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1. Colour remote sensing of the impact of artificial light at night (II): Calibration of DSLR-based images from the International Space Station

Author

de Miguel, Alejandro Sánchez, Zamorano, Jaime, Aubé, Martin, Bennie, Jonathan, Gallego, Jesús, Ocaña, Francisco, Pettit, Donald R., Stefanov, William L., and Gaston, Kevin J.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Applied Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics - Optics
Abstract

Nighttime images taken with DSLR cameras from the International Space Station (ISS) can provide valuable information on the spatial and temporal variation of artificial nighttime lighting on Earth. In particular, this is the only source of historical and current visible multispectral data across the world (DMSP/OLS and SNPP/VIIRS-DNB data are panchromatic and multispectral in the infrared but not at visible wavelengths). The ISS images require substantial processing and proper calibration to exploit intensities and ratios from the RGB channels. Here we describe the different calibration steps, addressing in turn Decodification, Linearity correction (ISO dependent), Flat field/Vignetting, Spectral characterization of the channels, Astrometric calibration/georeferencing, Photometric calibration (stars)/Radiometric correction (settings correction - by exposure time, ISO, lens transmittance, etc) and Transmittance correction (window transmittance, atmospheric correction). We provide an example of the application of this processing method to an image of Spain.

Published
2021
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3. Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on urban light emissions: ground and satellite comparison

Author

Bustamante-Calabria, Máximo, de Miguel, Alejandro Sánchez, Martín-Ruiz, Susana, Ortiz, Jose-Luis, Vílchez, J. M., Pelegrina, Alicia, García, Antonio, Zamorano, Jaime, Bennie, Jonathan, and Gaston, Kevin J.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Physics - Physics and Society
Abstract

'Lockdown' periods in response to COVID-19 have provided a unique opportunity to study the impacts of economic activity on environmental pollution (e.g. NO$_2$, aerosols, noise, light). The effects on NO$_2$ and aerosols have been very noticeable and readily demonstrated, but that on light pollution has proven challenging to determine. The main reason for this difficulty is that the primary source of nighttime satellite imagery of the earth is the SNPP-VIIRS/DNB instrument, which acquires data late at night after most human nocturnal activity has already occurred and much associated lighting has been turned off. Here, to analyze the effect of lockdown on urban light emissions, we use ground and satellite data for Granada, Spain, during the COVID-19 induced confinement of the city's population from March 14 until May 31, 2020. We find a clear decrease in light pollution due both to a decrease in light emissions from the city and to a decrease in anthropogenic aerosol content in the atmosphere which resulted in less light being scattered. A clear correlation between the abundance of PM10 particles and sky brightness is observed, such that the more polluted the atmosphere the brighter the urban night sky. An empirical expression is determined that relates PM10 particle abundance and sky brightness at three different wavelength bands.

Published
2020
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7. Conservation implications of hibernation in mammals.

Author

Scopes, Eleanor R., Broome, Alice, Walsh, Katherine, Bennie, Jonathan J., and McDonald, Robbie A.

Subjects
HIBERNATION, PLANT phenology, WHITE-nose syndrome, ENERGY conservation, CONSERVATION of energy, MAMMALS
Abstract

Hibernation is a life history strategy for conservation of energy during adverse conditions, primarily of temperature or resource availability. Whilst energy conservation is beneficial in itself, it is less clear whether hibernation confers wider conservation benefits or mitigates or exacerbates a wide range of threats.We briefly review how hibernation manifests in mammalian biology, primarily through energy budgets, activity levels and resource requirements, but then ask how these interact with existing pressures to affect conservation risk. We also explore conservation actions that could alleviate the negative relations between some pressures and hibernation biology and review the available evidence for these measures.Hibernation can convey some protection from disease and predation, though there are notable exceptions, for example white‐nose syndrome. There is well‐established evidence that hibernators are prone to hazards of disturbance during hibernation, necessitating careful mitigation. Hibernators exhibit diverse responses to the pressures related to climate change, including temperature variability and phenological and range mismatches. Yet for each aspect, there are examples of species and populations responding negatively, such as with reduced survival, which suggests that hibernation could exacerbate the negative consequences of climate change.Though there are times when hibernators do not respond as expected, we find several positive conservation actions, such as modern grilles and regulations reducing the disturbance of cave‐hibernating bat species. Understanding and working with hibernation biology can, therefore, successfully mitigate the additional risks it confers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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18. The ecological effects of slope and aspect in chalk grassland

Author

Bennie, Jonathan James

Subjects
577, Calcareous grassland
Abstract

The microclimate of plants growing close to the ground is strongly influenced by the orientation of a soil/vegetation surface with respect to the sun's rays (slope and aspect). In chalk grassland in the UK, slopes of contrasting aspect frequently have distinctive patterns of vegetation. A series of climatic and microclimatic measurements were made at field sites indifferent regions on the English chalk (North Dorset and the Yorkshire Wolds) during the period June 2000 to September 2002. Using digital terrain models (DTMs), process-based models of microclimatic variables at different points in the landscape were developed. The mechanisms through which topography may influence vegetation and species distribution were investigated with field experiments and measurements. Both existing vegetation data from Perring (1956) and new data collected from the field sites were analysed using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and generalised additive models (GAMs), to elucidate the relationships between vegetation and soil, topography and climate. A consistent gradient in chalk grassland vegetation was found across spatial scales, associated with the frequency of species with a "stress tolerant” strategy. This gradient in vegetation is apparently driven by species' responses to several separate, but often correlated, variables including soil moisture, maximum summer temperatures and soil fertility. Over the past 50 years, stress tolerant species have declined in frequency at the North Dorset field site, Ellenberg fertility indices have increased and light indices have decreased. The observed changes are consistent with fertilization from atmospheric N deposition and/or relaxation of rabbit grazing after the myxomatosis outbreak in the 1950s. Plots on sloping ground, and in particular, south-west facing slopes, were least affected by these changes, suggesting that high temperatures, phosphorus and water limitation have acted as a buffer against vegetation change, and that complex topography creates refuges for stress tolerant species in the landscape.

Published
2003

19. Using high‑resolution LiDAR‑derived canopy structure and topography to characterise hibernaculum locations of the hazel dormouse

Author

People’s Trust for Endangered Species, Gubert, Leonardo, Mathews, Fiona, McDonald, Robbie, Wilson, Robert J., Foppen, Ruud P.B., Lemmers, Pim, La Haye, Maurice, Bennie, Jonathan, People’s Trust for Endangered Species, Gubert, Leonardo, Mathews, Fiona, McDonald, Robbie, Wilson, Robert J., Foppen, Ruud P.B., Lemmers, Pim, La Haye, Maurice, and Bennie, Jonathan

Abstract

The hazel dormouse is predominantly an arboreal species that moves down to the ground to hibernate in the autumn in temperate parts of its distributional ranges at locations not yet well understood. The main objective of this study is to test whether environmental characteristics surrounding hazel dormouse hibernacula can be identifed using high-resolution remote sensing and data collected in situ. To achieve this, remotely sensed variables, including canopy height and cover, topographic slope, sky view, solar radiation and cold air drainage, were modelled around 83 dormouse hibernacula in England (n=62) and the Netherlands (n=21), and environmental characteristics that may be favoured by pre-hibernating dormice were identifed. Data on leaf litter depth, temperature, canopy cover and distance to the nearest tree were collected in situ and analysed at hibernaculum locations in England. The fndings indicated that remotely sensed data were efective in identifying attributes surrounding the locations of dormouse hibernacula and when compared to in situ information, provided more conclusive results. This study suggests that remotely sensed topographic slope, canopy height and sky view have an infuence on hazel dormice choosing suitable locations to hibernate; whilst in situ data suggested that average daily mean temperature at the hibernaculum may also have an efect. Remote sensing proved capable of identifying localised environmental characteristics in the wider landscape that may be important for hibernating dormice. This study proposes that this method can provide a novel progression from habitat modelling to conservation management for the hazel dormouse, as well as other species using habitats where topography and vegetation structure infuence fne-resolution favourability.

Published
2023

22. Advances in Monitoring and Modelling Climate at Ecologically Relevant Scales

Author

Bramer, Isobel, primary, Anderson, Barbara J., additional, Bennie, Jonathan, additional, Bladon, Andrew J., additional, De Frenne, Pieter, additional, Hemming, Deborah, additional, Hill, Ross A., additional, Kearney, Michael R., additional, Körner, Christian, additional, Korstjens, Amanda H., additional, Lenoir, Jonathan, additional, Maclean, Ilya M.D., additional, Marsh, Christopher D., additional, Morecroft, Michael D., additional, Ohlemüller, Ralf, additional, Slater, Helen D., additional, Suggitt, Andrew J., additional, Zellweger, Florian, additional, and Gillingham, Phillipa K., additional

Published
2018
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29. Ecology and behaviour of the hazel dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius prior to and during the hibernation period.

Author

GUBERT, Leonardo, McDONALD, Robbie, BENNIE, Jonathan, and MATHEWS, Fiona

Subjects
DETECTOR dogs, FOREST litter, HIBERNATION, SPRING, WEIGHT loss, HOME range (Animal geography)
Abstract

The hazel dormouse is mainly an arboreal species with nocturnal habits that, in northern European countries, moves down to the ground to hibernate in the autumn where they stay until spring at locations not well understood. To prepare for hibernation, dormice accumulate fat reserves necessary to maintain vital bodily functions when food supply is lower and the energy cost of staying active exceeds the amount of energy that can be harvested in their habitat. Little is known about the hibernation ecology of hazel dormice or where they go in the winter. In this study, different methods to identify dormouse hibernacula were used: telemetry, systematic searches, and wildlife detection dogs. The movements of 31 individuals prior to and during hibernation were observed using radiotelemetry. Weight measurements of eight wild hazel dormice were recorded during the hibernation period and the rate of weight loss of each individual calculated as proportion of body mass per day. A total of 44 hazel dormouse hibernacula were identified: 24 by telemetry, 20 by systematic searches and none by wildlife detection dogs. Telemetry results indicated that dormice selected sites for their hibernaculum within 43m (SD=30) from the place where they were captured while active, suggesting that hibernation normally takes place within their home range. The timing of hibernation varied amongst individuals, with some dormice remaining active and feeding throughout the month of December. On average dormice lost 0.47% of their body mass per day during hibernation bouts. Despite dormice hibernating largely in leaf litter on the woodland floor, often at conspicuous locations, detecting hibernacula without the use of radiotelemetry proved labour intensive but possible through systematic searches. The fact that hazel dormice lose a relatively high proportion of their body mass during the winter highlights the challenges wild animals face to survive hibernation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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32. Directional turnover towards larger-ranged plants over time and across habitats

Author

Staude, Ingmar R., Pereira, Henrique M., Daskalova, Gergana N., Bernhardt-Römermann, Markus, Diekmann, Martin, Pauli, Harald, Van Calster, Hans, Vellend, Mark, Björkman, Anne D., Brunet, Jörg, De Frenne, Pieter, Hédl, Radim, Jandt, Ute, Lenoir, Jonathan, Myers-Smith, Isla H., Verheyen, Kris, Wipf, Sonja, Wulf, Monika, Andrews, Christopher, Barančok, Peter, Barni, Elena, Benito-Alonso, José-Luis, Bennie, Jonathan, Berki, Imre, Blüml, Volker, Chudomelová, Markéta, Decocq, Guillaume, Dick, Jan, Dirnböck, Thomas, Durak, Tomasz, Eriksson, Ove, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Graae, Bente Jessen, Heinken, Thilo, Høistad Schei, Fride, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Kopecký, Martin, Kudernatsch, Thomas, Macek, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Máliš, František, Michelsen, Ottar, Naaf, Tobias, Nagel, Thomas A., Newton, Adrian C., Nicklas, Lena, Oddi, Ludovica, Ortmann-Ajkai, Adrienne, Palaj, Andrej, Petraglia, Alessandro, Petřík, Petr, Pielech, Remigiusz, Porro, Francesco, Puşcaş, Mihai, Reczyńska, Kamila, Rixen, Christian, Schmidt, Wolfgang, Standovár, Tibor, Steinbauer, Klaus, Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Teleki, Balázs, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Vanneste, Thomas, Vergeer, Philippine, Vild, Ondřej, Villar, Luis, Vittoz, Pascal, Winkler, Manuela, Baeten, Lander, Staude, Ingmar R., Pereira, Henrique M., Daskalova, Gergana N., Bernhardt-Römermann, Markus, Diekmann, Martin, Pauli, Harald, Van Calster, Hans, Vellend, Mark, Björkman, Anne D., Brunet, Jörg, De Frenne, Pieter, Hédl, Radim, Jandt, Ute, Lenoir, Jonathan, Myers-Smith, Isla H., Verheyen, Kris, Wipf, Sonja, Wulf, Monika, Andrews, Christopher, Barančok, Peter, Barni, Elena, Benito-Alonso, José-Luis, Bennie, Jonathan, Berki, Imre, Blüml, Volker, Chudomelová, Markéta, Decocq, Guillaume, Dick, Jan, Dirnböck, Thomas, Durak, Tomasz, Eriksson, Ove, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Graae, Bente Jessen, Heinken, Thilo, Høistad Schei, Fride, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Kopecký, Martin, Kudernatsch, Thomas, Macek, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Máliš, František, Michelsen, Ottar, Naaf, Tobias, Nagel, Thomas A., Newton, Adrian C., Nicklas, Lena, Oddi, Ludovica, Ortmann-Ajkai, Adrienne, Palaj, Andrej, Petraglia, Alessandro, Petřík, Petr, Pielech, Remigiusz, Porro, Francesco, Puşcaş, Mihai, Reczyńska, Kamila, Rixen, Christian, Schmidt, Wolfgang, Standovár, Tibor, Steinbauer, Klaus, Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Teleki, Balázs, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Vanneste, Thomas, Vergeer, Philippine, Vild, Ondřej, Villar, Luis, Vittoz, Pascal, Winkler, Manuela, and Baeten, Lander

Abstract

Species turnover is ubiquitous. However, it remains unknown whether certain types of species are consistently gained or lost across different habitats. Here, we analysed the trajectories of 1827 plant species over time intervals of up to 78 years at 141 sites across mountain summits, forests, and lowland grasslands in Europe. We found, albeit with relatively small effect sizes, displacements of smaller- by larger-ranged species across habitats. Communities shifted in parallel towards more nutrient-demanding species, with species from nutrient-rich habitats having larger ranges. Because these species are typically strong competitors, declines of smaller-ranged species could reflect not only abiotic drivers of global change, but also biotic pressure from increased competition. The ubiquitous component of turnover based on species range size we found here may partially reconcile findings of no net loss in local diversity with global species loss, and link community-scale turnover to macroecological processes such as biotic homogenisation.

Published
2022
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33. Directional turnover towards larger-ranged plants over time and across habitats

Author

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Gobierno de Aragón, Junta de Castilla y León, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), European Commission, Austrian Science Fund, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ministry of Research and Innovation (Romania), Dutch Research Council, European Research Council, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Federal Office for the Environment (Switzerland), Swiss Federal Office of Education and Science, Swiss National Park, Swiss Academy of Sciences, Projekt DEAL, Benito Alonso, José Luis [0000-0003-1086-8834], Staude, Ingmar R., Pereira, Henrique M., Daskalova, Gergana N., Bernhardt-Römermann, Markus, Diekmann, Martin, Pauli, Harald, Calster, Hans Van, Vellend, Mark, Bjorkman, Anne D., Brunet, Jörg, De Frenne, Pieter, Hédl, Radim, Jandt, Ute, Lenoir, Jonathan, Myers-Smith, Isla H., Verheyen, Kris, Wipf, Sonja, Wulf, Monika, Andrews, Christopher, Barančok, Peter, Barni, Elena, Benito Alonso, José Luis, Bennie, Jonathan, Berki, Imre, Blüml, Volker, Chudomelová, Markéta, Decocq, Guillaume, Dick, Jan, Dirnböck, Thomas, Durak, Tomasz, Eriksson, Ove, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Graae, Bente Jessen, Heinken, Thilo, Schei, Fride Høistad, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Kopecký, Martin, Kudernatsch, Thomas, Macek, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Máliš, František, Michelsen, Ottar, Naaf, Tobias, Nagel, Thomas A., Newton, Adrian C., Nicklas, Lena, Oddi, Ludovica, Ortmann-Ajkai, Adrienne, Palaj, Andrej, Petraglia, Alessandro, Petřík, Petr, Pielech, Remigiusz, Porro, Francesco, Puşcaş, Mihai, Reczyńska, Kamila, Rixen, Christian, Schmidt, Wolfgang, Standovár, Tibor, Steinbauer, Klaus, Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Teleki, Balázs, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Vanneste, Thomas, Vergeer, Philippine, Vild, Ondřej, Villar, Luis, Vittoz, Pascal, Winkler, Manuela, Baeten, Lander, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Gobierno de Aragón, Junta de Castilla y León, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), European Commission, Austrian Science Fund, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ministry of Research and Innovation (Romania), Dutch Research Council, European Research Council, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Federal Office for the Environment (Switzerland), Swiss Federal Office of Education and Science, Swiss National Park, Swiss Academy of Sciences, Projekt DEAL, Benito Alonso, José Luis [0000-0003-1086-8834], Staude, Ingmar R., Pereira, Henrique M., Daskalova, Gergana N., Bernhardt-Römermann, Markus, Diekmann, Martin, Pauli, Harald, Calster, Hans Van, Vellend, Mark, Bjorkman, Anne D., Brunet, Jörg, De Frenne, Pieter, Hédl, Radim, Jandt, Ute, Lenoir, Jonathan, Myers-Smith, Isla H., Verheyen, Kris, Wipf, Sonja, Wulf, Monika, Andrews, Christopher, Barančok, Peter, Barni, Elena, Benito Alonso, José Luis, Bennie, Jonathan, Berki, Imre, Blüml, Volker, Chudomelová, Markéta, Decocq, Guillaume, Dick, Jan, Dirnböck, Thomas, Durak, Tomasz, Eriksson, Ove, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Graae, Bente Jessen, Heinken, Thilo, Schei, Fride Høistad, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Kopecký, Martin, Kudernatsch, Thomas, Macek, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Máliš, František, Michelsen, Ottar, Naaf, Tobias, Nagel, Thomas A., Newton, Adrian C., Nicklas, Lena, Oddi, Ludovica, Ortmann-Ajkai, Adrienne, Palaj, Andrej, Petraglia, Alessandro, Petřík, Petr, Pielech, Remigiusz, Porro, Francesco, Puşcaş, Mihai, Reczyńska, Kamila, Rixen, Christian, Schmidt, Wolfgang, Standovár, Tibor, Steinbauer, Klaus, Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Teleki, Balázs, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Vanneste, Thomas, Vergeer, Philippine, Vild, Ondřej, Villar, Luis, Vittoz, Pascal, Winkler, Manuela, and Baeten, Lander

Abstract

Species turnover is ubiquitous. However, it remains unknown whether certain types of species are consistently gained or lost across different habitats. Here, we analysed the trajectories of 1827 plant species over time intervals of up to 78 years at 141 sites across mountain summits, forests, and lowland grasslands in Europe. We found, albeit with relatively small effect sizes, displacements of smaller- by larger-ranged species across habitats. Communities shifted in parallel towards more nutrient-demanding species, with species from nutrient-rich habitats having larger ranges. Because these species are typically strong competitors, declines of smaller-ranged species could reflect not only abiotic drivers of global change, but also biotic pressure from increased competition. The ubiquitous component of turnover based on species range size we found here may partially reconcile findings of no net loss in local diversity with global species loss, and link community-scale turnover to macroecological processes such as biotic homogenisation.

Published
2022

34. Conducting robust ecological analyses with climate data

Author

Suggitt, Andrew J., Platts, Philip J., Barata, Izabela M., Bennie, Jonathan J., Burgess, Malcolm D., Bystriakova, Nadia, Duffield, Simon, Ewing, Steven R., Gillingham, Phillipa K., Harper, Anna B., Hartley, Andrew J., Hemming, Deborah L., Maclean, Ilya M. D., Maltby, Katherine, Marshall, Harry H., Morecroft, Mike D., Pearce‐Higgins, James W., Pearce‐Kelly, Paul, Phillimore, Albert B., Price, Jeff T., Pyke, Ayesha, Stewart, James E., Warren, Rachel, and Hill, Jane K.

Published
2017
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35. Benefits and costs of artificial nighttime lighting of the environment

Author

Gaston, Kevin J., Gaston, Sian, Bennie, Jonathan, and Hopkins, John

Subjects
Lighting -- Energy use -- Economic aspects, Cost benefit analysis -- Methods, Electric lighting -- Energy use -- Economic aspects, Energy consumption -- Economic aspects, Cost benefit analysis, Environmental issues
Abstract

Artificial lighting has transformed the outdoor nighttime environment over large areas, modifying natural cycles of light in terms of timing, wavelength, and distribution. This has had widespread benefits and costs to humankind, impacting on health and wellbeing, vehicle accidents, crime, energy consumption and carbon emissions, aesthetics, and wildlife and ecosystems. Here, we review these effects, particularly in the context of ongoing developments in the extent of artificial lighting and in the prevalent technologies being employed. The key issue that emerges is how best to maximize the benefits of artificial nighttime lighting whilst limiting the costs. To do so, three main strategies are required. First, important knowledge gaps need to be filled. Second, there is an urgent need to connect the research being conducted in different disciplines, which to date has been very disjointed. Third, it is imperative that much firmer and well-developed links are made between research, policy, and practice. Key words: accidents, aesthetics, crime, ecosystems, health, light pollution, lighting, night, sky glow, wellbeing. L'eclairage artificiel a transforme l'environnement nocturne exterieur sur de grandes superficies, modifiant les cycles naturels de la lumiere en terme de temps, de longueurs d'ondes et de distribution. Ceci s'est traduit par des couts et benefices largement etendus pour l'humanite, affectant la sante et le bien-etre, les accidents d'automobile, le crime, la consommation d'energie et les emissions de carbones, l'esthetique ainsi que la faune et les ecosystemes. Les auteurs passent en revue ces effets, particulierement dans le contexte de developpement continu dans l'extension de l'eclairage artificiel et dans les technologies dominantes mises en oeuvre. La problematique cle qui en emerge consiste a savoir comment maximiser le mieux possible les benefices de l'eclairage nocturne artificiel tout en limitant les couts. Pour atteindre cet objectif, trois strategies principales s'imposent. Il faut d'abord combler des deficiences de connaissances. Deuxiemement, il existe un urgent besoin d'integrer les travaux de recherche conduits dans diverses disciplines, lesquels ont ete conduits de facon disparate jusqu'ici. Et troisiemement, il est imperatif que des liens beaucoup plus solides et mieux developpes se developpent entre la recherche, les politiques et la pratique. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : accidents, esthetique, crime, ecosystemes, sante, pollution lumineuse, eclairage, nuit, luminosite nocturne, bien-etre., 1. Introduction Humans have dramatically transformed the outdoor nighttime light environment. The introduction of artificial lighting, and particularly electric lighting, has disrupted natural cycles of light and darkness that had [...]

Published
2015
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38. Demographic effects of artificial nighttime lighting on animal populations

Author

Gaston, Kevin J. and Bennie, Jonathan

Subjects
Animal populations -- Analysis, Nocturnal animals -- Demographic aspects, Environmental issues
Abstract

Artificial lighting, especially but not exclusively through street lights, has transformed the nighttime environment in much of the world. Impacts have been identified across multiple levels of biological organization and process. The influences, however, on population dynamics, particularly through the combined effects on the key demographic rates (immigration, births, deaths, emigration) that determine where individual species occur and in what numbers, have not previously been well characterized. The majority of attention explicitly on demographic parameters to date has been placed on the attraction of organisms to lights, and thus effectively local immigration, the large numbers of individuals that can be involved, and then to some extent the mortality that can often result. Some of the most important influences of nighttime lighting, however, are likely more subtle and less immediately apparent to the human observer. Particularly significant are effects of nighttime lighting on demography that act through (i) circadian clocks and photoperiodism and thence on birth rates; (ii) time partitioning and thence on death rates; and (iii) immigration/emigration through constraining the movements of individuals amongst habitat networks, especially as a consequence of continuously lit linear features such as roads and footpaths. Good model organisms are required to enable the relative consequences of such effects to be effectively determined, and a wider consideration of the effects of artificial light at night is needed in demographic studies across a range of species. Key words: diurnal, lighting, night, nocturnal, pollution. L'eclairage artificiel, surtout, mais non seulement via les lumieres de rues, a transforme l'environnement nocturne sur une grande partie de la planete. On a identifie des impacts a plusieurs echelles sur l'organisation et les procedes biologiques. Cependant, les influences sur la dynamique des populations, surtout suite aux effets combines sur les taux demographiques cles (immigration, naissances, morts, emigration) determinant oU les especes individuelles se retrouvent et en quels nombres, n'ont jamais ete caracterisees, jusqu'a ce jour. Jusqu'a maintenant, la majeure partie de l'attention explicite donnee aux parametres demographiques a ete appliquee sur l'attraction des organismes par les lumieres, et ainsi effectivement sur la migration locale, les grands nombres d'individus impliques, et jusqu'il un certain point la mortalite qui en resulte frequemment. Cependant, certaines des influences les plus importantes de l'eclairage nocturne sont vraisemblablement plus subtiles et moins immediatement apparentes pour l'observateur humain. D'importance particuliere, on note les effets de l'illumination nocturne exerces sur la demographie, selon (i) les rythmes circadiens ainsi que le photoperiodisme et consequemment sur les taux de naissance; (ii) la repartition du temps et consequemment les taux de mortalite ; et (iii) l'immigration/emigration par les contraintes exercees sur les mouvements des individus dans les reseaux d'habitats, surtout comme consequence des caracteristiques lumineuses lineaires, comme les routes et les trottoirs. Il faut identifier des organismes modeles afin de pouvoir determiner efficacement les consequences relatives de tels effets, et donner egalement une plus grande attention aux effets de l'eclairage artificiel nocturne dans les etudes demographiques pour un ensemble d'especes. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: diurne, eclairage, nuit, nocturne, pollution., 1. Introduction The artificial lighting of nighttime has arguably been one of the most significant environmental perturbations exerted by humankind (Holker et al. 2010a). It takes many forms, including public [...]

Published
2014
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40. Directional turnover towards larger‐ranged plants over time and across habitats

Author

Staude, Ingmar R., primary, Pereira, Henrique M., additional, Daskalova, Gergana N., additional, Bernhardt‐Römermann, Markus, additional, Diekmann, Martin, additional, Pauli, Harald, additional, Van Calster, Hans, additional, Vellend, Mark, additional, Bjorkman, Anne D., additional, Brunet, Jörg, additional, De Frenne, Pieter, additional, Hédl, Radim, additional, Jandt, Ute, additional, Lenoir, Jonathan, additional, Myers‐Smith, Isla H., additional, Verheyen, Kris, additional, Wipf, Sonja, additional, Wulf, Monika, additional, Andrews, Christopher, additional, Barančok, Peter, additional, Barni, Elena, additional, Benito‐Alonso, José‐Luis, additional, Bennie, Jonathan, additional, Berki, Imre, additional, Blüml, Volker, additional, Chudomelová, Markéta, additional, Decocq, Guillaume, additional, Dick, Jan, additional, Dirnböck, Thomas, additional, Durak, Tomasz, additional, Eriksson, Ove, additional, Erschbamer, Brigitta, additional, Graae, Bente Jessen, additional, Heinken, Thilo, additional, Schei, Fride Høistad, additional, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, additional, Kopecký, Martin, additional, Kudernatsch, Thomas, additional, Macek, Martin, additional, Malicki, Marek, additional, Máliš, František, additional, Michelsen, Ottar, additional, Naaf, Tobias, additional, Nagel, Thomas A., additional, Newton, Adrian C., additional, Nicklas, Lena, additional, Oddi, Ludovica, additional, Ortmann‐Ajkai, Adrienne, additional, Palaj, Andrej, additional, Petraglia, Alessandro, additional, Petřík, Petr, additional, Pielech, Remigiusz, additional, Porro, Francesco, additional, Puşcaş, Mihai, additional, Reczyńska, Kamila, additional, Rixen, Christian, additional, Schmidt, Wolfgang, additional, Standovár, Tibor, additional, Steinbauer, Klaus, additional, Świerkosz, Krzysztof, additional, Teleki, Balázs, additional, Theurillat, Jean‐Paul, additional, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, additional, Ursu, Tudor‐Mihai, additional, Vanneste, Thomas, additional, Vergeer, Philippine, additional, Vild, Ondřej, additional, Villar, Luis, additional, Vittoz, Pascal, additional, Winkler, Manuela, additional, and Baeten, Lander, additional

Published
2021
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46. Consistent replacement of small- by large-ranged plant species across habitats

Author

Schmidt, Wolfgang, Michelsen, Ottar, Pauli, Harald, De Frenne, Pieter, Wulf, Monika, Bernhardt-Römermann, Markus, Daskalova, Gergana, Palaj, Andrej, Macek, Martin, Nagel, Thomas, Oddi, Ludovica, Naaf, Tobias, Bennie, Jonathan, Turtureanu, Pavel, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Vanneste, Thomas, Kudernatsch, Thomas, Blüml, Volker, Durak, Tomasz, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Vergeer, Philippine, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Graae, Bente, Pielech, Remigiusz, Bjorkman, Anne, Schei, Fride, Malicki, Marek, Standovár, Tibor, Andrews, Christopher, Porro, Francesco, Petřík, Petr, Pereira, Henrique, Jandt, Ute, Rixen, Christian, Wipf, Sonja, Myers-Smith, Isla, Lenoir, Jonathan, Hédl, Radim, Staude, Ingmar, Vellend, Mark, Chudomelová, Markéta, Barančok, Peter, Reczyńska, Kamila, Dick, Jan, Teleki, Balázs, Heinken, Thilo, Pușcaș, Mihai, Berki, Imre, Benito-Alonso, José-Luis, Vild, Ondřej, Máliš, František, Dirnböck, Thomas, Vittoz, Pascal, Winkler, Manuela, Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Verheyen, Kris, Brunet, Jörg, Decocq, Guillaume, Diekmann, Martin, Baeten, Lander, Barni, Elena, Eriksson, Ove, Newton, Adrian, Van Calster, Hans, Nicklas, Lena, Villar, Luis, Ortmann-Ajkai, Adrienne, Petraglia, Alessandro, Kopecký, Martin, and Steinbauer, Klaus

Subjects
bepress|Life Sciences, bepress|Life Sciences|Biodiversity
Abstract

The direction and magnitude of long-term changes in local plant species richness are highly variable among studies, while species turnover is ubiquitous. However, it is unknown whether the nature of species turnover is idiosyncratic or whether certain types of species are consistently gained or lost across different habitats. To address this question, we analyzed the trajectories of 1,827 vascular plant species over time intervals of up to 78 years at 141 sites in three habitats in Europe – mountain summits, forests, and lowland grasslands. Consistent across all habitats, we found that plant species with small geographic ranges tended to be replaced by species with large ranges, despite habitat-specific trends in species richness. Our results point to a predictable component of species turnover, likely explained by aspects of species’ niches correlated with geographic range size. Species with larger ranges tend to be associated with nutrient-rich sites and we found community composition shifts towards more nutrient-demanding species in all three habitats. Global changes involving increased resource availability are thus likely to favor large-ranged, nutrient-demanding species, which are typically strong competitors. Declines of small-ranged species could reflect not only abiotic drivers of global change, but also biotic pressure from increased competition. Our study highlights the need to consider the traits of species such as the geographic range size when predicting how ecological communities will respond to global change.

Published
2021

47. First estimation of global trends in nocturnal power emissions reveals acceleration of light pollution

Author

Sánchez de Miguel, Alejandro, Bennie, Jonathan, Rosenfeld, Emma, Dzurjak, Simon, Gaston, Kevin J., Sánchez de Miguel, Alejandro, Bennie, Jonathan, Rosenfeld, Emma, Dzurjak, Simon, and Gaston, Kevin J.

Abstract

Data Availability Statement: All raw data used (DMSP-OLS and VIIRS) are already in the public domain on several platforms like for example Google Earth Engine (https://earthengine.google. com/). The data presented in this research are openly available in https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo. 5205656. Acknowledgments: We are grateful to C.C.M. Kyba for discussion about calibration, and F. Falchi for assistance with key data on the energy consumption of street lighting in Italy., The global spread of artificial light is eroding the natural night-time environment. The estimation of the pattern and rate of growth of light pollution on multi-decadal scales has nonetheless proven challenging. Here we show that the power of global satellite observable light emissions increased from 1992 to 2017 by at least 49%. We estimate the hidden impact of the transition to solid-state light-emitting diode (LED) technology, which increases emissions at visible wavelengths undetectable to existing satellite sensors, suggesting that the true increase in radiance in the visible spectrum may be as high as globally 270% and 400% on specific regions. These dynamics vary by region, but there is limited evidence that advances in lighting technology have led to decreased emissions., UK Research & Innovation (UKRI), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

Published
2021

48. Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on urban light emissions: ground and satellite comparison

Author

Bustamante-Calabria, Máximo, Sánchez de Miguel, Alejandro, Martín-Ruiz, Susana, Ortiz, Jose-Luis, Vílchez, José M., Pelegrina, Alicia, García, Antonio, Zamorano Calvo, Jaime, Bennie, Jonathan, Gaston, Kevin J., Bustamante-Calabria, Máximo, Sánchez de Miguel, Alejandro, Martín-Ruiz, Susana, Ortiz, Jose-Luis, Vílchez, José M., Pelegrina, Alicia, García, Antonio, Zamorano Calvo, Jaime, Bennie, Jonathan, and Gaston, Kevin J.

Abstract

© 2020 by the authors. Funding from Spanish project AYA2017-89637-R, and from FEDER, is acknowledged. We also acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709). This work was supported by the EMISSI@N project (NERC grant NE/P01156X/1)., 'Lockdown' periods in response to COVID-19 have provided a unique opportunity to study the impacts of economic activity on environmental pollution (e.g., NO2, aerosols, noise, light). The effects on NO2 and aerosols have been very noticeable and readily demonstrated, but that on light pollution has proven challenging to determine. The main reason for this difficulty is that the primary source of nighttime satellite imagery of the earth is the SNPP-VIIRS/DNB instrument, which acquires data late at night after most human nocturnal activity has already occurred and much associated lighting has been turned off. Here, to analyze the effect of lockdown on urban light emissions, we use ground and satellite data for Granada, Spain, during the COVID-19 induced confinement of the city's population from 14 March until 31 May 2020. We find a clear decrease in light pollution due both to a decrease in light emissions from the city and to a decrease in anthropogenic aerosol content in the atmosphere which resulted in less light being scattered. A clear correlation between the abundance of PM10 particles and sky brightness is observed, such that the more polluted the atmosphere the brighter the urban night sky. An empirical expression is determined that relates PM10 particle abundance and sky brightness at three different wavelength bands., Gobierno de España, Comisión Europea (FEDER), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, EMISSI@N project (NERC), Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

Published
2021

49. Directional turnover towards larger‐ranged plants over time and across habitats

Author

Staude, Ingmar R., Pereira, Henrique M., Daskalova, Gergana N., Bernhardt‐Römermann, Markus, Diekmann, Martin, Pauli, Harald, Van Calster, Hans, Vellend, Mark, Bjorkman, Anne D., Brunet, Jörg, De Frenne, Pieter, Hédl, Radim, Jandt, Ute, Lenoir, Jonathan, Myers‐Smith, Isla H., Verheyen, Kris, Wipf, Sonja, Wulf, Monika, Andrews, Christopher, Barančok, Peter, Barni, Elena, Benito‐Alonso, José‐Luis, Bennie, Jonathan, Berki, Imre, Blüml, Volker, Chudomelová, Markéta, Decocq, Guillaume, Dick, Jan, Dirnböck, Thomas, Durak, Tomasz, Eriksson, Ove, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Graae, Bente Jessen, Heinken, Thilo, Schei, Fride Høistad, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Kopecký, Martin, Kudernatsch, Thomas, Macek, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Máliš, František, Michelsen, Ottar, Naaf, Tobias, Nagel, Thomas A., Newton, Adrian C., Nicklas, Lena, Oddi, Ludovica, Ortmann‐Ajkai, Adrienne, Palaj, Andrej, Petraglia, Alessandro, Petřík, Petr, Pielech, Remigiusz, Porro, Francesco, Puşcaş, Mihai, Reczyńska, Kamila, Rixen, Christian, Schmidt, Wolfgang, Standovár, Tibor, Steinbauer, Klaus, Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Teleki, Balázs, Theurillat, Jean‐Paul, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Ursu, Tudor‐Mihai, Vanneste, Thomas, Vergeer, Philippine, Vild, Ondřej, Villar, Luis, Vittoz, Pascal, Winkler, Manuela, Baeten, Lander, Staude, Ingmar R., Pereira, Henrique M., Daskalova, Gergana N., Bernhardt‐Römermann, Markus, Diekmann, Martin, Pauli, Harald, Van Calster, Hans, Vellend, Mark, Bjorkman, Anne D., Brunet, Jörg, De Frenne, Pieter, Hédl, Radim, Jandt, Ute, Lenoir, Jonathan, Myers‐Smith, Isla H., Verheyen, Kris, Wipf, Sonja, Wulf, Monika, Andrews, Christopher, Barančok, Peter, Barni, Elena, Benito‐Alonso, José‐Luis, Bennie, Jonathan, Berki, Imre, Blüml, Volker, Chudomelová, Markéta, Decocq, Guillaume, Dick, Jan, Dirnböck, Thomas, Durak, Tomasz, Eriksson, Ove, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Graae, Bente Jessen, Heinken, Thilo, Schei, Fride Høistad, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Kopecký, Martin, Kudernatsch, Thomas, Macek, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Máliš, František, Michelsen, Ottar, Naaf, Tobias, Nagel, Thomas A., Newton, Adrian C., Nicklas, Lena, Oddi, Ludovica, Ortmann‐Ajkai, Adrienne, Palaj, Andrej, Petraglia, Alessandro, Petřík, Petr, Pielech, Remigiusz, Porro, Francesco, Puşcaş, Mihai, Reczyńska, Kamila, Rixen, Christian, Schmidt, Wolfgang, Standovár, Tibor, Steinbauer, Klaus, Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Teleki, Balázs, Theurillat, Jean‐Paul, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Ursu, Tudor‐Mihai, Vanneste, Thomas, Vergeer, Philippine, Vild, Ondřej, Villar, Luis, Vittoz, Pascal, Winkler, Manuela, and Baeten, Lander

Abstract

Species turnover is ubiquitous. However, it remains unknown whether certain types of species are consistently gained or lost across different habitats. Here, we analysed the trajectories of 1827 plant species over time intervals of up to 78 years at 141 sites across mountain summits, forests, and lowland grasslands in Europe. We found, albeit with relatively small effect sizes, displacements of smaller- by larger-ranged species across habitats. Communities shifted in parallel towards more nutrient-demanding species, with species from nutrient-rich habitats having larger ranges. Because these species are typically strong competitors, declines of smaller-ranged species could reflect not only abiotic drivers of global change, but also biotic pressure from increased competition. The ubiquitous component of turnover based on species range size we found here may partially reconcile findings of no net loss in local diversity with global species loss, and link community-scale turnover to macroecological processes such as biotic homogenisation.

Published
2021

50. Designing effective protected area networks for multiple species

Author

Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Royal Society (UK), Explorers Club, British Ornithologists' Union, Royal Geographical Society, Gilchrist Educational Trust, Donaldson, Lynda, Bennie, Jonathan J., Wilson, Robert J., Maclean, Ilya M.D., Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Royal Society (UK), Explorers Club, British Ornithologists' Union, Royal Geographical Society, Gilchrist Educational Trust, Donaldson, Lynda, Bennie, Jonathan J., Wilson, Robert J., and Maclean, Ilya M.D.

Abstract

Protected area networks seek to ensure the persistence of multiple species, but their area and extent are limited by available land and conservation resources. Prioritising sites based on their quality, quantity, size, or connectivity is often proposed; potentially using the occupancy and metapopulation dynamics of individual threatened species as surrogates for network effectiveness. However, the extent to which the dynamics of species with overlapping habitat requirements differ, and the implications of this for the optimal network designs for multiple species, are rarely tested. We parameterise metapopulation models for 5 papyrus-specialist birds occupying a network of papyrus swamp in Uganda, each of which possess subtly different ecological characteristics and habitat preferences. We estimate how each responds to different strategies based on prioritising patch size, number, quality and connectivity. The optimal approach differed depending on the metapopulation structure and characteristics of each species. The rank order of strategies also varied with the overall wetland area available and the desired persistence threshold. For individual species, prioritising habitat quality achieved the highest levels of persistence and population size for an equivalent amount of land area conserved. However, connected patches showed greatest overlap across species, thus the most effective strategy to conserve multiple species in the same network prioritised habitat connectivity. This emphasises the importance of individual species' characteristics using the same habitat networks in conservation planning, and demonstrates the utility of prioritising protected sites based on the spatial connectivity of habitat patches, when aiming to conserve multiple species with differing or uncertain habitat requirements.

Published
2021

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