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Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) plays a critical role in the development of pathological thrombosis, and targeting PAR4 is considered a promising strategy for improving antiplatelet therapies. Here, we reported the design of a series of quinazoline-benzothiazole-based PAR4 antagonists using a scaffold-hopping strategy. Systematic structure-activity relationship exploration leads to the discovery of compounds 20f and 20g, which displayed optimal activity (h. PAR4-AP PRP IC 50  = 6.39 nM and 3.45 nM, respectively) on human platelets and high selectivity for PAR4. Both of them also showed excellent metabolic stability in human liver microsomes (compound 20f, T 1/2  = 249.83 min, compound 20g, T 1/2  = 282.60 min) and favourable PK profiles in rats (compound 20f, T 1/2  = 5.16 h, F = 50.5 %, compound 20g, T 1/2  = 7.05 h, F = 27.3 %). More importantly, neither compound prolonged the bleeding time in the mouse tail-cutting model (10 mg/kg, p.o.). These results suggest that these compounds have great potential for use in antiplatelet therapies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The higher viscosity and lower pH in lysosomes of cancer cells highlight their potential as biomarkers for cancer. Therefore, the development of acid-activated viscosity fluorescent probes is significant for the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Based on this, we have designed and synthesized a near-infrared fluorescent probe based on the 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole (HBT) group, namely HBTH, to monitor the viscosity changes within lysosomes. It has been demonstrated that HBTH was extremely sensitive to viscosity, with a strong linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and log(viscosity) within the range of (logη) = 0-3.06 (a correlation coefficient of 0.98), proving its capability for quantitative viscosity measurement. In particular, the most obvious fluorescence enhancement of HBTH was only efficiently triggered by the combined effect of low pH and high viscosity. Furthermore, HBTH can rapidly localize to lysosomes by wash-free procedure at a low concentration (100 nM) and achieve high-fidelity imaging within 20 s. It can also monitor the dynamic processes of lysosomes in cells, viscosity changes under drug stimuli, and lysosomal behavior during mitophagy. Importantly, HBTH is capable of identifying tumors in tumor-bearing nude mice through in vivo imaging. These features make HBTH a powerful tool for the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Tunnel wash water (TWW) contains high levels of trace elements and organic micropollutants, especially in the dissolved fraction. Discharge poses significant environmental risks. This field study aimed at improving conventional sedimentation treatment by addition of novel secondary treatments: bag filtration, ceramic microfiltration, or granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration. Removal of nine trace elements, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 38 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), seven benzothiazoles (BTHs), seven benzotriazoles (BTRs), five bisphenols (BPs), and five benzophenones was investigated. Primary sedimentation significantly reduced particles and associated contaminants, achieving over 73 % average removal for trace elements, 65 % for PAHs, and 71 % for PFASs. Subsequent GAC removed over 70 % of dissolved Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn and over 92 % of dissolved PFASs, BTHs, BTRs, and BPs, including several persistent, mobile and toxic compounds. Following GAC filtration, Cr, Ni, Pb, anthracene, fluoranthene, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, and bisphenol-A were below environmental quality standards (EQS). GAC consistently reduced responses in in vitro bioassays with endpoints activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, oxidative stress response, and neurotoxicity below effect-based trigger values for surface water. GAC filtration is thus recommended for future TWW treatment. Assessing water quality remains a challenging task due to lack of EQSs for many chemicals., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Hanne Vistnes reports financial support was provided by Norwegian Public Roads Administration. Nadine Sossalla reports financial support was provided by Research Council of Norway. Wolfgang Uhl reports financial support was provided by COWI Foundation. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Inhibition of quorum sensing (QS) is an impending approach for targeting bacterial infection. Fourteen benzo[d]thiazole and 2-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl)benzo[d]thiazoles analogues were designed and synthesized as promising LasR antagonists with QS inhibition activity. Among the investigated compounds, compounds 3c, 3e, and 8d exhibited the highest percentage inhibition in biofilm formation (77 %, 63.9 %, 69.4 %), pyocyanin production (74.6 %, 64.9, 69.4 %), and rhamnolipids production (58.5 %, 51 %, 54.3 %) in P. aeruginosa, respectively. Additionally, compounds 3c, 3e and 8d achieved IC 50 values against Las R equal 1.37 ± 0.35, 1.55 ± 0.24, 1.1 ± 0.15 μM respectively. Also, molecular docking of the target compounds into the LasR binding site co-crystalized "odDHL" revealed their binding with the essential residues for protein inhibition. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) experiments over 200 ns of compound 3c showed its ability to interact with the LasR binding site with dissociation of the protein's dimer confirming its action as a LasR antagonist. The obtained findings inspire further investigation for benzo[d]thiazole and 2-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl)benzo[d]thiazoles aiming to design and synthesize more potential QS inhibitors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest There are no interests to declare., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Cancer is a major societal, public health, and economic burden in the 21st century, with 9.7 million deaths in 2022 (9.96 million in 2020) and 20 million new cancer cases (19.6 million in 2020). Considering the increasing number of cancer cases and deaths, heterocyclic compounds always paved the gold mine for the development of potential anticancer drugs as these compounds have unique flexibility and dynamic cores. Benzothiazoles and their derivatives have potential anticancer properties, making them a desirable scaffold among different heterocycles. Title structures are a class of chemicals that may bind to various receptors with high affinity, particularly those engaged in oncogenic processes. The use of these compounds allows medicinal chemists to rapidly produce anticancer treatments across a large range of targets over an extended length of time. The current study presents a thorough success story of benzothiazole derivatives as anticancer agents. It discusses the current state of cancer, the profile of benzothiazole-based derivatives synthetic pathways, and its relevance as an anticancer agent on several oncogenic pathways. The structure-activity relationship was also added to offer insight into the connection of biological data with structure and the rational design of more active drugs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest On the behalf of all co-author, I declared that we do not have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are a class of homodimeric ligands that bind to their receptors (VEGFRs) to carryout physiological and pathological angiogenesis essential for regulating homeostasis of body. Overexpression of VEGF results in metastasis of benign tumor into malignant tumor. An active role of VEGFR-2 in cancer angiogenesis makes it a major target for cancer therapy. FDA approved VEGFR-2 inhibitors like sorafenib, vemurafenib and dabrafenib, and monoclonal antibodies such as bevacizumab and ramucirumab are available in market but possess side effects like hypertension, CVS disorders, liver damage and adverse effects like Iatrogenicity. Several research groups across the globe have designed and reported varied small molecules from different heteronuclei like quinazoline, pyrimidine, coumarin, pyrazole, indoline, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, etc. as VEGFR-2 inhibitors based on the information available on active site of the receptor, and pharmacophoric features of FDA approved drugs. The present review compiles the information available on benzo-fused heteronuclear compounds including benzimidazole, benzoxazole and benzothiazole in recent years, with emphasis on their design, activity, structure-activity relationship (SAR) and docking analysis for understanding binding interactions in the active site of VEGFR-2. In addition to this, a topological similarity analysis of these compounds is performed taking sorafenib as template, and a comprehensive SAR is proposed for researchers to further explore the anticancer potential of these pharmacophore., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPSs) have attracted extensive attention for their biological functions in antioxidant activities. In this study, we characterized a novel EPS produced by Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum Bi-OTA128 which exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity compared to nine other ropy bacterial strains, achieving 76.50 % and 93.84 % in DPPH· and ABTS· + scavenging activity, and ferric reducing power of 134.34 μM Fe 2+ . Complete genomic analysis identified an eps gene cluster involved in the EPS biosynthesis of Bi-OTA128 strain, which might be responsible for its ropy phenotype. The EPS was then isolated and purified by a DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column. A single elution part EPS 128 was obtained with a recovery rate of 43.5 ± 1.78 % and a total carbohydrate content of 93.6 ± 0.76 %. Structural characterization showed that EPS 128 comprised glucose, galactose, and rhamnose (molar ratio 4.0:1.2:1.1), featuring a putative complex backbone structure with four branched chains and an unusual acetyl group at O-2 of terminal rhamnose. Antioxidant assay in vitro indicated that EPS 128 exhibited antioxidant potential with 50.52 % DPPH· and 65.40 % ABTS· + scavenging activities, reaching 54.3 % and 70.44 % of the efficacy of standard Vitamin C at 2.0 mg/L. Furthermore, EPS 128 showed protective effects against H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells by reducing cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increasing cell viability. These findings present the first comprehensive report of an antioxidant EPS from B. pseudocatenulatum, highlighting its potential as a natural antioxidant for applications in the food industry and clinical settings., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

G-quadruplex/thioflavin T (G4/THT) is one of the ideal label-free fluorescent light-emitting elements in the field of biosensors due to its good programmability and adaptability. However, the unsatisfactory luminous efficiency of single-molecule G4/THT limits its more practical applications. Here, we developed a G4 embedded semi-catalytic hairpin assembly (G4-SCHA) reaction by rationally modifying the traditional CHA reaction, and combined with the invasive reaction, supplemented by magnetic separation technology, for label-free sensitive detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The invasive reaction enabled specific recognition of single-base mutations in DNA sequences as well as preliminary signal cycle amplification. Then, magnetic separation was used to shield the false positive signals. Finally, the G4-SCHA was created for secondary amplification and label-free output of the signal. This dual-signal amplified label-free biosensor has been shown to detect mutant targets as low as 78.54 fM. What's more, this biosensor could distinguish 0.01 % of the mutant targets from a mixed sample containing a large number of wild-type targets. In addition, the detection of real and complex biological samples also verified the practical application value of this biosensor in the field of molecular design breeding. Therefore, this study improves a label-free fluorescent light-emitting element, and then proposes a simple, efficient and universal label-free SNP biosensing strategy, which also provides an important reference for the development of other G4/THT based biosensors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune, inflammatory neurological disease of the CNS. Riluzole and dimethyl fumarate (DMF) are two FDA-approved drugs to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and MS. Riluzole (a benzothiazole derivative) inhibits glutamate release from nerve terminals by antagonizing the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and DMF upregulates anti-oxidative pathways., Objectives: Herein, using molecular hybridization strategy, we synthesized some new hybrid structures of Riluzole and DMF through some common successive synthetic pathways for evaluating their potential activity for remyelination in MS treatment., Methods: Molecular docking experiments assessed the binding affinity of proposed structures to the NMDA active site. The designed structures were synthesized and purified based on well-known chemical synthesis procedures. Afterward, in vivo evaluation for their activity was done in the C57Bl/6 Cuprizone-induced demyelination MS model., Results and Conclusion: The proposed derivatives were recognized to be potent enough based on docking studies (ΔG bind of all derivatives were -7.2 to -7.52 compare to the Ifenprodil (-6.98) and Riluzole (-4.42)). The correct structures of desired derivatives were confirmed using spectroscopic methods. Based on in vivo studies, D4 and D6 derivatives exhibited the best pharmacological results, although only D6 showed a statistically significant difference compared to the control. Also, for D4 and D6 derivatives, myelin staining confirmed reduced degeneration in the corpus callosum. Consequently, D4 and D6 derivatives are promising candidates for developing new NMDA antagonists with therapeutic value against MS disorders., Competing Interests: Declarations Conflict of interest There are no conflicts of interest declared by the authors., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Tehran University of Medical Sciences.)

We have achieved the divergent total synthesis of nine isoflavone natural products 1 - 9 starting from commercially available 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone as a starting material. The isoflavone skeleton of 1 - 9 was constructed by the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction as the key reaction. Investigation of the potential of 1 - 9 as therapeutic agents for transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis revealed that millexatin F ( 3 ) showed the best efficacy in ex vivo competitive binding experiments and thioflavin-T fluorescence studies. Therefore, millexatin F ( 3 ) is promising as a seed compound for a novel TTR amyloidosis therapeutic agent.

Aluminum (Al 3+ ) and fluorine (F - ) ions can be easily enriched in tea plants. When they excessively accumulate in tea, they can affect the health of tea lovers. Herein, a simple, highly sensitive and selective fluorescent probe (named BHMP) for Al 3+ and F - detection was developed through a one-step condensation reaction, in which benzothiazole acted as a fluorophore and acceptor and hydrazine-Schiff base as a recognition unit. The probe was characterized comprehensively using spectroscopic methods, and the structure-activity relationship was systematically researched through crystal structure and theoretical calculations. Its sensitivity was measured via the fluorescent titration experiment, and the limit of detection (LOD) towards Al 3+ was up to 1.04 × 10 -8 mol L -1 . Furthermore, we successfully utilized BHMP to visually detect the presence of Al 3+ in living cells and tea tree roots through fluorescence confocal imaging. The successful detection of Al 3+ in tea tree roots indicated that BHMP could be used as a candidate fluorescent chemosensor to dynamically monitor the variation in enriched Al 3+ under the influence of the environment during tea tree growth. Our study provides a reference for the control of Al 3+ concentration during the growth of tea plants and provides new insights into improving tea quality control.

Background: Aptasensors have been extensively utilized in target detection due to their advantages of high sensitivity and fast response. However, the reliability of the detection results of the single-mode aptasensor cannot be verified in time. Developing efficient detection methods with cross-validation capability is beneficial to achieving highly reliable detection. This study aims to design a colorimetric and fluorescent dual-mode aptasensor by skillfully engineering G-quadruplex assembly and rolling circle amplification for highly reliable IFN-γ detection., Results: The complexes of anti-IFN-γ aptamers and complement sequences (cDNA) were modified on the magnetic beads. In the presence of IFN-γ, the preferential combination of aptamers with IFN-γ resulted in the release of cDNAs. The cDNAs were collected by magnetic separation and then used as primers to trigger rolling circle amplification reaction to generate enriched G-quadruplexes. The G-quadruplex could be utilized to combine with hemin to catalyze the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine for colormetric mode or to couple with the fluorogenic dye Thioflavin T for fluorescent mode. The developed dual-mode aptasensor displayed a linear range of 1-10000 pM with a detection limit of 0.406 pM for the colormetric mode and a range of 0.1-10000 pM with a detection limit of 0.037 pM for the fluorescent mode. Further, the designed aptasensor was applied to IFN-γ detection in serum samples and achieved satisfactory recoveries., Significance: This innovative dual-mode detection strategy skillfully leverages the effective target-binding ability of aptamer, dual-function of the G-quadruplex and the signal amplifying ability of rolling circle amplification. This approach not only provides a reliable testing tool for the detection of IFN-γ, but also promotes the development of multimode sensing platforms., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The healthy benefits of seaweed have increased its market demand in recent times. Quality control is crucial for seaweed to ensure the customers' interest and the sustainable development of seaweed farming industry. This study developed a quality control method for seaweed Sargassum fusiforme, rapid and simple, using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and chemometrics for the prediction of antioxidant capacity of S. fusiforme from different growth stages, S. fusiforme was distinguished according to growth stage by partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and particle swarm optimization-support vector machine (PSO-SVM). The antioxidant properties including 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) scavenging capacity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were quantified using competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS)-PLS model. Based on the spectra data preprocessed by multiplicative scatter and standard normal variate methods, the PSO-SVM models can accurately identify the growth stage of all S. fusiforme samples. The CARS-PLS models exhibited good performance in predicting the antioxidant capacity of S. fusiforme, with coefficient of determination (R P 2 ) and root mean square error (RMSEP) values in the independent prediction sets reaching 0.9778 and 0.4018 % for ABTS, 0.9414 and 2.0795 % for DPPH, and 0.9763 and 2.4386 μmol L -1 for FRAP, respectively. The quality and market price of S. fusiforme should increase in the order of maturation < growth < seedling regarding the antioxidant property. The overall results indicated that the NIR spectroscopy accompanied by chemometrics can assist for the quality control of S. fusiforme in a more rapid and simple manner. This study also provided a customer-oriented concept of seaweed quality grading based on deep insight into the antioxidant capability of S. fusiforme at different growth stages, which is highly valuable for precise quality control and standardization of seaweed market., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Based on our proposed "pseudosubstrate envelope" concept, 25 benzothiazole-bearing HIV capsid protein (CA) modulators were designed and synthesized under the guidance of free energy perturbation technology. The most potent compound, IC-1k , exhibited an EC 50 of 2.69 nM against HIV-1, being 393 times more potent than the positive control PF74. Notably, IC-1k emerged as the highest ligand efficiency (LE = 0.32) HIV CA modulator, surpassing that of the approved drug lenacapavir (LE = 0.21). Surface plasmon resonance assay and crystallographic analysis confirmed that IC-1k targeted HIV-1 CA within the chemical space of the "pseudosubstrate envelope". Further mechanistic studies revealed a dual-stage inhibition profile: IC-1k disrupted early-stage capsid-host-factor interactions and promoted late-stage capsid misassembly. Preliminary pharmacokinetic evaluations demonstrated significantly improved metabolic stability in human liver microsomes for IC-1k ( T 1/2 = 91.3 min) compared to PF74 ( T 1/2 = 0.7 min), alongside a favorable safety profile. Overall, IC-1k presents a promising lead compound for further optimization.

Heavy metal cadmium (II) residuals have inflicted severe damage to human health and ecosystems. It has become imperative to devise straightforward and highly selective sensing methods for the detection of Cd 2+ . In this work, a ratiometric benzothiazole-based fluorescence probe ( BQFA ) was effortlessly synthesized and characterized using standard optical techniques for the visual detection of Cd 2+ with a change in color from blue to green, exhibiting a significant Stokes shift. Moreover, the binding ratio of BQFA to Cd 2+ was established as 1:1 by the Job's plot and was further confirmed by FT-IR and 1 HNMR titrations. The ratiometric fluorescence response via the ICT mechanism was confirmed by DFT calculations. Furthermore, the limit of detection for detecting Cd 2+ was determined to be 68 nM. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that BQFA showed good performance in real water samples, paper strips, smartphone colorimetric identification, and cell imaging.

Inhibitors of NQO2 (NRH: quinone oxidoreductase) have potential application in several areas of medicine and pharmacology, including cancer, neurodegeneration (PD and AD), stroke, and diabetes. Here, resveratrol, a known inhibitor of NQO2, was used as the lead by replacing the double bond in resveratrol with a benzothiazole scaffold. Fifty-five benzothiazoles were designed as NQO2 inhibitors and synthesized, comprising five benzothiazole series with 3,5-dimethoxy, 2,4-dimethoxy, 2,5-dimethoxy, 3,4-dimethoxy, and 3,4,5-trimethoxy substituents, the key synthetic step being a Jacobson cyclisation with the appropriate thiobenzamide. All compounds were evaluated in an NQO2 enzyme inhibition assay, with four compounds having IC 50 values of <100 nM. The most active (IC 50 25 nM) was 6-hydroxy-2-(3',5'-dihydroxyphenyl)benzo[d]thiazole ( 15 ), a good mimetic of resveratrol. Three of the 3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzothiazole analogues, with 6-methoxy ( 40 , IC 50 51 nM), 6-amino ( 48 , IC 50 79 nM), and 6-acetamide ( 49 , IC 50 31 nM) substituents, were also potent inhibitors of NQO2. Computational modelling indicated the most active compounds exhibited good shape complementarity and polar interactions with the NQO2 active site. Through the inhibition of NQO2, benzothiazole-based compounds may have the potential to enhance the efficiency of cancer therapies or minimise oxidative damage in neuroinflammation.

A benzothiazole-azo based sensor (BTAN) was developed for rapid and on-site detection of arginine. The sensor's selectivity in a semi-aqueous medium was thoroughly investigated, focusing on the colorimetric response to arginine in the presence of 11 different amino acids. Notably, the limit of detection (LOD) for arginine was determined to be 0.7 μM. The underlying sensing mechanism was addressed using 1 H-NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy. BTAN exhibited significant changes in both absorption as well as emission spectra exclusively in the presence of arginine. Furthermore, the arginine sensing capability was extended to the solid state by immobilizing BTAN into a starch-PVA hydrogel matrix as well as paper strips. The hydrogel film of BTAN enabled effective on-site sensing of arginine in a 100% aqueous medium. Moreover, the practicability of the sensor was demonstrated by detecting arginine in human blood samples.

A benzothiazole-based derivative aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorescent 'turn-on' probe named 2-(2-((4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenyl)benzo[ d ]thiazole (probe BT-BO ) was developed and synthesized successfully for detecting hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in living cells. The synthesis method of probe BT-BO is facile. Probe BT-BO demonstrates a well-resolved emission peak at 604 nm and the ability to prevent the interference of reactive oxygen species (ROS), various metal ions and anion ions, and good sensitivity. Additionally, the probe boasts impressive pH range versatility, a fast response time to H 2 O 2 and low cytotoxicity. Finally, probe BT-BO was applied successfully to image A549 and Hep G2 cells to monitor both exogenous and endogenous H 2 O 2 .

Tire additives, such as benzothiazole and its derivatives (collectively called BTs), are large-volume chemicals that are constantly emitted into agricultural environment via tire-road wearing and other actions. The potential accumulation of BTs in food crops depends largely on their metabolism in plants, which is poorly understood. Herein, we evaluated uptake and metabolism of six BTs in carrot callus and intact carrot plants to understand their structure-specific metabolism. All BTs were readily taken up by carrot roots, with their root concentration factors (RCF) ranging from 1.66 ± 0.01 to 2.95 ± 0.05. Although the tested BTs exhibited poor upward translocation from root to leaves (translocation factors < 1), the translocation factors of 2-methylbenzothiazole (0.79) and 2-aminobenzothiazole (0.65) were significantly higher than that of 2-methylbenzothiazole (0.18) and 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole (0.22). These results indicated the structure-dependent uptake and translocation of BTs in carrot. Correlation analysis between log K ow and log RCF or TF revealed that the hydrophobicity of BTs predominantly affected their root uptake and acropetal translocation in carrots. With the aid of high-resolution mass spectrometry, a total of 18 novel metabolites of BTs were tentatively identified, suggesting that BT compounds can be metabolized by carrot callus. The proposed metabolites of BTs include four hydroxylated products, one demethylated product, five glycosylated products and eight amino acid conjugated products, revealing that glycosylation and amino acid conjugation were the dominant transformation pathways for BT metabolism in carrot. However, the detected species of metabolites for six BTs varied distinctly, indicating structure-specific metabolism of BTs in plants. The findings of this study improve our understanding of structure-dependent fate and transformation of BTs in plants. Since BTs metabolites in food crops could present an unintended exposure route to consumers, the structure-specific differences of BTs uptake, metabolism and accumulation in plants must be considered when addressing human dietary exposure risks., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Chalcones bearing tetralone, indanone and benzothiazole cores were synthesized successfully using a general Claisen-Schmidt condensation protocol. The prepared compounds were purified and structurally analyzed by 1 H, 13 C NMR, and FT-IR techniques. A multi-faceted theoretical approach, combining Density Functional Theory (DFT), molecular docking, and ADME predictions, was employed to evaluate their therapeutic potential. DFT calculations at the B3LYP/def2-TZVP level revealed key electronic properties, with TD3 compound demonstrating the highest chemical reactivity. Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) and Reduced Density Gradient (RDG) analyses provided insights into the compounds' non-covalent interactions and charge distributions. Molecular docking studies against the NS5 protein (PDB: 6KR2) showed superior binding affinities for all three compounds compared to the control ligand SAH, with TD3 exhibiting the lowest binding energy (-8.41 kcal/mol) and theoretical inhibition constant (689.31 nM). ADME predictions indicated favorable drug-like properties with concerns regarding aqueous solubility and potential P-glycoprotein interactions. Toxicity evaluations highlighted challenges, particularly in hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The study identified TD3 as a promising lead compound for Dengue Virus NS5 inhibition, while also emphasizing the need for targeted modifications to address toxicity concerns. This research not only contributes to anti-dengue drug discovery efforts but also provides a robust methodological framework for the theoretical evaluation of similar small compounds in future investigations., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing interest The authors state that they have no known conflicting financial/commercial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work described in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This comprehensive analysis of the fruits of Rosa spp. (FR) evaluates their chemical components and antioxidant activity. The study quantified total flavonoids and polyphenols using aluminum trichloride colorimetric assay and Folin-Ciocalteu methods, with the fruit of Rosa. laxa Rtez. var. mollis Yü et Ku. sample exhibiting the highest concentrations of 59.21 mg/g and 81.13 mg/g, respectively. Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-TQ-MS) assessed seven primary components, with notable levels of euscaphic acid, ursolic acid, and gallic acid. Antioxidant activities were tested using DPPH and ABTS methods, showing strong activities in samples the fruits of Rosa. persica Mickx ex Juss. and Rosa. laxa Rtez. var. kaschgarica (Rupr.) Y. L. Han. Chemometric analyses, including similarity, cluster, principal component, and grey relational analyses, were used to explore relationships between FR varieties and their antioxidant properties. The study provides a vital basis for future FR quality assessments., (© 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

The current work investigates the chemodiversity, in vitro antioxidant, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of Cinnamomum tamala (CT) leaf essential oil (EO) collected from different localities of East Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya, India. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of all the extracted leaf essential oils facilitated the identification of several compounds in a variable range along with eugenol as the major component (74.79-95.12 %). CT8 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (IC 50 =11.23±0.27 μg/mL for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and IC 50 =21.54±0.37 μg/mL for 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) among all EO evaluated. The results showed that the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values for CT8 were 83.26±1.92 μM trolox/g oil and 70.29±1.90 ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g of oil. α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition were highest in sample CT8 with IC 50 values of 3.62±0.42 μg/mL and 16.29±0.32 μg/mL respectively. Caryophyllene, cyclohexene, 1, 5, 5-trimethyl-6-(2-propenylidene), germacrene D and eugenol showed strong binding potential toward α-amylase and α-glucosidase. It concluded that the chemodiversity and antidiabetic potential of C. tamla oil from Khasi Hills have never been studied. It can be taken as a dietary supplement as an antioxidant and antidiabetic to control blood glucose., (© 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Mitochondrial sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) plays important roles in physiological and pathological activities. Unfortunately, it is lack of a reliable tool to precisely visualize the mitochondrial SO 2 and elaborate its complicated functions in various cytoactivities. Here we report a mitochondrial-immobilized fluorescent probe PM-Cl consisting of coumarin and benzyl chloride modified benzothiazole, which enables selective visualization of mitochondrial SO 2 via chemical immobilization. The spectral results demonstrated that probe PM-Cl could respond to SO 2 with high selectivity and sensitivity. Co-localization and the fluorescence of cytolysis extraction verified the excellent mitochondrial targeting and anchoring abilities. Due to the chemical immobilization, probe PM-Cl could firmly retain into mitochondria after stimulation of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) and H 2 O 2 . Significantly, a series of fluorescence images are indicative of capability for detecting the fluctuations of SO 2 in mitochondria during ferroptosis. Furthermore, PM-Cl also could visualize SO 2 in myocardium and muscle tissues after the stimulation of CCCP. Taken together, probe PM-Cl is a very potential molecular tool for precisely detecting mitochondrial SO 2 to explore its complex functions in physiological and pathological activities., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of Cissus repens polysaccharides (CRPs) was optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design (BBD). The maximum CRPs yield (16.18 %) was achieved under the optimum extraction conditions: extraction time 72 min, extraction temperature 74 °C, extraction power 240 W. Then three-phase partitioning (TPP) method combined with gradient alcohol precipitation was used to obtained CRP20, CRP40, CRP60 and CRP80 from CRPs, and CRP80 has a higher purity than others. The primary chemical and structural characteristics of CRP80 were investigated by UV, FT-IR, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-performance gel-permeation chromatography (HPGPC). CRP80 is mainly composed of glucose, galactose, arabinose and mannose, with a molecular weights of approximately 2.95 kDa. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity and hypoglyceamic activity of CRP80 in vitro were evaluated. The results showed that CRP80 had strong scavenging activities on ABTS, hydroxyl and DPPH radicals, as well as high scavenging activities on α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Our research provided an efficient method for the extraction of polysaccharides from C. repens and CRP80 has potential as a promising source of natural antioxidants and hypoglycemic agent for the functional food and medicinal industries., (© 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

We report on a deep-red emissive fluorogenic peptide probe for human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) trans-activation responsive (TAR) RNA as an indicator for fluorescence indicator displacement (FID) assay. The probe design is based on the concept of the forced intercalation of thiazole orange (TO) dyes (FIT) on the peptide backbone, as recently proposed by our group, where the Q (glutamic acid) residue in the Tat peptide (RKKRR-Q-RRR) is replaced with TO as if it were an amino acid surrogate. Here, instead of green emissive TO, we utilized a deep-red emissive benzo[c,d]indole-quinoline (BIQ) cyanine dye developed previously by our group for imaging of nucleolar RNA in living cells. The developed 9-mer FIT peptide (RKKRR-BIQ-RRR; named BIQ-FiLuP) exhibits a significant off-on signaling ability for TAR RNA (λ em  = 660 nm, I/I 0  = 130-fold, Φ free  = 0.0009, Φ bound  = 0.052), and the dissociation constant K d reaches ca. 1 nM. When used in FID assay, BIQ-FiLuP, like TO-based FiLuP, is able to distinguish between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors, which has never been demonstrated with all previous indicators for TAR RNA. Deep-red emissive BIQ-FiLuP facilitates the evaluation of green to yellow emissive ligands without suffering from optical interference. The combination use with green emissive TO-based FiLuP (λ em  = 541 nm) would cover the examination of a wide range of fluorescent test compounds., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.)

Iron-anchored nitrogen/doped carbon single-atom nanozymes (Fe-N/C), which possess homogeneous active sites and adjustable catalytic environment, represent an exemplary model for investigating the structure-function relationship and catalytic activity. However, the development of pyrolysis-free synthesis technique for Fe-N/C with adjustable enzyme-mimicking activity still presents a significant challenge. Herein, Fe-N/C anchored three carrier morphologies were created via a pyrolysis-free approach by covalent organic polymers. The peroxidase-like activity of these Fe-N/C nanozymes was regulated via the pores of the anchored carrier, resulting in varying electron transfer efficiency due to disparities in contact efficacy between substrates and catalytic sites within diverse microenvironments. Additionally, a colorimetric sensor array for identifying antioxidants was developed: (1) the Fe-N/C catalytically oxidized two substrates TMB and ABTS, respectively; (2) the development of a colorimetric sensor array utilizing oxTMB and oxABTS as sensing channels enabled accurate discrimination of antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (AsA), glutathione (GSH), cysteine (Cys), gallic acid (GA), and caffeic acid (CA). Subsequently, the sensor array underwent rigorous testing to validate its performance, including assessment of antioxidant mixtures and individual antioxidants at varying concentrations, as well as target antioxidants and interfering substances. In general, the present study offered valuable insights into the active origin and rational design of nanozyme materials, and highlighting their potential applications in food analysis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

RNA G4, as an integral branch of G4 structure, possesses distinct interactions with ligands compared to the common DNA G4, thus the investigation of RNA G4/ligand interactions might be considered as a fresh breakthrough to improve the biosensing performance of G4/ligand system. In this study, we comparatively explored the structural and functional mechanisms of RNA G4 and DNA G4 in the interaction with ligands, hemin and thioflavin T (ThT), utilizing the classical PS2.M sequence as a model. We found that although the catalytic performance of RNA G4/hemin system was lower than DNA G4/hemin, RNA G4/ThT fluorescence system exhibited a significant improvement (2∼3-fold) compared to DNA G4/ThT, and adenine modification could further enhance the signaling. Further, by exploring the interaction between RNA G4 and ThT, we deemed that RNA G4 and ThT were stacked in a bimolecular mode compared to single-molecule binding of DNA G4/ThT, thus more strongly limiting the structural spin in ThT excited state. Further, RNA G4/ThT displayed higher environmental tolerance and lower ion dependence than DNA G4/ThT. Finally, we employed RNA G4/ThT as a highly sensitive label-free fluorescent signal output system for in situ imaging of isoforms BCR-ABL e13a2 and e14a2. Overall, this study successfully screened a high-performance RNA G4 biosensing system through systematic RNA G4/ligands interaction studies, which was expected to provide a promising reference for subsequent G4/ligand research., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

In this paper, a ratiometric fluorescence biosensor was introduced for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) detection based on 2-aminopurine (2-Amp) and thioflavin T (ThT)-G-quadruplex system. We designed a special DNA (5'-AGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGAAA/i2-Amp/AAAA-PO 4 -3', AP) modified with a phosphate moiety at the 3'-end, G-quadruplex at the 5'-end, and a fluorophore (2-Amp) in the middle. In the absence of ALP, the G-rich AP strand could be prone to fold into G-quadruplex structures in the presence of K + . Then, ThT combined with G-quandruplex, resulting in the enhancement of fluorescence emission peak at 485 nm. However, ALP-mediated hydrolysis of the 3'-phosphoryl end promoted the cleavage of AP by the exonuclease I (Exo I), releasing 2-Amp which displayed a strong fluorescence emission peak at 365 nm. Moreover, the quantitative fluorescence model (QFM) was derived for the analysis of the fluorescence measurements obtained by the proposed ratiometric fluorescent biosensor. With the aid of the advanced model, the proposed ratiometric fluorescent biosensor possessed satisfactory results for the detection of ALP in the human serum samples, with accuracy comparable to that of the reference method-the commercial ALP assay kit. Under the optimized experimental conditions, this method exhibited good selectivity and higher sensitivity, and the detection limit was found to be as low as 0.017 U/L. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that the method had a great potential to detect ALP quantitatively in clinical diagnosis., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics Approval: Not applicable. Consent to Participate: Not applicable. Consent to Publish: Not applicable. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

We report the design, synthesis and characterization of a perylene diimide-hydroxyphenyl benzothiazole (BT-PDI) dyad as a new class for the formation of radical anion (BT-PDI˙ - ) and dianion (BT-PDI 2- ) in aqueous medium using H 2 S. We demonstrate the applications of BT-PDI˙ - for (i) the detection of H 2 O 2 ; (ii) the detection of glucose in blood serum using a biochemical assay and (iii) the reduction of Ag + to Ag 0 .

Thioflavin T (ThT) is widely employed as a fluorogenic marker for amyloid formation. ThT fluorescence is utilized to detect amyloid fibrils as well as to follow aggregation kinetics. Here, we make a unique case to demonstrate that site-specific tryptophan-induced fluorescence quenching of ThT bound to the α-synuclein amyloid can define the central amyloid core. We show that distance-dependent quenching of amyloid-bound ThT by site-specifically incorporated tryptophan maps the proximal and distal locations of the polypeptide chain within amyloid fibrils. Our studies indicate that tryptophan-induced fluorescence quenching is dominated by the static quenching mechanism. Our findings underscore the utility of site-specific amino acid-based quenching of ThT fluorescence to characterize the core architecture of amyloid derived from a wide range of proteins.

In this assay, based on the terminal protection of small-molecule-linked DNA, a new ultrasensitive real-time fluorescence strategy combined with an isothermal exponential amplification reaction (IEXPAR) has been established for protein assay. By the clever design of DNA, terminal protection is combined with efficient IEXPAR. The target protein explicitly binds to small molecules attached to the template DNA, protecting the template DNA from exonuclease I (Exo I) degradation. The added DNA primer hybridizes with the protected template DNA and triggers the following IEXPAR. IEXPAR has a super amplification efficiency of 10 6 -10 9 times. The IEXPAR yields numerous double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) molecules. The fluorescence dye SYBR Green I (SG), which is sensitive to dsDNA, is used to determine the real-time fluorescence of the IEXPAR. Conversely, without the target protein, the template DNA is hydrolyzed by Exo I, failing to trigger the IEXPAR. The intriguing combination of IEXPAR and terminal protection realizes the ultrasensitive detection of protein. As low as 100 fmol L -1 SA and 200 pg mL -1 folic acid (FR) are accurately detected.

This study reports the development of a photocatalytic electrochemical aptasensor for the purpose of detecting chloramphenicol (CAP) antibiotic residues in water by utilizing SYBR Green I (SG) and chemically exfoliated MoS 2 (ce-MoS 2 ) as synergistically signal-amplification platforms. The Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) were electrodeposited onto the surface of an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. After that, the thiolate-modified cDNA, also known as capture DNA, was combined with the aptamer. Subsequently, photosensitized SG molecules and ce-MoS 2 nanomaterial were inserted into the groove of the resultant double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). The activation of the photocatalytic process upon exposure to light resulted in the generation of singlet oxygen. The singlet oxygen effectively split the dsDNA, resulting in significant enhancement in the current of [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3-/4- . When the CAP was present, both SG molecules and ce-MoS 2 broke away from the dsDNA, which turned off the photosensitization response, leading to significant reduction in the current of [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3-/4- . Under the optimal conditions, the aptasensor exhibited a linear relationship between the current of [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3-/4- with logarithmic concentrations of CAP from 20 to 1000 nM, with a detection of limit (3σ) of 3.391 nM. The aptasensor also demonstrated good selectivity towards CAP in the presence of interfering antibiotics, such as tetracycline, streptomycin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and sulfadimethoxine. Additionally, the results obtained from the analysis of natural water samples using the proposed aptasensor were consistent with the findings acquired through the use of a liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Therefore, with its simplicity and high selectivity, this aptasensor can potentially detect alternative antibiotics in environmental water samples by replacing the aptamers based on photosensitization., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

A reusable fluorescent nanoprobe was developed using DNA-functionalized metal-organic framework (MOF) for ratiometric detection of Hg 2+ . We utilized a zirconium-based MOF (UiO-66) to encapsulate tris(bipyridine) ruthenium(II) chloride (Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ), resulting in Ru(bpy) 3 2+ @UiO-66 (RU) with red fluorescence. The unsaturated metal sites in UiO-66 facilitate the attachment of thymine-rich single-strand DNA (T-ssDNA) through Zr-O-P bond, producing T-ssDNA-functionalized RU complex (RUT). The T-ssDNA selectively binds to Hg 2+ , forming stable T-Hg 2+ -T base pairs and folding into double-stranded DNA, which permits the intercalation of SYBR Green I (SGI) and activates its green fluorescence. In the presence of Hg 2+ , SGI fluorescence increases in a dose-dependent manner, while Ru(bpy) 3 2+ fluorescence remains constant. This fluorescence contrast enables RUT to serve as an effective ratiometric nanoprobe for Hg 2+ detection, with a detection limit of 3.37 nM. Additionally, RUT demonstrates exceptional reusability due to the ability of cysteine to remove Hg 2+ , given its stronger affinity for thiol groups. The RUT was successfully applied to detect Hg 2+ in real water samples. This work advances the development of ratiometric fluorescence nanoprobe based on DNA-functionalized MOFs., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: In recent years, environmental pollution has been increasing due to the excessive emission of toxic ions, which has caused serious harm to human health and ecological environment. There are various methods for detecting Cu 2+ , S 2- and Zn 2+ , but the traditional ion detection methods have obvious disadvantages, such as poor selectivity and long detection time. Therefore, it is still crucial to develop simple, efficient and rapid detection methods., Results: A fluorescent probe based on benzothiazole, (E)-N'-(3-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzylidene)-3,4,5-tris(benzyloxy)benzohydrazide (BT), was designed and synthesized. It was characterized using ESI-MS, 1 H NMR, and 13 C NMR. BT can be used as a chemosensor to detect Cu 2+ , S 2- and Zn 2+ in CH 3 CN/H 2 O (7:3, v/v, pH = 7.4, HEPES buffer: 0.1 M), with detection limits of 0.301 μM, 0.017 μM, and 0.535 μM, respectively. At an excitation wavelength of 320 nm, BT exhibits an "on-off-on" response to Cu 2+ /S 2- and enhanced fluorescence response to Zn 2+ , with a change in fluorescence color from orange to green. The coordination ratio of ions to the probe was determined to be 1:1 through Job's plot and hydrogen spectral titration. The recognition mechanism was discussed in conjunction with theoretical calculations. Furthermore, the probe has been successfully used in test strips and medical swabs colorimetry, as well as live cell imaging., Significance: The probe BT lays the foundation for the design and synthesis of multifunctional fluorescent probes. As a portable detection method, probe BT was used to detect Cu 2+ , S 2- and Zn 2+ on strips. Furthermore, the probe was applied to biological cells to detect target ions with low cytotoxicity and excellent cell permeability. This indicating that it can be used as a potential candidate for tracking Cu 2+ and S 2- in clinical diagnostics and biological systems., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

c-MYC is one of the most important oncogenes, which is overexpressed in many cancers, and is highly related to development, metastasis, and drug resistance of cancers. The G4 structure in the promoter of c-MYC oncogene contributes a lot to the gene transcriptional mechanism. Small-molecule ligands binding to the c-MYC G4 appear to be a new class of anticancer agents. However, selective ligands for the c-MYC G4 over other G4s have been rarely reported. In this study, we reported a novel fluorescent ligand by migrating the benzene group on a carbazole-benzothiazolium scaffold, which was demonstrated to exhibit considerable specificity to the c-MYC G4, which was distinguished from other small-molecule ligands. The further cellular experiments suggested that this ligand may indeed target the promoter G4 and cause apparent transcriptional inhibition of the c-MYC oncogene instead of other G4-mediated oncogenes, which thereby resulted in cancer cell growth inhibition. Collectively, this study provided a good example for developing specific c-MYC G4 ligands, which may further develop into an effective anticancer agent that inhibit the c-MYC expression., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We present our results on the synthesis and preliminary in silico and in vitro studies of the toxicology and antioxidant properties of selenylated analogs of Tacrine. Initially, we synthesized 2-aminobenzonitriles containing an organic selenium moiety, resulting in sixteen compounds with various substituents linked to the portion derived from diorganyl diselenide. These compounds were then used as substrates in reactions with cyclic ketones, in the presence of 1.4 equivalents of trifluoroboroetherate as a Lewis acid, to synthesize selenylated analogs of Tacrine with yields ranging from 20 % to 87 %. In silico studies explored computational parameters related to antioxidant activity and hepatotoxicity. In vitro studies elucidated the antioxidant effects of Tacrine and its selenium hybrid (TSe) in neutralizing ABTS radicals, scavenging DPPH radicals, and reducing iron ions. Additionally, the acute oral toxicity of one synthesized compound was evaluated., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Fluorogenic RNA aptamers, which specifically bind to fluorogens and dramatically enhance their fluorescence, are valuable for imaging and detecting RNAs and metabolites in living cells. Most fluorogenic RNA aptamers have been identified and engineered through iterative rounds of in vitro selection based on their binding to target fluorogens. While such selection is an efficient approach for generating RNA aptamers, it is less efficient for isolating fluorogenic aptamers because it does not directly screen for fluorogenic properties. In this study, we combined a fluorescence-based in vitro selection technique using water-in-oil microdroplets with an affinity-based selection technique to obtain fluorogenic RNA aptamers. This approach allowed us to identify novel fluorogenic aptamers for a biotin-modified thiazole orange derivative. Our results demonstrate that our approach can expand the diversity of fluorogenic RNA aptamers, thus leading to new applications for the imaging and detection of biomolecules., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The dyshomeostasis of metal ions in the brain leads to the accumulation of excess metals in extracellular and inter-neuronal locations and the Amyloid β peptide (Aβ) binds these transition metals, which ultimately cause the Aβ aggregation and severe oxidative stress in the brain. The aggregation of Aβ and oxidative stress are important factors to trigger Alzheimer's disease (AD). Metal chelation therapy is a promising approach to removing metals from Aβ-M species and relieve the oxidative stress. Therefore, 4 tetrahydrosalens containing benzothiazole moiety were designed and synthesized. Their biological activities for Alzheimer's disease therapy in vitro were determined by Turbidity assay, BCA protein assay, MTT assay and fluorescent probe of DCFH-DA. The results were comparing with that of non-specific chelator (cliquinol, CQ) and non-benzothiazole functionalized tetrahydrosalens, the results demonstrated that benzothiazole functionalized chelators had more efficient bio-activities in preventing Cu 2+ -induced Aβ aggregation, attenuating cytotoxicity mediated by Aβ-Cu 2+ species and decrease the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Cu 2+ -Aβ treated PC12 cells than that of cliquinol and non-benzothiazole functionalized analogues., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest We solemnly promise that this manuscript is the original paper, and that all or part of contents of this manuscript has never published in any other publication in any form, and that there is no problem of multiple contributions. We also declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our works, there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of, the manuscript entitled., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) process is employed for the treatment of N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide (TBBS) wastewater in a microchannel reactor that enables continuous operation of the reaction and allows for thorough mixing of oxygen and pollutants. To achieve the optimal process performance, four key parameters of pressure, temperature, time, and the mass ratio of input oxygen to wastewater COD are optimized using both response surface methodology (RSM) and backpropagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN). According to the correlation coefficients of model results and experimental data, BP-ANN performs better than RSM in simulation and prediction. The analysis of variance in RSM shows that all parameters are significant for the obtained quadratic model, but their interactions with each other are not significant. Connection weights algorithm is used to determine the relative importance of these parameters for the process efficiency, and it is demonstrated that temperature is the most influential parameter with a relative importance of 35.61%, followed by pressure (29.74%), time (19.53%) and R OC (15.12%).

Background: In response to growing concerns regarding heavy metal contamination in food, particularly chromium (Cr)(VI) contamination, this study presented a simple, sensitive and practical method for Cr(VI) detection., Results: A magnetic separation-based capture-exponential enrichment ligand system evolution (SELEX) method was used to identify and characterize DNA aptamers with a high affinity for Cr(VI). An aptamer, Cr-15, with a dissociation constant (K d ) of 4.42 ± 0.44 μmol L -1 was obtained after only eight rounds of selection. Further innovative methods combining molecular docking, dynamic simulation and thermodynamic analysis revealed that CrO 4 2- could bind to the 19th and 20th guanine bases of Cr-15 via hydrogen bonds. Crucially, a label-free fluorometric aptasensor based on SYBR Green I was successfully constructed to detect CrO 4 2- , achieving a linear detection range of 60-300 nmol L -1 with a lower limit of detection of 44.31 nmol L -1 . Additionally, this aptasensor was able to quantitatively detect CrO 4 2- in grapes and broccoli within 40 min, with spike recovery rates ranging from 89.22% to 108.05%. The designed fluorometric aptasensor exhibited high selectivity and could detect CrO 4 2- in real samples without sample processing or target pre-enrichment., Conclusion: The aptasensor demonstrated its potential as a reliable tool for monitoring Cr(VI) contamination in fruit and vegetable products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a major chemical energy carrier in organisms and is involved in numerous biological processes. ATP levels are associated with many diseases, cell viability, and food freshness. Thus, it has become an important biomarker. Many strategies have been used to detect ATP. However, the problems of difficult-to-prepare materials, too much dependence on instruments, and complicated processes restrict the application of these methods. In this study, we proposed a novel ATP detection sensor. The method is based on the fluorescence enhancement effect of dimeric G-quadruplex (Di-G4) on thioflavin T (ThT). First, the cleavage of Di-G4 by S1 nuclease decreases system fluorescence. However, it can be recovered by increases in ATP concentrations, which act as an inhibitor of S1 nuclease. Under the optimized conditions, a good linear relationship was observed between fluorescence intensity and ATP concentrations within the range of 0.5-120 µM. The detection limit was 245 nM. The method was utilized to measure the ATP content in apples and compared with ATP assay kits, resulting in satisfactory results., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A new sensor based on Ethylbenzothiazolium-2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde conjugate-based fluorescent sensor, (E)-3-ethyl-2-(2-(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl) vinyl) benzo[d]thiazol-3-ium iodide (SU-1) was designed and synthesized. The structure of SU-1 was confirmed by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, HRMS, and single crystal XRD spectral analysis. SU-1 displayed a colorimetric and fluorometric response in a DMSO:H 2 O (1:1,v/v) matrix, changing color from pale yellow to colorless visible to the naked eye, accompanied by a ∼ 120 nm red-shift in the absorption spectra upon CN - addition. This shift, due to formation of deprotonation followed by the nucleophilic attack on the benzothiazolium ring's double bond, disrupts π-conjugation, blocking intramolecular charge transfer within SU-1. However, competitive anions showed negligible interference while detecting CN - . The Limit of detection for CN - was determined to be 0.27 nM, significantly below the WHO's permissible CN - concentration in drinking water (1.9 μM). Job's plot analysis shows that the binding stoichiometry of SU-1 to CN - is a 1:1, with a stability constant (Ka) of 1.58 x 10 4 M -1 . The sensor demonstrated practical applications in environmental water samples and fluorescence imaging of intracellular CN - in CAD cell line., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A highly sensitive method has been developed for accurately measuring dextranase activity using 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazine. This method is based on the dextran refinement and fast-dissolving approach established in this study, as well as the assay method for enzymatic hydrolysates. The measurement parameters for the reducing sugar ends were optimized by examining the slope, intercept, R 2 , and time stability of the standard curve of glucose solutions containing dextran. Kinetic determination was utilized to optimize enzymatic parameters and validate the method, which was subsequently utilized for the analysis of toothpaste and mouthwash. The findings suggest that the enzymatic hydrolysis follows a zero-order reaction, laying a solid foundation for the end-point assay of dextranase activity. The results demonstrated a linear correlation within the measurement range (0.7-6.5 mU/mL), exhibiting good repeatability, high sensitivity and accuracy. This method outperformed the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid method and circumvented potential interference from other components in toothpaste and mouthwash., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing ffnancial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to inffuence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Fluoride ions (F - ) are one of the essential trace elements for the human body and are widely existed in nature. In this study, we present a novel fluorescent probe (YF-SZ-F) designed and synthesized for the specific detection of F - . The probe exhibits high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, and low cytotoxicity, making it a promising tool for biomedical applications. Imaging experiments conducted on zebrafish and Arabidopsis roots demonstrate the probe's remarkable cellular permeability and biocompatibility, laying a solid foundation for its potential biomedical utility. Furthermore, the probe holds potential for practical applications in environmental monitoring and public health through its capability to detect fluoride ions in water samples and via mobile phone software. This multifaceted functionality underscores the broad applicability and significance of the fluorescent probe, not only in scientific research but also in real-world scenarios, contributing to the development of more convenient and precise methods for fluoride detection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is a versatile biosensing label and signal reporter owing to its broad-spectrum catalytic ability. In present work, we characterized HRP's catalytic performance with various substrates using electrochemical collision technique and analyzed the associated electron transfer processes. Different electrolyte solutions greatly affected enzyme dispersibility and zeta potential, thereby impacting HRP collision dynamics in single H 2 O 2 substrate system. The maximum turnover number (k cat ) for single HRP molecules was calculated to be 3.611 ± 0.149 × 10 3 s -1 in 0.85 % NaCl and 2.967 ± 0.286 × 10 3 s -1 in 0.1 M PBS solution, reflecting differences in cluster size induced by the electrolyte conditions. More severe agglomeration of HRP molecules was observed in double-substrate systems, where the hydrophilic mediator (K 4 Fe(CN) 6 ) and lipophilic mediator (ABTS) served as electron donors and signal reporters. The calculated k cat value of single HRP molecules in ABTS-H 2 O 2 was 7.6 times higher than that in K 4 Fe(CN) 6 -H 2 O 2 . This difference is attributed to mediators' solubility, lipophilicity, and HRP's affinity for different substrates, with HRP demonstrated stronger affinity for ABTS-H 2 O 2 substrates, which realized more efficient electron transfer and compensated for the low diffusion coefficient of ABTS. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of electrolytes and substrates on HRP collision and catalytic behavior, offering valuable insights for the advanced design of HRP-based biosensors and diagnostic platforms., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in driving immunosenescence by disrupting cellular homeostasis and impairing immune function. Humic substances exhibit scavenging activity against reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibit ROS generation via metal chelation, and modulate endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity. Additionally, humic substances display anti-inflammatory effects, further supporting cellular redox balance. Given their antioxidant activity, humic substances hold promise as natural compounds for mitigating oxidative stress-associated immunosenescence. Here we describe the evaluation of antioxidant capacities of humic products by ABTS spectrophotometric assay., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Self-powered biosensors with high sensitivity have garnered significant interest for their potential applications in the realm of portable sensing. Herein, a self-powered biosensor with a novel signal amplification strategy was developed by integrating target-controlled release of mediator with an enzyme biofuel cell for the ultrasensitive detection of acetamiprid (ACE). Zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 was utilized as both a nanocontainer for capturing the electron mediator 2,2'-azidobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and a precursor for the synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles/nitrogen, sulfur-codoped carbon nanotubes (Co NPs/NS-CNTs), which were employed as the electrode material for constructing both the glucose oxidase-based bioanode and the laccase-based biocathode. The target analyte ACE can specifically bind to its aptamer, leading to the release of ABTS, which cyclically participates in the catalytic reaction of the biocathode, thereby amplifying the electrochemical signal. By leveraging the benefits of ABTS cyclic catalysis and the effective electrocatalysis of bioelectrodes based on Co NPs/NS-CNTs, the self-powered biosensor has a broad detection range of 0.1-1000 fM and a low detection limit of 25 aM toward ACE. The proposed signal amplification approach presents a promising strategy for enhancing sensitivity and enabling portable analysis in applications of food safety, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study investigates the lasing effects in a Fabry-Perot cavity to discern the binding interactions of thioflavin T (ThT) with various peptides associated with Alzheimer's disease, including Aβ(1-42), KLVFFA, and diphenylalanine (FF) in the condensed phase. Utilizing kinetic lasing measurements, the research explores ThT emission enhancements due to specific groove binding in β-sheet structures and highlights additional contributions from weak surface interactions and solvent-solute interactions. Lasing spectroscopy reveals a lack of transition of the FF system from its native state to an amyloid-like structure, challenging traditional ThT assay interpretations. These findings show the potential of lasing spectroscopy in elucidating the molecular basis of amyloid fibril formation and the development of diagnostic tools for amyloidogenic diseases.

Lead ions (Pb 2+ ) are a widely distributed and highly toxic heavy metal pollutant, which seriously threatens the environment, economy and human safety. Here, a label-free ratiometric fluorescent biosensor was constructed for Pb 2+ detection using DNAzyme-driven target cycling and exonuclease III (Exo III)-mediated DNA cycling as a dual signal amplification strategy. The SYBR Green I (SGI) and N -methyl mesoporphyrin IX (NMM) used in this study are characterized by low cost, storage resistance, and short preparation time compared with conventional signaling probes labeled with fluorescent groups. Unlike the single-emission fluorescence strategy, monitoring the fluorescence intensity ratio of SGI and NMM can effectively reduce external interference to achieve accurate detection of Pb 2+ . DNAzyme structures on the surface of magnetic beads (MBs) can recognize Pb 2+ and activate the target circulatory system to cleave single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). The ssDNA further initiated the Exo III-assisted DNA circulatory system to digest double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and release guanine-rich G1. Finally, the fluorescence signals of SGI and NMM were weakened and enhanced, respectively. The sensing strategy achieved a wide linear range from 0.5 to 500 nM and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 26.4 pM. Furthermore, its anti-interference ability and potential applicability for Pb 2+ detection in actual samples were verified. This work ingeniously combines the dual signal amplification strategy with the ratiometric sensing strategy constructed by structure-specific fluorescent dyes, which provides a promising method for constructing sensitive and accurate fluorescent biosensors.

Ricinodendron heudelotii is a plant of the Euphorbiaceae family, used in traditional medicine to treat numerous diseases, including high blood pressure. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant and vasorelaxant effects of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of R. heudelotii . The pharmacological studies were carried out using the aqueous extract obtained by infusion. The antioxidant capacity of R. heudelotii was assessed by in vitro tests with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), iron-reducing capacity (FRAP), and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) release. In vitro studies, the aortic rings obtained from adult Wistar albino rats of both sexes were used to determine the vasorelaxant effects of the extract of R. heudelotii on the NO and prostacyclin (PGI2) pathways as well as its involvement on various potassium channels were determined on intact or naked fragments of rat aorta precontracted with phenylephrine (10 -6  M) or KCl (60 mM). The aqueous extract of R. heudelotii exhibited a remarkable DPPH (EC 50 : 1.68  μ g/mL) and ABTS (EC 50 : 106.30  μ g/mL) and nitric oxide (53.71% inhibition at 1000  μ g/mL) radical scavenging activities as well as reducing power (absorbance of 1.56 at 1000  μ g/mL). The nitric oxide inhibitor, N G -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and prostacyclin inhibitor, indomethacin, significantly attenuated the vasodilatory effect of R. heudelotii . Tetraethylammonium could not inhibit the vasodilatory effect of the extract, unlike glibenclamide and barium chloride. Ricinodendron heudelotii extract possesses antioxidant properties and vasorelaxing effect linked to endothelium-related factors, and this relaxation was partially mediated mainly through the inhibition of K ir and K ATP channels., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Jacquy Joyce Wanche Kojom et al.)