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Created in 1996, Cybergeo, European Journal of Geography is native digital journal which was conceived from the start for publication in all European languages. In order to better promote its authors’ articles internationally, it is undertaking actions to improve and translate its metadata into English, Spanish and Chinese. CybergeoNet is a laureate of the AAP "Scientific Translations" launched in 2019 by the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (MESRI) in France. It has developed an efficient, and quality, collaborative translation method that is transferable to other scientific journals published and managed by research laboratories. The aim is to ensure that authors and editorial teams become more competent in translation. A guide of good practices is proposed to the community. The impact of linguistic improvements made to the journal’s metadata is also measured with the consultation statistics provided by the OpenEdition platform. All documents are freely available online.

This fact sheet includes the main results of a survey of French-speaking childcare centres in Brussels between the months of July and October 2018. It deals with the registration procedures and criteria, the organisation of the first days of childcare, the characteristics of users and the financial

This fact sheet includes the main results of a survey of French-speaking childcare centres in Brussels between the months of July and October 2018. It deals with the registration procedures and criteria, the organisation of the first days of childcare, the characteristics of users and the financial contribution of parents.

This fact sheet includes the main results of a survey of French-speaking childcare centres in Brussels between the months of July and October 2018. It deals with the registration procedures and criteria, the organisation of the first days of childcare, the characteristics of users and the financial contribution of parents.

In 2017, the Brussels-Capital Region 20 700 points of sale for goods and services, accounting for 87 % of the expenditure made by the inhabitants of Brussels. This retail trade provides about 9 % of regional employment. This synopsis reviews what is known about distribution in Brussels, an indispensable economic sector whose complexity makes it difficult to understand due to its diversity, and which is subject to profound changes in consumption, the urban environment and the internal organisation of the profession. After outlining the framework of the analysis by defining trade through its functions, forms and stakeholders, the authors draw up several observations associated with major dynamics in the sector (transformation of supply and demand and changes in public regulation in particular). The third part of the synopsis responds to these observations by identifying clear issues which, if taken into account by the sector and supported by public authorities, could reconcile trade with urban space.

In 2017, the Brussels-Capital Region 20 700 points of sale for goods and services, accounting for 87 % of the expenditure made by the inhabitants of Brussels. This retail trade provides about 9 % of regional employment. This synopsis reviews what is known about distribution in Brussels, an indispensable economic sector whose complexity makes it difficult to understand due to its diversity, and which is subject to profound changes in consumption, the urban environment and the internal organisation of the profession. After outlining the framework of the analysis by defining trade through its functions, forms and stakeholders, the authors draw up several observations associated with major dynamics in the sector (transformation of supply and demand and changes in public regulation in particular). The third part of the synopsis responds to these observations by identifying clear issues which, if taken into account by the sector and supported by public authorities, could reconcile trade with urban space.

In 2017, the Brussels-Capital Region 20 700 points of sale for goods and services, accounting for 87 % of the expenditure made by the inhabitants of Brussels. This retail trade provides about 9 % of regional employment. This synopsis reviews what is known about distribution in Brussels, an indispensable economic sector whose complexity makes it difficult to understand due to its diversity, and which is subject to profound changes in consumption, the urban environment and the internal organisation of the profession. After outlining the framework of the analysis by defining trade through its functions, forms and stakeholders, the authors draw up several observations associated with major dynamics in the sector (transformation of supply and demand and changes in public regulation in particular). The third part of the synopsis responds to these observations by identifying clear issues which, if taken into account by the sector and supported by public authorities, could reconcile trade with urban space.

In 2019-2020, the Brussels Capital Region will be home to some 24 000 more students than there were in 2013-2014, in preschool, primary and secondary education. This growth generates additional needs in infrastructure, but also in teachers. An interuniversity research team from the Université Libre de Bruxelles, the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, the Université Saint-Louis and the Université catholique de Louvain have analysed the data available so as to have a clearer view of the Brussels perspective. The IBSA/BISA Cahier No 5, summarised in a Brussels Studies Fact Sheet, lays out their estimates of the number of teachers needed in 2019-2020.

In 2019-2020, the Brussels Capital Region will be home to some 24 000 more students than there were in 2013-2014, in preschool, primary and secondary education. This growth generates additional needs in infrastructure, but also in teachers. An interuniversity research team from the Université Libre de Bruxelles, the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, the Université Saint-Louis and the Université catholique de Louvain have analysed the data available so as to have a clearer view of the Brussels perspective. The IBSA/BISA Cahier No 5, summarised in a Brussels Studies Fact Sheet, lays out their estimates of the number of teachers needed in 2019-2020.

In 2019-2020, the Brussels Capital Region will be home to some 24 000 more students than there were in 2013-2014, in preschool, primary and secondary education. This growth generates additional needs in infrastructure, but also in teachers. An interuniversity research team from the Université Libre de Bruxelles, the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, the Université Saint-Louis and the Université catholique de Louvain have analysed the data available so as to have a clearer view of the Brussels perspective. The IBSA/BISA Cahier No 5, summarised in a Brussels Studies Fact Sheet, lays out their estimates of the number of teachers needed in 2019-2020.

In the Belgian federal system, matters related to persons are under the remit of the Community and not of the Region. But although matters such as education and culture are managed in a French- or Dutch-language framework, they are major challenges for Brussels. On several occasions, the Brussels Studies Institute synopses have dealt with the challenges of mainly Community matters in a Brussels perspective, in particular by gathering information and statistics for a consolidated inventory at regional level. After compulsory education, higher education and, to a certain extent, vocational training, the fifth synopsis and 91st issue of Brussels Studies continues along these lines by exploring the situation of young children, from birth to age 6.

In the Belgian federal system, matters related to persons are under the remit of the Community and not of the Region. But although matters such as education and culture are managed in a French- or Dutch-language framework, they are major challenges for Brussels. On several occasions, the Brussels Studies Institute synopses have dealt with the challenges of mainly Community matters in a Brussels perspective, in particular by gathering information and statistics for a consolidated inventory at regional level. After compulsory education, higher education and, to a certain extent, vocational training, the fifth synopsis and 91st issue of Brussels Studies continues along these lines by exploring the situation of young children, from birth to age 6.

In the Belgian federal system, matters related to persons are under the remit of the Community and not of the Region. But although matters such as education and culture are managed in a French- or Dutch-language framework, they are major challenges for Brussels. On several occasions, the Brussels Studies Institute synopses have dealt with the challenges of mainly Community matters in a Brussels perspective, in particular by gathering information and statistics for a consolidated inventory at regional level. After compulsory education, higher education and, to a certain extent, vocational training, the fifth synopsis and 91st issue of Brussels Studies continues along these lines by exploring the situation of young children, from birth to age 6.

The originality of this article is to analyze the tendencies to the competition or the complementarity of the types of shops differentiated according to a fine nomenclature, whereas the literature is generally limited to the great groups of retail, however heterogeneous in the field of the localization. By means of a data base, locating 23,180 commercial cells of 88 different types in Brussels, and of two methods of analysis of concentration/dispersion, the study identifies 16 retail types significantly more dispersed and 24 significantly more concentrated than the average. The factors of this differentiation, inventoried according to the literature, are re-examined in the light of these observations.

The paper looks into the geography of scouting movements in the French Community of Belgium, made up of organisations gathering local associations aimed at educating and occupying children or youngsters by means of various activities. We examine the characteristics of the establishment of the different movements (urbanity, socio-economic level, subregionalism) and interpret this distribution as the result of a spatial diffusion process partly structured by the sociopolitical pillars of the Belgian society (catholicism, socialism, liberalism).

Using the data from the LACOAST database, the paper traces the land-use evolution of a 10 km broad land strip forming the Belgian coast (dune cordon and polders). Proportionately, the urban fabric is not denser here than in other parts of the coasts of northern Europe, but it is highly concentrated at the immediate proximity of the coastline, while inland urbanization is few important. We will compare the results of the successive urbanization stages, and highlight the relative parsimony of the regenerative urbanization model of the post-war period. Finally, we will look into the recent urbanization trend towards the polders area, for a long time protected, and the significance of the infrastructures non directly related to tourism (e.g. Zeebrugge). These statements are produced from quantitative bases in terms of used surfaces, and do not proceed from a more usual qualitative landscape analysis.

The effect of tourism on retail trade is analysed here systematically at municipalities level on the basis of the rate of trade facilities by inhabitant. As to small towns and non urban communes the results of our approach are completed with a comparison in size and structure between the central neighbourhoods of regional cities, whether touristic (Bruges and Ostend) or not. Finally a method to define touristic commercial neighbourhoods, notably on the basis of the activity’s seasonal character, is tested in the centre of a big city (Brussels).

This synopsis is the first attempt until now to make a global assessment of the role and importance of higher education in Brussels in its interactions with the city and urban development.This synopsis includes three distinct parts. The first part defines the Belgian institutional and political framework of higher education institutions in Brussels. The second establishes a series of observations. The third part discusses some major challenges and debates regarding higher education institutions in Brussels.

This synopsis is the first attempt until now to make a global assessment of the role and importance of higher education in Brussels in its interactions with the city and urban development.This synopsis includes three distinct parts. The first part defines the Belgian institutional and political framework of higher education institutions in Brussels. The second establishes a series of observations. The third part discusses some major challenges and debates regarding higher education institutions in Brussels.

This synopsis is the first attempt until now to make a global assessment of the role and importance of higher education in Brussels in its interactions with the city and urban development.This synopsis includes three distinct parts. The first part defines the Belgian institutional and political framework of higher education institutions in Brussels. The second establishes a series of observations. The third part discusses some major challenges and debates regarding higher education institutions in Brussels.

The Brussels-Capital Region is comprised of 19 municipalities and has a surface area of 161.4 km². The region is the core of a much broader morphological agglomeration made up of 36 municipalities with a total population of more than one and a half million inhabitants. The official population of the Brussels-Capital Region totalled 1 048 491 inhabitants on 1st January 2008 and is the youngest in the country with an average age of 37.8 years recorded in 2006. The demographic development of Brussels has always been strongly dominated by migration over the past one and half centuries and this is not different today. The capital city has experienced a rise in population over the past few years and, just like all large European cities, the population composition is highly influenced by internationalisation. The last census (socio-economic survey of 2001) enabled the nationality of origin to be taken into account. According to this criterion, Brussels had 45 different nationalities with at least 1 000 inhabitants. The composition has diversified further since then and there has been an increase in inhabitants from European Union countries. The region is characterised by a clear spatial differentiation between the poorer districts, mixed neighbourhoods and the affluent areas of the city. The underlying structure of this spatial segregation according to socio-economic status has deep-seated historical roots and a high level of inertia. However, the arrival of new inhabitants, large construction sites within a number of districts, speculation and increasing property prices are slowly changing the composition of the population within some districts. A short description of the most important demographic trends that will affect the composition of the city in the coming decades is given below.

The Brussels-Capital Region is comprised of 19 municipalities and has a surface area of 161.4 km². The region is the core of a much broader morphological agglomeration made up of 36 municipalities with a total population of more than one and a half million inhabitants. The official population of the Brussels-Capital Region totalled 1 048 491 inhabitants on 1st January 2008 and is the youngest in the country with an average age of 37.8 years recorded in 2006. The demographic development of Brussels has always been strongly dominated by migration over the past one and half centuries and this is not different today. The capital city has experienced a rise in population over the past few years and, just like all large European cities, the population composition is highly influenced by internationalisation. The last census (socio-economic survey of 2001) enabled the nationality of origin to be taken into account. According to this criterion, Brussels had 45 different nationalities with at least 1 000 inhabitants. The composition has diversified further since then and there has been an increase in inhabitants from European Union countries. The region is characterised by a clear spatial differentiation between the poorer districts, mixed neighbourhoods and the affluent areas of the city. The underlying structure of this spatial segregation according to socio-economic status has deep-seated historical roots and a high level of inertia. However, the arrival of new inhabitants, large construction sites within a number of districts, speculation and increasing property prices are slowly changing the composition of the population within some districts. A short description of the most important demographic trends that will affect the composition of the city in the coming decades is given below.

The Brussels-Capital Region is comprised of 19 municipalities and has a surface area of 161.4 km². The region is the core of a much broader morphological agglomeration made up of 36 municipalities with a total population of more than one and a half million inhabitants. The official population of the Brussels-Capital Region totalled 1 048 491 inhabitants on 1st January 2008 and is the youngest in the country with an average age of 37.8 years recorded in 2006. The demographic development of Brussels has always been strongly dominated by migration over the past one and half centuries and this is not different today. The capital city has experienced a rise in population over the past few years and, just like all large European cities, the population composition is highly influenced by internationalisation. The last census (socio-economic survey of 2001) enabled the nationality of origin to be taken into account. According to this criterion, Brussels had 45 different nationalities with at least 1 000 inhabitants. The composition has diversified further since then and there has been an increase in inhabitants from European Union countries. The region is characterised by a clear spatial differentiation between the poorer districts, mixed neighbourhoods and the affluent areas of the city. The underlying structure of this spatial segregation according to socio-economic status has deep-seated historical roots and a high level of inertia. However, the arrival of new inhabitants, large construction sites within a number of districts, speculation and increasing property prices are slowly changing the composition of the population within some districts. A short description of the most important demographic trends that will affect the composition of the city in the coming decades is given below.

The spatial organization of stores plays a crucial role in the production and development of the urban form while, at the same time, being strongly influenced from the physical constraints of the latter. Yet the connection between retail distribution and the physical form of cities remains underexplored. This paper aims to unify the perspectives of two distinct disciplines—retail geography and urban morphology—rooted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Retail geography, tracing its origins to classical works in American and German regional economics, and urban morphology, emerging from the convergence of architectural and geographical schools in England, Italy and France, have evolved independently since the late '60s. This paper reviews their development, highlighting theoretical and empirical studies elucidating the interrelationship between retail distribution and urban form. While both disciplines acknowledge the mutual influence of retail and cities, they have progressed independently, with retail geography focusing on the evolution of the retail sector and urban morphology emphasizing the impact of physical form on socioeconomic functions. Identifying common ground, this paper underscores spatial affinities and organizational aspects often overlooked. The paper concludes by encouraging a unified understanding, recognizing the potential for a more nuanced comprehension of the intricate dynamics between retail distribution and the physical features of cities. This approach paves the way for future interdisciplinary research, fostering collaboration in unravelling the complexities that shape urban environments.

Thisarticleanalyzesanew source, followingacomprehensivefield inventory. ItconfirmsthatBelgiumhasadensecommercial equipmentcomparedto the countries of northwestern Europe. Itpresentsthemostnumerous types ofretail, those with the mostbanners, the largestandthe smallestinaverage size. Thecommercial densitybypostal codeis mappedandthe spatial variationsofthe commercial structureareanalyzedusingaprincipal components analysisandatypology. Theresultsarecomparedwiththe urban hierarchy.Theroleofpurchasing powerandtourismishighlightedasthedevelopment ofshopping centersandretail areas.