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Neuropsychiatric (NP) manifestations are found in approximately 25% of children and adolescents with pediatric SLE (pSLE). In 70% of those, NP involvement will occur within the first year from the time of diagnosis. Headaches (66%), psychosis (36%), cognitive dysfunction (27%) and cerebrovascular disease (24%) are the most common presentations. The support of a psychiatrist is often required. Anti-phospholipid antibodies are associated with distinct NP disease entities and may be implicated in the pathogenesis of several manifestations of NP-pSLE including chorea, cerebrovascular disease and seizures. The role of novel auto-antibodies and imaging modalities is currently explored. The treatment of NP-pSLE is not based on prospective studies; however, an immunosuppressive combination therapy consisting of high doses of prednisone and a second line agent such as cyclophosphamide or azathioprine is commonly suggested for children with NP-pSLE. The role of novel therapies is currently studied. The outcome of children with NP-pSLE is relatively good. The overall survival is 95–97%, 20% of children experience a disease flare during childhood and 25% have evidence of permanent neuropsychiatric damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 8 year old girl with pauci-articular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis associated with positive antinuclear antibodies testing, arrived in the emergency department with severe right knee pain after a fall on both knees four days earlier. She had developed bilateial bruising with swelling and limited range of motion of the right knee, with no fever. She was found on plain x ray examination to have calcifications in joints injected previously with steroids.

Objective Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes ( CAPS) result from gain-of-function mutations in the NLRP3 gene, which causes excessive release of interleukin-1β ( IL-1β) and systemic inflammation. While pathogenetic NLRP3 variant phenotypes are well-characterized, low-penetrance NLRP3 variants represent a significant clinical challenge. The aims of this study were to determine the clinical phenotype, the in vitro biologic phenotype, and the effect of anti- IL-1 treatment in patients with low-penetrance NLRP3 variants. Methods A multicenter study of consecutive symptomatic patients with low-penetrance NLRP3 variants recruited from 7 centers between May 2012 and May 2013 was performed. The observed findings were transferred into a study database, from which they were extracted for analysis. Controls were patients with a known pathogenetic NLRP3 variant. Clinical presentation and CAPS markers of inflammation were captured. Functional assays of inflammasome activation, including caspase 1 activity, NF-κB release, cell death, and IL-1β release, were performed. Treatment effects of IL-1 were determined. Comparisons between low-penetrance and pathogenetic NLRP3 variants were performed. Results The study included 45 patients, 21 of which were female (47%); 26 of the patients (58%) were children. NLRP3 low-penetrance variants identified in the patients were Q703K (n = 19), R488K (n = 6), and V198M (n = 20). In the controls, 28 had pathogenetic NLRP3 variants. Patients with low-penetrance NLRP3 variants had significantly more fever (76%) and gastrointestinal symptoms (73%); eye disease, hearing loss, and renal involvement were less common. Functional inflammasome testing identified an intermediate phenotype in low-penetrance NLRP3 variants as compared to wild-type and pathogenetic NLRP3 variants. All treated patients responded to IL-1 inhibition, with complete response documented in 50% of patients. Conclusion Patients with low-penetrance NLRP3 variants display a distinct clinical phenotype and an intermediate biologic phenotype, including IL-1β and non- IL-1β-mediated inflammatory pathway activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]