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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic virus that causes acute hepatitis in humans, and can be transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Pigs are considered to be a reservoir for this infection-mainly where the disease is not endemic. In a previous study conducted in Antioquia, which is a region in Colombia where the production and consumption of pork meat is higher than in the rest of the country, the presence of anti-HEV IgG-type antibodies was reported in slaughter-age pigs. Aiming to identify the HEV genotype circulating in swine, animal liver, and feces samples from five swine cattle slaughterhouses located in six different sub-regions of Antioquia were collected. A nested RT-PCR (nRT-PCR) was used in order to amplify the HEV ORF-1 (170bp) and ORF-2 (348, and 958bp). The amplicons yielded in this study were sequenced, and a molecular phylogeny analysis based on the maximum likelihood method, including HEV sequences reported in several countries, was performed. Phylogeny analysis revealed that HEV amplification fragments from Antioquia's pigs were grouped in three clades within the sub-genotype 3a without a specific geographical structure, and were also genetically related to Japanese and American HEV sequences. This analysis provides the first approach on the genetic diversity and circulation dynamics of HEV in Colombian herds.

Plant natural products can attenuate the myonecrosis caused by Bothrops snake venom and their phospholipases A2 (PLA2). In this study, we evaluated the effects of two fractions (F4 and F6) from Swietenia macrophylla and purified catechin on the muscle damage caused by a myotoxic PLA2 from Colombian Bothrops asper venom (BaColPLA2) in mice and by Bothrops marmoratus venom from Brazil in mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle (PND) preparations in vitro. Male mice were injected with PLA2 (50 µg) in the absence or presence of F4, F6, and catechin, in the gastrocnemius muscle and then killed 3, 7, 14, and 28 h later for histopathological analysis of myonecrosis, leukocyte infiltration, and the presence of collagen. Fractions F4 and F6 (500 µg) and catechin (90 µg) significantly reduced the extent of necrosis at all-time intervals. These two fractions and catechin also attenuated the leukocyte infiltration on day 3, as did catechin on day 14. There was medium-to-moderate collagen deposition in all groups up to day 7, but greater deposition on days 14 and 28 in the presence of F6 and catechin. Bothrops marmoratus venom (100 µg/mL) caused slight (~25%) muscle facilitation after 10 minutes and weak neuromuscular blockade (~64% decrease in contractile activity after a 120-minute incubation). Pre-incubation of venom with F4 or F6 abolished the facilitation, whereas catechin, which was itself facilitatory, did not. All three fractions attenuated the venom-induced decrease in muscle contractions. These findings indicate that fractions and catechin from S. macrophylla can reduce the muscle damage caused by Bothrops venom and PLA2. These fractions or their components could be useful for treating venom-induced local damage.

Hamsters are a suitable experimental model for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) because they mimic the features of the human disease. However, the infection after inoculation can only be verified after sacrifice of the animal or several months following infection, when obvious signs of the disease appear, compromising animal welfare in both cases. Unlike other studies, the present work used an inoculum of 5 × 108 promastigotes to induce Leishmania infantum infection, which are easier to produce than amastigotes, in in vitro culture. The infection in hamsters was detected using non-invasive methods such as ultrasound imaging (USG) and blood gases, in addition to alterations in hematological parameters and weight loss. USG imaging identified changes in the size and echogenicity of the spleen, liver, and kidney as early as week 9 (W9) after experimental inoculation. However, blood gases, specially lactate, was increased in response to the infection, with statistically significant differences between W9 and W0 (before infection) (p

The mahogany tree (Swietenia macrophylla King) is widely used in traditional medicine, especially its seeds, which are used in Malaysia, Indonesia and some countries of South America. Recently an active fraction of the leaf ethanolic extract (labelled “Sm13-16,23”), showed promising results against some toxins of South American pit vipers. Objective: In this study the aim was to evaluate the acute oral toxicity of fraction Sm13-16,23 from the leaf ethanolic extract, using Swiss Webster mice. Materials and Methods: Fraction Sm13-16,23 was administered orally in a single dose to 2000 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, clinical follow-up for 14 days was performed and then euthanasia, necropsy and histopathology of organs were performed. Results: Overall, there were not deaths recorded during the study period. Further not signs of toxicity in doses of 300mg/Kg were observed, but at doses of 2000 mg/kg, histopathological lesions in the liver, as karyomegaly and the binucleation were observed. Conclusion: Fraction Sm13-16,23 does not produce toxicity lesion at doses of 300mg/kg, indicating that the acute oral toxicity risk is low. RESUMEN: El árbol de la caoba (Swietenia macrophylla King) es utilizado ampliamente en la medicina tradicional, especialmente sus semillas, que son usadas en Malasia, Indonesia y algunos países de Suramérica. Recientemente una fracción activa del extracto etanólico de las hojas (llamada “Sm13-16,23”), demostró resultados promisorios frente algunas toxinas de las víboras suramericanas. Objetivos: En este estudio se evaluó la toxicidad aguda oral de la fracción Sm13-16,23 del extracto etanólico de las hojas de S. macrophylla utilizando ratones Swiss Webster. Métodos: La fracción Sm13-16,23 se administró vía oral como dosis única a 2000 mg/kg y 300 mg/kg, se realizó seguimiento clínico de los animales durante 14 días y finalmente se les aplicó la eutanasia. Se practicó la necropsia de cada animal y se tomaron algunos órganos para su evaluación histopatológica. Resultados: No se registraron muertes durante el tiempo de estudio, ni se evidenciaron signos de toxicidad a dosis de 300mg/kg, sin embargo, a la dosis de 2000 mg/kg, se encontraron lesiones histopatológicas en el hígado; como cariomegalia y binucleación de los hepatocitos. Conclusión: La fracción Sm13-16,23 no produjo lesiones de toxicidad a dosis de 300mg/ kg, lo que indicia que el riesgo de toxicidad aguda oral es bajo. COL0014476 COL0092964

Summary Background: to the best of our knowledge, the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli on goblet cells and intestinal mucin secretion of weaned pigs has not been reported, and it is unknown whether these effects could trigger enteritis. Objective: to determine the effect of E. coli LPS on intestinal mucin secretion in weaning piglets. Methods: fifty-two piglets weaned at 21 days of age were fed a basal diet supplemented with four LPS levels (0.0, 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 μg/mg) during 10 days. Piglets were slaughtered on days 1, 5, 7, and 10 post-weaning and samples of small and large intestine were taken for histochemical staining to determine goblet cell population and type of mucins produced (acidic, sulphated, non-sulphated, or neutral). Results: acidic mucin was reduced on day 5 post-weaning independently of the dietary LPS level supplied to piglets. Recovery of acidic mucins was observed during days 7 and 10 post-weaning. Neutral mucins increased on day 5 and decreased on days 7 and 10 post-weaning. High LPS levels decreased goblet cells population and secretion of all types of mucins. This effect was remarkably high for diet two (D2: 0.5 mg LPS/mg food). Conclusions: early weaning (21 d) and LPS addition to the diet affect mucin secretion and intestinal epithelium integrity by modifying goblet cell populations and their balance between acidic and neutral mucin secretion. These findings explain some abnormalities related with post-weaning diarrhea syndrome and help to explain its pathophysiology. Keywords: goblet cells, histochemistry, histopathology, intestine, pigs. Resumen Antecedentes: actualmente se desconoce el efecto del lipopolisacarido (LPS) de Escherichia coli sobre la cantidad de celulas caliciformes y la secrecion de mucinas en diferentes regiones del intestino en cerdos durante el periodo pos-destete. Tampoco se ha descrito si cambios en la distribucion de las mucinas en el intestino estan relacionados con el desarrollo de enteritis. Objetivo: determinar el efecto del LPS de E. coli sobre la secrecion de mucinas en el intestino de lechones recien destetados. Metodos: cincuenta y dos lechones destetados a los 21 dias fueron alimentados con una dieta basal adicionada con cuatro niveles de LPS (0,0, 0,3, 0,5 y 1,0 μg/mg) durante 10 dias. Los cerdos se sacrificaron los dias 1, 5, 7 y 10 pos-destete y se tomaron muestras de intestino delgado y colon para realizar coloraciones histoquimicas, que permitieran calcular la cantidad de celulas caliciformes y el tipo de mucinas acidas sulfatadas, no sulfatadas o neutras por ellas producidas. Resultados: la produccion de mucinas acidas en las celulas caliciformes se redujo el dia 5 del periodo pos-destete, con posterior restauracion de los parametros a los dias 7 y 10 e independientemente de la dosis de LPS suministrada en la dieta. En contraste, la produccion de mucinas neutras aumento en el dia 5 y disminuyo en los dias 7 y 10 del periodo pos-destete. Al comparar las dietas experimentales, se observo que dosis mayores de LPS, disminuyen el numero de celulas caliciformes y la secrecion de los diferentes tipos de mucinas. Este efecto fue mas marcado con la dieta dos (D2: 0,5 mg de LPS/mg de alimento). Conclusiones: el destete a los 21 dias y la adicion LPS de E. coli a la dieta generan cambios en la secrecion de mucinas, afectan la integridad del epitelio y el balance entre la secrecion de mucinas acidas y neutras por las celulas caliciformes. Estos hallazgos sugieren explicaciones de algunas alteraciones que se producen en el sindrome de diarrea pos-destete y contribuyen a explicar su fisiopatologia. Palabras clave: celulas caliciformes, histopatologia, histoquimica, intestino, porcinos. Resumo Introducao: actualmente e desconhecido o efeito do lipopolissacarideo (LPS) de Escherichia coli sobre a quantidade de celulas caliciformes, sobre a secrecao de mucinas em diferentes regioes do intestino em porcos durante o periodo de pos-desmame e se o padrao de distribuicao das mucinas esta relacionado com o desenvolvimento de enterite. Objetivo: determinar o efeito da LPS de E. coli sobre a secrecao de mucinas no intestino de leitoes recem desmamados. Metodos: foi realizado um estudo experimental com 52 leitoes desmamados aos 21 dias, que foram alimentados com uma dieta basal adicionada com quatro niveis de LPS (0,0, 0,3, 0,5 y 1,0 μg/mg) durante 10 dias. Os porcos foram sacrificados os dias 1, 5, 7 e 10 pos-desmame para tirar amostras de intestino delgado e grosso, realizar coloracoes histoquimicas, calcular a quantidade de celulas caliciformes e o tipo de mucinas acidas sulfatadas, nao sulfatadas e neutras por elas produzidas. Resultados: observou-se que ao numero de celulas caliciformes que expressaram mucinas acidas nos diferentes tempos do periodo pos-desmame, apresentaram uma diminuicao da secrecao de mucinas acidas no quinto dia, com posterior recuperacao dos parâmetros os dias 7 e 10 Independentemente da dose de LPS disso. Ao contrario, as mucinas neutras incrementaram o dia 5 com uma posterior diminuicao os dias 7 e 10 pos-desmame. Ao comparar as dietas experimentais, observou-se uma diminuicao do numero de celulas caliciformes secretando os diferentes tipos de mucinas a doses maiores de LPS, principalmente com a dieta dois (D2: 0,5 mg LPS/mg comida). Conclusoes: o desmame aos 21 dias e a adicao de LPS de E. coli na dieta, gera mudancas na secrecao de mucinas, afetam a integridade do epitelio e o balanco entre a secrecao de mucinas acidas e neutras pelas celulas caliciformes; isto modela algumas alteracoes que se produzem no sindrome de diarreia pos-desmame e contribui a explicar a sua fisiopatologia. Palavras chave: celulas caliciformes, histopatologia, histoquimica, intestino, porcinos.

In 10 municipalities of Antioquia (Colombia) the positivity rate in serum for total (IgG/IgM) and specific (IgM) antibodies to hepatitis E virus (HEV) was determined, and tests were done for the presence of HEV RNA in the feces of individuals positive for IgM antibodies. According to previous exposure to pigs, two different groups were included, namely: exposed and unexposed. The latter group was subdivided into cohabitants of the exposed ones and general population. The frequency of total anti-HEV antibodies in the exposed group was 15.7%, and that of IgM, 2.5% (p

La exposición de los seres vivos a los disruptores endocrinos (DE) es global, ya que se encuentran dispersos por todo el mundo como consecuencia de su empleo generalizado. El catálogo de DE es muy amplio y crece día a día, comprendiendo desde productos químicos sintetizados por el hombre, hasta sustancias que se encuentran de manera natural en el medio ambiente. Los DE constituyen una amenaza, no solo para la salud general y reproductiva de los animales, sino posiblemente para la salud humana. Los biomarcadores son utilizados como indicadores de riesgo de la disrupción endocrina y entre ellos se incluyen de manera relevante la determinación de los esteroides en plasma, la inducción de Vitelogenina (Vtg) y proteínas de la zona radiada (Zrp) del oocito, junto con la histología e inmunohistoquímica hepática, gonadal y de otros órganos. El uso integrado y adecuado de estos biomarcadores ha permitido avanzar en el conocimiento y la comprensión de la toxicología reproductiva de peces, tanto en estudios de campo como de laboratorio. Debido a que en Colombia se ha realizado escasas publicaciones sobre este tema de importancia mundial, se elaboró este artículo con el objetivo de hacer un escrutinio del estado del arte sobre los problemas causados por los DE, e identificar necesidades de investigación sobre este tema en Colombia. The exposure of living creatures to endocrine disruptors is universal, as they are scattered throughout the world as a result of its widespread use. The variety of endocrine disruptors is very broad and growing every day, including chemicals synthesized by humans, additionally to substances found naturally in the environment. The endocrine disruptors constitute a threat not only to animal health and reproduction, but possibly to humans as well. Biomarkers are used as risk indicators for endocrine disruption. Considered amongst them are plasma steroids levels, induction of vitellogenin and zone radiate protein, and, histology and immunohistochemistry of the liver, gonads and other organs. The appropriate and combined use of biomarkers has allowed significant advances to understand fish reproductive toxicology in both field and laboratory studies. Given that few reports have been published in Colombia on this area, and considering its global importance, this article scrutinizes the state of the art on problems caused by the DE and points out the need of doing more research on this issue. A exposição dos seres vivos aos disruptores endócrinos (DE) é global, devido a que se encontram dispersos por todo o planeta como consequência do seu emprego generalizado. O catálogo de DE é muito amplo e cresce dia após dia, compreendendo desde produtos químicos sintetizados pelo homem até substâncias que se encontram de maneira natural no meio ambiente. Os DE constituem uma ameaça, não só para a saúde geral e reprodutiva dos animais, mas também possivelmente para a saúde humana. Os biomarcadores são utilizados como indicadores de risco da disrupção endócrina, dentre eles estão à determinação de esteroides no plasma, a indução de Vitelogenina (Vtg) e as proteínas da zona radiata (Zrp) do oócito, junto com a histologia e a inmunoistoquímica hepática, gonadal e de outros órgãos. O uso integrado destes biomarcadores tem permitido avançar no conhecimento e na compreensão da toxicologia reprodutiva de peixes, tanto em estudos de campo como de laboratório. Devido a que na Colômbia existem escassas publicações sobre este tema de importância mundial, este artigo foi escrito com o objetivo de fazer um escrutínio do estado da arte sobre os problemas causados pelos DE e identificar as necessidades de pesquisa.

Traditionally, hamsters are experimentally inoculated in the snout or the footpad. However in these sites an ulcer not always occurs, measurement of lesion size is a hard procedure and animals show difficulty to eat, breathe and move because of the lesion. In order to optimize the hamster model for cutaneous leishmaniasis, young adult male and female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were injected intradermally at the dorsal skin with 1 to 1.5 x l0(7) promastigotes of Leishmania species and progression of subsequent lesions were evaluated for up to 16 weeks post infection. The golden hamster was selected because it is considered the adequate bio-model to evaluate drugs against Leishmania as they are susceptible to infection by different species. Cutaneous infection of hamsters results in chronic but controlled lesions, and a clinical evolution with signs similar to those observed in humans. Therefore, the establishment of the extent of infection by measuring the size of the lesion according to the area of indurations and ulcers is feasible. This approach has proven its versatility and easy management during inoculation, follow up and characterization of typical lesions (ulcers), application of treatments through different ways and obtaining of clinical samples after different treatments. By using this method the quality of animal life regarding locomotion, search for food and water, play and social activities is also preserved.

BackgroundNormal mammary gland contains an extravascular population of B lymphoblasts, precursors of the immunoglobulin plasma cells that play a key role in the passive protection of neonates by secreting immunoglobulins to colostrum and milk. We investigated the presence of chemoattractants in the milk by analysing the chemoattractant activity of various fractions of this secretion. Milk chemoattractants are potentially involved in the recruitment of lymphocytes from the maternal bloodstream in lactating mammary glands.ResultsThe dilution-related lymphoid cell chemoattraction of whey was associated with a < 10 kDa ultrafiltrate. Active fractions were purified by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Two peptides of 2.7 kDa (DMREANYKNSDKYFHARGNYDAA) and 1 kDa (RPPGLPDKY) were identified as fragments of the SAA protein family, tentatively identified as SAA2. Only the 2.7 kDa synthetic peptide displayed chemotactic activity, at two different optimal concentrations. At the lower concentration (3.7 nM), it attracted B-cell lymphoblasts, whereas at the higher (3.7 μM), it attracted B lymphocytes. Then, the SAA mRNA expression was analysed and we observed more SAA transcripts during lactation than gestation.ConclusionThese data are consistent with the SAA23–45fragment being involved in preplasma B-cell recruitment to the mammary gland and resultant benefit to the neonate.