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Globally, COVID-19 has been a major societal stressor and disrupted social and physical environments for many. Elucidating mechanisms through which societal disruptions influence smoking behavior has implications for future tobacco control efforts. Qualitative interviews were conducted among 38 adults who smoked combustible cigarettes in 2020 and 2021. The majority were women (75.7%), identified as Black (56.8%), were employed (61.3%), had a smoke-free home (66.7%) and lived in a small metro or rural (79.0%) county, primarily in rural southwest Georgia. Participants reported more time at home, increased isolation and less socializing, changed work and financial situations and altered household and family contexts. The vast majority of participants smoked more at some point during the pandemic with about half of these continuing to smoke more at the time of the interview. More time at home, multiple sources of stress and boredom were the main reasons for increased smoking. Decreases in smoking were attributed to financial strain, smoke-free home rules and nonsmoking family members, concerns about COVID-19 and less socializing with friends who smoke. Future tobacco control efforts during societal stressors such as pandemics should take into account specific psychosocial and environmental influences in attempts to minimize negative changes to smoking patterns.

This review paper deals with the major health and welfare aspects of organic poultry production. The differences between organic and conventional egg and poultry meat production are discussed, with the main emphasis on housing and management requirements, feed composition and the use of veterinary prophylactic and therapeutic drugs. The effects of the legislation and statutes for organic farming on the health and welfare of the birds are also discussed, especially in relation to the biosecurity problems associated with free-range systems, the occurrence of behavioural disturbances in loose housed flocks and the use of veterinary drugs and vaccinations in general. The results from a questionnaire sent out to all Swedish organic egg producers, where questions about the farmer's perception of the birds' health status were included, are presented at the end of the paper. It is concluded that most of the health and welfare problems seen in conventional poultry systems for loose housed or free ranging birds can also been found on organic poultry farms. It is also concluded that there is a need for information about biosecurity, disease detection and disease prevention on organic poultry farms.

Purpose: In MR electrical properties tomography (MR‐EPT), electrical properties (EPs, conductivity and permittivity) are reconstructed from MR measurements. Phantom measurements are important to characterize the performance of MR‐EPT reconstruction methods, since they allow knowledge of reference EPs values. To assess reconstruction methods in a more realistic scenario, it is important to test the methods using phantoms with realistic shapes, internal structures, and dielectric properties. In this work, we present a 3D printing procedure for the creation of realistic brain‐like phantoms to benchmark MR‐EPT reconstructions. Methods: We created two brain‐like geometries with three different compartments using 3D printing. The first geometry was filled once, while the second geometry was filled three times with different saline‐gelatin solutions, resulting in a total of four phantoms with different EPs. The saline solutions were characterized using a probe. 3D MR‐EPT reconstructions were performed from MR measurements at 3T. The reconstructed conductivity values were compared to reference values of the saline‐gelatin solutions. The measured fields were also compared to simulated fields using the same phantom geometry and electrical properties. Results: The measured fields were consistent with simulated fields. Reconstructed conductivity values were consistent with the reference (probe) conductivity values. This indicated the suitability of such phantoms for benchmarking MR‐EPT reconstructions. Conclusion: We presented a new workflow to 3D print realistic brain‐like phantoms in an easy and affordable way. These phantoms are suitable to benchmark MR‐EPT reconstructions, but can also be used for benchmarking other quantitative MR methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxious and avoidant attachment may be detrimental for diabetes distress and management. Additionally, individuals' perceptions of their partner's involvement may affect these associations. The study explored cross-sectionally and at the daily level whether anxious and avoidant attachment associated with diabetes distress or stressors and diabetes management, and whether higher perceived collaboration and support (C&S) moderated associations between attachment and diabetes management. Individuals with type 1 diabetes (N = 199; M age = 46.82; 52.3% women) completed measures of diabetes distress, diabetes-related C&S, self-care, average blood glucose (hemoglobin A1c), and attachment insecurity, and daily diary measures of diabetes-related C&S, diabetes stressors, mean blood glucose, and self-care. Higher anxious and avoidant attachment associated with higher diabetes distress. Higher anxious attachment associated with more daily stressors. Anxious attachment associated with lower self-care. C&S did not moderate any associations. Findings highlight the need to consider attachment when designing interventions to reduce diabetes-related distress., Author(s): C. S. Kelly [sup.1] [sup.3] , C. A. Berg [sup.1] , V. S. Helgeson [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.223827.e, 0000 0001 2193 0096, Department of Psychology, University of Utah, [...]

Purpose: Several reconstruction methods for MR‐based electrical properties tomography (EPT) have been developed. However, the lack of common data makes it difficult to objectively compare their performances. This is, however, a necessary precursor for standardizing and introducing this technique in the clinical setting. To enable objective comparison of the performances of reconstruction methods and provide common data for their training and testing, we created ADEPT, a database of simulated data for brain MR‐EPT reconstructions. Methods: ADEPT is a database containing in silico data for brain EPT reconstructions. This database was created from 25 different brain models, with and without tumors. Rigid geometric augmentations were applied, and different electrical properties were assigned to white matter, gray matter, CSF, and tumors to generate 120 different brain models. These models were used as input for finite‐difference time‐domain simulations in Sim4Life, used to compute the electromagnetic fields needed for MR‐EPT reconstructions. Results: Electromagnetic fields from 84 healthy and 36 tumor brain models were simulated. The simulated fields relevant for MR‐EPT reconstructions (transmit and receive RF fields and transceive phase) and their ground‐truth electrical properties are made publicly available through ADEPT. Additionally, nonattainable fields such as the total magnetic field and the electric field are available upon request. Conclusion: ADEPT will serve as reference database for objective comparisons of reconstruction methods and will be a first step toward standardization of MR‐EPT reconstructions. Furthermore, it provides a large amount of data that can be exploited to train data‐driven methods. It can be accessed from https://doi.org/10.34894/V0HBJ8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]