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Lähiöihin liitetään voimakkaita mielikuvia, joita arkkitehtuurin alan ammattikirjallisuus sekä sanoma- ja aikakauslehtien näkökulmat ovat osaltaan vahvistaneet. Lähiöt eivät kuitenkaan ole kauttaaltaan samanlaisia. Vanhimmat suomalaiset lähiöt ovat pian 70-vuotiaita. Lisäksi erityisesti asukkaiden näkökulmat tuovat esiin voimakkaan henkilökohtaisen suhteen näihin asuinalueisiin. Artikkelissa käsittelemme lähiöiden historiaa ja alueiden identiteettiä kulttuuriperintöprosessin sekä perintöytymisen lähtökohdista. Esitämme, että kulttuuriperintöprosessi ja perintöytyminen tarjoavat hedelmällisiä lähtökohtia analysoida lähiöitä paitsi yksilöllisinä myös ajan kuluessa muuttuvina paikkoina.

Background/Aim: To compare the microscopic, macroscopic and thermal damage inflicted to ovarian tissue by conventional monopolar and bipolar energy, argon plasma coagulation (APC) and diode laser. Materials and Methods: Bovine ovaries were used as a substitute for human tissue and subjected to the four aforementioned techniques and the inflicted damage was measured. Sixty fresh and morphologically similar cadaveric bovine ovaries were divided into five equal groups, each group was subjected to one of the following energy applications for both 1 and 5 s: Monopolar, bipolar electrocoagulation, diode laser, preciseAPC(®) and forcedAPC(®). Ovarian temperatures were measured at 4 and 8 s after treatment. Formalin-fixed ovarian specimens were examined by pathologists regarding macroscopic, microscopic and thermal tissue damage. Results: None of the ovaries reached the temperature producing severe damage (40˚C) after 1 s of energy transfer. Heating of adjacent ovarian tissue was least pronounced when preciseAPC(®) and monopolar electrocoagulation were applied (27.2±3.3˚C and 28.2±2.9˚C after 5 s of application, respectively). Conversely, 41.7% of the ovaries subjected to bipolar electrocoagulation for 5 s overheated. ForcedAPC(®) resulted in the most pronounced lateral tissue defects (2.8±0.3 mm after 1 s and 4.7±0.6 mm after 5 s). When the modalities were applied for 5 s, the electrosurgical instruments (mono- and bipolar) and preciseAPC(®) induced similar lateral tissue damage (1.3±0.6 mm, 1.1±1.6 mm and 1.2±1.3 mm, respectively). preciseAPC(®) created the shallowest defect of all the techniques (0.05±0.1 mm after 5 s of application). Conclusion: Our study hints at superior safety profiles of preciseAPC(®) and monopolar electrocoagulation compared to bipolar electrocoagulation, diode laser and forcedAPC(®) for ovarian laparoscopic surgery.

Background/Aim: The objective of this study was to assess the perception of the forensic medical examination (FME) by victims of sexual violence. Based on patient-related outcomes gained in terms of personnel, chronological and spatial parameters, an additional aim was to derive improved examination procedures. Patients and Methods: A total of 49 sexually assaulted women were enrolled in this study. After standardized FME by a forensic doctor followed by a gynecologist, women were asked to complete a questionnaire addressing general perception, preferences regarding attending staff’s sex, sequence and time frame of the examinations performed. The attending gynecologist also completed a questionnaire addressing demographic and medical parameters of the patient as well as assault-related information. Results: The examination setting in general was evaluated positively. Nevertheless, 52% of examined victims perceived the FME as an additional psychological burden. Overall, 85% of the affected women preferred a female forensic physician and 76% a female gynecologist to perform the examination. When women said they experienced a violation of their privacy during the gynecological examination, a male was more often present (60% vs. 35%, p=0.0866). Regarding the sequence of the examination components, 65% of the victims preferred to start with their medical history followed by the forensic and then the gynecological examination. Conclusion: Forensic medical and gynecological examination after sexual assault is an essential procedure, yet it is a potentially further traumatizing experience for the victim. The identified patient preferences should be taken into account in order to diminish further trauma.

A Contabilidade Pública é uma área que permite manter o controle do patrimônio público e disponibiliza a sociedade as informações sobre como está sendo feito este controle. Dentre os diversos gastos que são previstos na contabilidade, estão os gastos com a educação fundamental, que são de obrigatoriedade dos municípios e estão descritos na Lei de Orçamentos. Para medir a qualidade do ensino nas escolas de ensino público, o governo criou o Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (IDEB), que é o principal indicador da qualidade da educação básica no Brasil. Com esse índice é possível criar metas e medir os resultados alcançados na educação brasileira. Outro importante índice que mede o desempenho da educação, é o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), trata-se de uma medida comparativa usada para classificar os países pelo seu grau de desenvolvimento humano nos quesitos de educação, saúde e renda. Desta forma, este projeto de pesquisa tem por objetivo demonstrar se há relação entre gastos com educação, notas dos alunos no IDEB e o IDH dos municípios da serra gaúcha. O projeto de pesquisa trata-se de um estudo de caso múltiplo, descritivo, qualitativo aplicado nos municípios da Serra Gaúcha. Em relação aos resultados, percebeu-se que os gastos com educação interferem nos resultados dos alunos no IDEB. No entanto, notou-se que o IDH é uma variável que não interfere diretamente no desempenho dos alunos. [resumo fornecido pelo autor]

Additive manufacturing is one of the leading production technologies when it comes to the efficient production of individual parts. This paper explains how additive manufacturing will influence purchasing processes and network structures of producing companies in future supply chain networks. Therefore, an exploratory research of relevant literature and recent studies in a systematic literature review is conducted, giving an overview of how additive manufacturing will change the processes of purchasing. Traditional purchasing and modern processes affected by the implementation of additive manufacturing are compared, in order to point out differences and new requirements. In the future purchasers have to extend their knowledge of additive manufacturing, to integrate this production technology into their sourcing strategy in an effective way. Technological knowledge and capabilities, supplier relations and internal integration of purchasers need to be improved, to make use of benefits e.g. reduced inventory. This exploration of the impact of additive manufacturing is focused on purchasing processes. Therefore, this paper investigates one special field of the supply chain layer, which is the unique characteristic of this submission. The findings are based on a literature review of studies and specialized literature, an analysis in collaboration with companies was not executed. Additive manufacturing has great advantages in many fields, but it cannot be integrated in supply chain processes with a significant leap forward. The sourcing strategy has to be changed; employees have to be trained, to interact with the new supply chain members and to learn which components can be manufactured additively.

Die Bioverfügbarkeit des Flavonols Quercetin wurde bei monogastrischen Spezies aufgrund seiner zahlreichen postabsorptiven gesundheitsfördernden Effekte umfangreich untersucht, wohingegen beim Wiederkäuer keine diesbezüglichen Kenntnisse vorliegen. Es kann jedoch vermutet werden, dass auch beim Wiederkäuer bei ausreichender systemischer Verfügbarkeit von Quercetin ähnliche Wirkungen auftreten. Allerdings könnten aufgrund von bakteriziden bzw. bakteriostatischen Wirkungen von Quercetin Fermentationsprozesse in den Vormägen auch negativ beeinflusst werden. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es daher, die relative Bioverfügbarkeit von Quercetin sowie dessen Einfluss auf die ruminale Konzentration kurzkettiger Fettsäuren (KKFS) und deren molares Verhältnis an pansenfistulierten, nicht-laktierenden Kühen (n = 4 bzw. 5) nach intraruminaler (i.r.) Applikation von Quercetin in Form des Aglycons bzw. seines Glucorhamnosids Rutin (0, 10 bzw. 50 mg Quercetinäquivalente/kg Körpermasse (KM)) zu bestimmen. Zur Berechnung der absoluten Bioverfügbarkeit wurden des Weiteren 0,8 mg Quercetinäquivalente/kg KM intravenös appliziert (n = 2). Zusätzlich wurde in vitro (Hohenheimer Futterwerttest = HFT) der ruminale Abbau von Quercetin (100 µmol/l) sowie dessen Einfluss (0, 50 bzw. 100 µmol Quercetinäquivalente/l als Aglycon bzw. Rutin) auf die ruminale Gasbildung bei Verwendung von Milchleistungsfutter und/oder Heu als Substrate untersucht. Sowohl nach i.r. Applikation des Aglycons als auch von Rutin konnten im Plasma Quercetin und seine Metabolite mit intakter Flavonolstruktur (Kämpferol und die methylierten Derivate Isorhamnetin und Tamarixetin) überwiegend in konjugierter Form (Glucuronide/Sulfate) nachgewiesen werden, wobei konjugiertes Quercetin dominierte. Allerdings war die relative Bioverfügbarkeit von Quercetin (Summe aus konjugiertem und nicht-konjugiertem Quercetin, Kämpferol, Isorhamnetin und Tamarixetin = Gesamtflavonole) nach i.r. Rutinapplikation um das ca. Achtfache höher als nach Applikation des Aglycons. Die absoluten Bioverfügbarkeiten nach Applikation des Aglycons bzw. von Rutin betrugen 0,1 bzw. 0,5 %. Diese Befunde stehen im Widerspruch zu publizierten Daten bei monogastrischen Spezies, bei denen die Bioverfügbarkeit von Quercetin nach Applikation des Aglycons wesentlich höher als nach Rutinapplikation ist. Trotz der niedrigen absoluten Bioverfügbarkeit sind die nach i.r. Rutinapplikation gemessenen maximalen Plasmakonzentrationen der Gesamtflavonole bei der Kuh durchaus mit denjenigen vergleichbar, die nach oraler Applikation des Aglycons bei monogastrischen Spezies auftreten. Nach i.r. Applikation des Aglycons bzw. von Rutin wurde weder die Gesamtkonzentration noch das molare Verhältnis der KKFS im Pansen beeinflusst, wohingegen in vitro der Zusatz des Aglycons, nicht aber von Rutin, die Gasbildung signifikant reduzierte (8-9 % nach 48 h). Dieser Effekt trat allerdings nur bei Verwendung von Heu als Substrat auf. Im HFT konnte ferner ein schneller und umfangreicher mikrobieller Abbau von Quercetin gezeigt werden, der mit der Bildung zweier Metabolite (3,4-Dihydroxyphenylessigsäure, 4-Methylcatechol) einherging. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen klar, dass bei der Kuh im Unterschied zu monogastrischen Spezies Quercetin aus Rutin wesentlich besser als nach Applikation des Aglycons systemisch verfügbar ist, wobei die Gründe für diesen Befund noch unklar sind. Des Weiteren kann gefolgert werden, dass die ruminale Fermentation zumindest bei den hier eingesetzten Konzentrationen durch Rutin nicht beeinflusst wird und daher eine Applikation von Rutin auch nicht mit negativen Effekten auf die Verdaulichkeit der organischen Substanz einhergehen dürfte. Obwohl anhand der vorliegenden Untersuchungen keine Aussage über mögliche postabsorptive Effekte von Quercetin gemacht werden können, scheinen trotz der niedrigen absoluten Bioverfügbarkeit von Quercetin auch beim Wiederkäuer aufgrund der mit Befunden von monogastrischen Spezies nach Applikation des Aglycons durchaus vergleichbaren maximalen Plasmakonzentrationen nach Rutinapplikation postabsorptive Effekte möglich. The bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin has been intensively investigated in monogastric species due to its numerous postabsorptive effects on health, whereas knowledge about bioavailability in ruminants does not exist. It can be assumed, however, that in case of sufficient systemic availability of quercetin, similar effects in ruminants are likely. It has to be kept in mind, however, that due to the antimicrobial effects of flavonols, fermentation processes in the forestomachs might be negatively influenced. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the relative bioavailability of quercetin and its influence on ruminal concentrations of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and their molar ratio in rumen-fistulated, non-lactating cows (n = 4 or 5, respectively) after intraruminal (i.r.) application of quercetin as aglycone or its glucorhamnoside rutin (0, 10 or 50 mg quercetin equivalents/kg body weight (BW)). For calculation of absolute bioavailability, 0.8 mg quercetin equivalents/kg BW were applied intravenously (n = 2). Additionally, ruminal degradation of quercetin (100 µmol/L) and its influence (0, 50 or 100 µmol quercetin equivalents/L, respectively, either applied as aglycone or as rutin) on ruminal gas production using concentrate and/or hay as substrates were investigated in vitro (Hohenheim Gas Test = HGT). After application of both forms, the aglycone as well as rutin, quercetin and its metabolites with intact flavonol structure (kaempferol and its methylated derivatives isorhamnetin and tamarixetin) could be detected in plasma mainly as conjugates (glucuronides/sulfates), whereby quercetin was the main form. However, relative bioavailability of quercetin (sum of conjugated and non-conjugated quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin and tamarixetin = total flavonols) after i.r. rutin application was about eightfold higher than after application of the aglycone. Absolute bioavailabilities after application of the aglycone and rutin, respectively, were 0.1 and 0.5 %, respectively. These findings are in contrast to results obtained in monogastric species, where bioavailability of quercetin after application of the aglycone is considerably higher than after rutin application. Despite the low absolute bioavailability, maximal plasma concentrations of total flavonols in cows after i.r. rutin application are comparable to findings obtained in monogastric species after oral application of the aglycone. After i.r. application of the aglycone or rutin, respectively, neither total concentration nor the molar ratio of SCFA in the rumen fluid were influenced, whereas in vitro gas production was significantly reduced (8-9 % at 48 h) by the addition of quercetin, but not of rutin. This effect of the quercetin aglycone, however, was only present using hay as a substrate. In the HGT quercetin was rapidly and extensively degraded, whereby the disappearance of quercetin was accompanied by the simultaneous appearance of two metabolites (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-methylcatechol). The present results clearly demonstrate that in contrast to findings in monogastric species, quercetin from rutin as compared to quercetin aglycone is much better systemically available in cows, whereby the reasons therefor are still unknown. Furthermore it can be concluded from the results of the present study, that ruminal fermentation is not substantially influenced by rutin, at least at concentrations used in the present study; thus, rutin application might not be accompanied by negative effects on the ruminal digestibility of organic substance. Although conclusions about possible postabsorptive effects of quercetin cannot be deduced from the present results, postabsorptive effects appear to be feasible despite low absolute bioavailability, because maximal plasma concentrations after rutin application in cows are comparable to findings in monogastric species after application of the aglycone.