes of these localized and delocalized (charge-transfer) processes facilitated the computation of charge-transfer times as a function of excitation energy using the core-hole clock method. The electron delocalization times derived from the measurements were found to be in the as/fs regime for all polymer blends, with the fastest charge transfer occurring in the sample with an equal amount of donor and acceptor polymer. These findings highlight the significance of core-hole clock spectroscopy as a chemically specific tool for examining the local charge tunneling propensity, which is fundamental to understanding macroscopic conductivity. Additionally, the X-ray absorption spectra near the sulfur K-edge in the P(g(4)2T-T) polymer for different polymer blends were analyzed to compare molecular structure, orientation, and ordering in the polymer heterojunctions. The 50% donor sample exhibited the most pronounced angular dependenc, QC 20240201

Engaging in productive struggle during problem-solving activities can be viewed as critical to learning mathematics. In this paper, we explore how mathematical praxeologies can be utilized to describe students’ struggle with mathematical problem-solving. The results indicate that the students’ productive struggle with an optimization problem involving functions, graphs, and derivatives, contains long sequences where the students switch rapidly within and between mathematical praxeologies. During the work session as a whole, the students mix coherent arguments with tentative and on occasion unproductive arguments focusing on technology. One notable exception among these attempts is a theoretical moment where the students reduce the complexity of a previous subtask by deducing a general equation which provides them with key ideas on how to solve the given task.

Oxygen is a commonly overlooked element influencing the properties of many metal oxides. By combining several analytical in situ techniques and theoretical calculations, we demonstrate that oxygen plays a vital part in the phase formation and crystallization of Al2TiO5-based chemical vapor-deposited coatings. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) corroborates a polymorphic transformation during crystallization. Subsequent hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) shows that crystallization occurs through a displacive (diffusionless) mechanism. Coupled with theoretical calculations, the crystallization and co-formation of Al2TiO5, Al6Ti2O13, and Al16Ti5O34 are suggested to be driven by the migration of oxygen ions and their corresponding vacancies.

Bakgrund: 25% av alla kvinnor i världen i åldrarna 15-49 år har minst en gång i livet utsatts för fysiskt och/eller sexuellt våld av sin partner. Förekomsten av utsatthet för våld i nära relation är störst hos kvinnor. Flertalet studier visar att det finns brister i hälso- och sjukvårdens sätt att bemöta och upptäcka våldsutsatta kvinnor. Den grundutbildade sjuksköterskans sätt att förmedla respekt och empati i kombination med att erbjuda omsorg kan vara avgörande för våldsutsatta kvinnors upplevelser av sjuksköterskors bemötande. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva våldsutsatta kvinnors upplevelser av sjuksköterskors bemötande i hälso- och sjukvården. Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats som bygger på nio artiklar av kvalitativ metod. Artiklarna analyserades med Fribergs analysmodell i fyra steg. Resultat: Resultatet bestod av två huvudkategorier och sex underkategorier. Huvudkategorierna var: bemötande som upplevs negativt och bemötande som upplevs positivtmed underkategorierna: att inte bli tagen på allvar, brist på personcentrerad vård, bristfällig kommunikation, att bli tagen på allvar, att få frågan ställd och god kommunikation. Slutsats: Studien visade att våldsutsatta kvinnor har olika upplevelser av sjuksköterskors bemötande. Däremot upplevde majoriteten av kvinnorna ett negativt bemötande. Vidare behövde sjuksköterskor mer utbildning och kunskap inom området.

An investigation of the radiationless decay of core excited Xe atoms in the region of Xe L3M4,5M4,5 Auger electron kinetic energies (using x-ray energies in the vicinity of the L3 threshold) is presented for Xe adsorbed on Cu, Ag, and Au. The intensity distribution of the decay channels is different compared with Xe in the gas phase. Charge transfer of the core excited electron occurs within tens of attoseconds in all systems for excitation energies approaching the ionization threshold of the condensed system, whereas charge transfer times are substrate-dependent for lower excitation energies. The determination of partial yields into the decay channels allows for the observation of a decay channel present in the Xe/Cu and Xe/Ag systems but not in the case of Xe/Au. Theoretical calculations allow us to interpret this difference as emanating from varying amounts of the ground state hybridization between Xe and the substrates, which impacts the energy of the Auger final states enabling identification of these states giving rise to system specific features in the experimental data.

Kvinnor är en relativt outforskad grupp inom sportsociologin och forskning om fotbollssupporterskap. Denna studie ämnar att fylla de kunskapsluckor som idag finns genom att undersöka kvinnors upplevelser av supporterkulturen. I fortsättning av en tidigare skriven uppsats nyttjas en teoretisk modell om kvinnors avvikarkarriär i supporterkulturen för att vidare förstå kvinnans väg in i supporterskapet. Materialinsamlingen är en metodkombination bestående av två observationstillfällen och sex semistrukturerade intervjuer. Tillsammans utgör de två insamlingarna det empiriska materialet, däremot används fältanteckningarna från observationerna främst i kunskapsfrämjande syfte i kontrast till intervjutranskriberingarna som används i högre grad som empiri. Empirin tyder på att kvinnorna delar upplevelser från fotbollssupporterkulturen. De har blivit mötta av förvåning i ljuset av dess supporterskap, de har fått kritik och nedsättande kommentarer och de upplever även att kvinnor bidrar till en vänligare atmosfär i supporterkulturen. Därutöver prövas och omarbetas teorin om den kvinnliga avvikarkarriären. Respondenterna har samtliga (1) getts tillträde genom en manlig närvaro, (2) urskilt accepterade beteenden och förväntningar på supportrar, samt (3) distanserat sig från femininiteter för att legitimera sin status. Kvinnorna har delvis tagit avstånd genom att särskilja sig från andra kvinnor, dels genom att efterleva de hegemoniskt maskulina beteendekoderna som gäller inom kulturen. Slutsatsen är således att kvinnor distanserar sig från femininiteter genom maskulin genusutövning, som tar sin form i en avvikarkarriär, vilket ger dem legitimitet i supporterkulturen.

There is a great fundamental interest in charge dynamics of PbS quantum dots, as they are promising for application in photovoltaics and other optoelectronic devices. The ultrafast charge transport is intriguing, offering insight into the mechanism of electron tunneling processes within the material. In this study, we investigated the charge transfer times of PbS quantum dots of different sizes and non-quantized PbS reference materials by comparing the propensity of localized or delocalized decays of sulfur 1s core hole states excited by X-rays. We show that charge transfer times in PbS quantum dots decrease with excitation energy and are similar at high excitation energy for quantum dots and non-quantized PbS. However, at low excitation energies a distinct difference in charge transfer time is observed with the fastest charge transfer in non-quantized PbS and the slowest in the smallest quantum dots. Our observations can be explained by iodide ligands on the quantum dots creating a barrier for charge transfer, which reduces the probability of interparticle transfer at low excitation energies. The probability of intraparticle charge transfer is limited by the density of available states which we describe according to a wave function in a quantum well model. The stronger quantum confinement effect in smaller PbS quantum dots is manifested as longer charge transfer times relative to the larger quantum dots at low excitation energies.

Context Estradiol is the primary female sex hormone and plays an important role for skeletal health in both sexes. Several enzymes are involved in estradiol metabolism, but few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed to characterize the genetic contribution to variation in estrogen levels. Objective Identify genetic loci affecting estradiol levels and estimate causal effect of estradiol on bone mineral density (BMD). Design We performed GWAS for estradiol in males (n = 147 690) and females (n = 163 985) from UK Biobank. Estradiol was analyzed as a binary phenotype above/below detection limit (175 pmol/L). We further estimated the causal effect of estradiol on BMD using Mendelian randomization. Results We identified 14 independent loci associated (P < 5 × 10−8) with estradiol levels in males, of which 1 (CYP3A7) was genome-wide and 7 nominally (P < 0.05) significant in females. In addition, 1 female-specific locus was identified. Most loci contain functionally relevant genes that have not been discussed in relation to estradiol levels in previous GWAS (eg, SRD5A2, which encodes a steroid 5-alpha reductase that is involved in processing androgens, and UGT3A1 and UGT2B7, which encode enzymes likely to be involved in estradiol elimination). The allele that tags the O blood group at the ABO locus was associated with higher estradiol levels. We identified a causal effect of high estradiol levels on increased BMD in both males (P = 1.58 × 10−11) and females (P = 7.48 × 10−6). Conclusion Our findings further support the importance of the body’s own estrogen to maintain skeletal health in males and in females.

Tin is a suitable element for inclusion in extreme ultraviolet photoresists because of its relatively high-absorption cross section at 92eV. The electrons emitted after photon absorption are expected to generate secondary electrons in the solid film. In this way, several pathways lead to reactive species that cause a solubility switch. Here, we report the photoelectron spectra of tin oxo cage photoresists over the photon energy range 60-150eV, and the relative yields of photoelectrons from the valence band of the resist, from the Sn 4d orbitals, and of inelastically scattered electrons. The experimental excitation spectra differ considerably from those predicted by commonly used database cross section values, and from the combined computed subshell spectra: the maximum efficiency of ionization of Sn 4d both in the photoresists and in Sn metal occurs near the industrially relevant EUV wavelength of 13.5nm.

In this thesis, the diffusion of lithium was studied on boron-doped diamond (BDD) as a potential anode material in lithium ion batteries (LIB). The initial interaction between deposited lithium and BDD thin films was studied using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Diffusion is directly linked to reactions between lithium and carbon atoms in the BDD-lithium interface. By measuring binding energies of core-electrons of carbon and lithium before and after deposition, these reactions can be analyzed. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to study the BDD surface and the behaviour of deposited lithium. Experiments show that a chemical interaction occurs between lithium and carbon atoms in the surfacelayers of the BDD. The diffusion of lithium is discussed from spectroscopic data and suggests that surface diffusion is occurring and no proof of bulk diffusion was found. The results do not exclude bulk diffusion in later states but it was not found in the initial interaction at the interface after depositing lithium. SEM images show that lithium clusters in the nanometer range are formed on the BDD surface. The results of this study give insights in the initial diffusion behaviour of lithium at the BDD interface and possible following events are discussed.

Background: The more varied and new challenges that the healthcare sector faces every day, calls for modernization and reorganization. However, the healthcare sector is commonly understood to be slow to adapt to change. It is therefore important to understand and identify the enabling factors for the implementation of innovation, by giving voice to healthcare practitioners concerns, considering their competence and position in the organisation, and the fact that they are the ones to benefit greatly from change. Aims: We aim to investigate what are the enabling factors for sustainable innovation in healthcare, identified by healthcare professionals and if these differ across healthcare clinics. Methods: An inductive approach was used, in a non-contrived setting. A sample of 5 health professionals from Infektionskliniken in Region Skåne in Lund and Malmö and another 5 from Sankt Lars primary healthcare center in Lund was investigated. Data was collected by using a survey with an open-ended question. Answers were analyzed with a text-analysis tool, Pertex. By applying hierarchical cluster analysis to the binary matrix of Orientation/Agent (O/A) derived from the text structure, cluster trees were originated with root concepts that define the underlying intent of the text. Results: Ten root concepts were originated from each of the participants, to describe their perceptions of what are important factors to consider for fostering innovation in healthcare. From these, the following factors were extracted: autonomy, trust, competence, accountability, efficient planning and routines, flexibility, motivation and engagement, management and leadership, tailored change, feedback, teamwork and cooperation, time management, flat organisation, prestige-less work environment, and adequate resources. We were also able to establish temporal connections between these factors based on a hierarchical association denoted from the analysis of the results, which showed the complexity of ho

This essay presents a comparative analysis of the characterizations of the female protagonists Elizabeth Bennet in Jane Austen̕ s Pride and Prejudice (1813), and Becky Sharp in William Makepeace Thackeray̕ s Vanity Fair (1847-1848). The analysis is conducted from a gender perspective, and with the use of feminist criticism. The two novels complement each other since they are both satirical images of society, concerning aspects such as class and gender. Also, both novels portray women climbing the class ladder, during the period of the Napoleonic wars. In the comparison, the main focus lies on the social satire constructed around the heroines of these novels. I come to the conclusion that Austen̕ s and Thackeray̕ s characterizations are very different from each other, mainly due to their different satirical approaches. This conclusion is put in relation to a patriarchal context and to feminist values., I denna uppsats presenteras en komparativ analys av karaktäriseringarna av de kvinnliga huvudkaraktärerna Elizabeth Bennet i Jane Austens Stolthet och Fördom (1813), och Becky Sharp i William Makepeace Thackerays Vanity Fair (1847-1848). Analysen är utförd från ett genusperspektiv, och med användning av feministisk samhällskritik. De två romanerna kompletterar varandra då de båda är satiriska illustreringar av samhället, och både rör aspekter såsom klass och genus. Dessutom porträtterar båda novellerna klassklättrande kvinnor under tiden för Napoleonkrigen. I jämförelsen ligger största fokuset på samhällssatiren konstruerad kring hjältinnorna i de båda romanerna. Jag når slutsatsen att Austens och Thackerays karaktäriseringar skiljer sig mycket från varandra, främst på grund av författarnas skilda förhållningssätt till sin satir. Denna slutsats relateras till en patriarkal kontext, samt till feministiska värderingar.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka undervisning och lärande under en matematiklektion som präglas av traditionell skolmatematik. Metoden för undersökningen var en deltagande observation av en matematiklektion i åk 3 på gymnasiet. Med hjälp av begreppen matematikens lärandeobjekt, matematiska resurser, eleven som lärande aktör och sociomatematiska normer har jag tolkat de resultat som genererats från observationen. Två slutsatser som kan dras av undersökningen är att eleverna stimuleras till att bli oberoende lärande aktörer i undervisningen av traditionell skolmatematik samt att det i första hand är läraren som synliggör potentiella matematiska resurser för eleverna. Medvetenheten om elevernas användande av matematiska resurser skulle kunna påverka elevernas lärande genom att läraren synliggör matematiska resurser på ett mer medvetet sätt., The aim with this degree project is to examine teaching and learning during a mathlesson characterized by traditional school mathematics. The method of the study was aparticipant observation of a mathematics lesson in year 3 in upper secondary school. Using the concepts of mathematical learning objects, mathematical resources, and pupil as an active learner in combination with socio-mathematical norms, I have interpreted the results generated from the observation. Two main conclusions can be drawn from the study. Firstly, pupils are encouraged to become independent as active learners in the teaching of traditional school mathematics. Secondly, it is primarily the teacher who makes potential mathematical resources visible and available for the pupils. With an increasing awareness of pupils’ use of mathematical resources, teachers can affect pupils’ learning by making potential mathematical resources explicit in a more conscious way.

There is a great fundamental interest in charge dynamics of PbS quantum dots, as they arepromising for application in photovoltaics and other optoelectronic devices. The ultrafastcharge transport is intriguing, offering insight into the mechanism of electron tunnelingprocesses within the material. In this study we investigated the charge transfer times of PbSquantum dots of different sizes and non-quantized PbS reference materials by comparing thepropensity of localized or delocalized decays of sulfur 1s core hole states excited by X-rays.We show that charge transfer times in PbS quantum dots decrease with excitation energy andare similar at high excitation energy for quantum dots and non-quantized PbS. However, atlow excitation energies a distinct difference in charge transfer time is observed with thefastest charge transfer in non-quantized PbS and the slowest in the smallest quantum dots.Our observations can be explained by iodide ligands on the quantum dots creating a barrierfor charge transfer, which reduces the probability of interparticle transfer at low excitationenergies. The probability of intraparticle charge transfer is limited by the density of availablestates which we describe according to a wavefunction in a quantum well model. The strongerquantum confinement effect in smaller PbS quantum dots is manifested as longer chargetransfer times relative to the larger quantum dots at low excitation energies., QC 20221011

Quantum dot solar cells have not yet achieved optimal device performances and to direct development there is thereforea need to understand the device function of present solar cell structures in more detail. Understanding where photovoltage isgenerated in a device and where energy losses occur is a key aspect of this. We have previously shown that time-resolved core levelphotoelectron spectroscopy can be used to follow the photovoltage rise and decay at a specific interface from pico- to microsecondtimescales. Here, we extend this study and investigate the photovoltage generation in different parts of a PbS quantum dot solar cellthrough sample design. We show that thick absorbing quantum dot layers are required for generating a high photovoltage at theinterface between n-type PbS quantum dots and p-type quantum dots. Furthermore, we show that the full photovoltage is only generatedwhen a gold contact is deposited on the quantum dots and that the presence of this contact also leads to significantly slowercharge recombination., QC 20221011