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Cyber physical systems (CPSs) are software-intensive smart distributed systems that support physical components endowed with integrated computational capabilities. Tiered, often wireless, networks are typically used to collect or push the data generated or required by a distributed set of CPS-based devices. The edge-to-core traffic flows on the tiered networks can become overwhelming. Thus, appropriate traffic engineering (TE) algorithms are required to manage the flows, while at the same time meeting the delivery requirements in terms of latency, jitter, and packet loss. This chapter provides a basic overview of CPSs followed by a discussion of a newly developed TE method called ‘constrained average', where traffic is by design allowed to be delayed up to a specified, but small value epsilon, but with zero packet loss.

Impossible does seem to be intimated when it comes to making things smarter and interconnected as the modern era nourishes the Internet of Things (IoT) trending towards the least human intervention. Besides benefiting fields such medical, industry, and education, the IoT has also reformed vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) towards the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) by not just only assuring road safety but also by providing infotainment, insurance coverage, and other Internet applications that facilitate and enhance user’s vehicle experience. Content-centric networking (CCN) is a proven low-delay and independent-of-link stability architecture for the provisioning of all these facilities instead of using host-centric architecture. In CCN, the prime focus is to secure data rather than the user, which mitigates publishing false data and uplifts the need for validating the provided data. Blockchain is the technology which stores transaction, validated data, and is tamper-proof and able to be audited. IoVs with CCN form content-centric Internet of Vehicles (CC-IoVs) with temporary connectivity and data sharing, elevating the need for validated, tamper-proof, and auditable data (i.e., blockchain). Blockchain is a decentralised ledger and needs exhaustive computations; edge computing serves well to fulfil this need in a divide-and-conquer manner for calculations and data storage in blockchain-enabled CC-IoVs. In this chapter, we present a scheme that validates offensive events resulting from speeding vehicles, creates a block, and then adds the block to the chain associated to that highway. The proposed mechanism aims to work in the absence of speed cameras and traffic wardens with minimal network overhead, delay, and financial impact. In terms of least network overhead and delay, the proposed approach produces better results as compared to the prevalent technique.

The widespread introduction Internet of Things (IoT)-based systems, also in conjunction with Light Emitting Diode (LED) luminaires, intelligent controls (using RF and Power over Ethernet (PoE) technology, is enabling significant advancements in next-generation building lighting systems for commercial and industrial buildings as well as street lighting. An upgrade of the current lighting technology to the group of just-cited technology elements will lead to significant and measurable reduction in power consumption, with deployment paybacks in the 3–5 years range. This chapter assesses the technical, economic, and market aspects of this group of technologies.

Crowdsensing can be an enabler of the Social Internet of Things (SIoT), among a plethora of other systems, elements, infrastructure, and applications. Although in the short term crowdsensing can be supported within the traditional wireless cellular infrastructure, in the longer term, it will be an important component of the evolving Smart City paradigm. Given the expected increase of urban populations in the next 35 years, this application not only will assist in the process of “greening the environment” but also make city living more livable. Clearly, mobility is at the core of crowdsensing in particular, and SIoT in general. While several mobility management techniques have emerged, an extensive body of applicable research has been developed in the past twenty years, in the form of the Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and related protocols. As of press time over seventy RFCs had been published by the IETF on MIPv6 and related MIPv6 mobility protocols; yet, MIPv6 has received relatively little attention up to now in the IoT. Broad deployment of SIoT will benefit from MIPv6 technologies. This chapter describes key MIPv6 features and its propitious applicability to crowdsensing and SIoT, particularly given 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) recent adoption of it for some 4G/5G scenarios.

The term “Energy Internet of Things” ( EIoT ) is being used by many to describe IoT applications in the energy management field. At this time, IoT principles, technologies, and solutions are beginning to permeate, even transform the electric grid, as well as other energy production and management environments. There are economic, regulatory, and environmental reasons to better manage energy resources. It is estimated that energy usage equates to 10% of the world's economic output and electricity usage results in a disbursement of about $2 trillion yearly. The EIoT will go a long way to help manage this large sector in a more efficient and secure manner. This chapter assesses the relevant motivations, approaches, technologies, and challenges when making use of IoT ‐based principles for energy management. Specific applications, including smart grid, green IoT , and illumination, are discussed in this chapter. The chapter that follows covers implementation strategies for the EIoT in general and for renewable energy in particular.

A large portion of the human population lives in cities, and by 2050 even a larger fraction of people will be urban dwellers. Typically, cities have aging and limiting infrastructure. Some areas have seen tremendous real estate development, yet the roads, water mains, sewers, and power grids have seen no or extremely limited upgrades. Whatever infrastructure is in place is aging and may, unfortunately, be subject to temporary use rationing as upgrades are made. It is clear that technological solutions are needed to manage the increasingly scarce infrastructure resources under the limitations imposed by population growth, limited financial resources, and political inertia. This predicament creates an urgent challenge to Quality of Life. The IoT offers the promise of improving the resource management of many assets related to city life, the flow of goods, people, and vehicles, and the greening of the environment by optimizing energy consumption and maximizing life‐activity efficiency. This chapter assesses some of the application issues, the technical requirements, and the technical solutions associated with a broad‐based deployment of IoT in urban settings to enjoy the benefits of a smart city.

A large portion of the human population now lives in cities and by 2050 even a larger fraction of people will be urban dwellers. Many metropolitan areas have seen tremendous real estate development in recent years, yet the roads, water mains, sewers, and power grids have seen no, or extremely limited, upgrades. Whatever infrastructure is in place is aging and, unfortunately, may experience temporary use rationing as upgrades are made, as often one reads in the local press and/or experiences personally. It is clear that technological solutions are needed to manage the increasingly-scarce infrastructure resources under the limitations imposed by population growth, limited financial resources, and, in many instances, local political inertia. The Internet of Things (IoT) offers the promise of improving the resource management of many assets related to city life – including the flow of goods, people, and vehicles, and the greening of the environment -- by optimizing energy consumption and maximizing life-activity efficiency. This review article assesses some of the application issues, the technical requirements, and some of the technical solutions, including the use of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) and Mobile IPv6 Protocols (MIPv6), associated with a broad-based deployment of IoT capabilities in urban settings; these IoT-based solutions enables city administrations to approach a desired state where citizens can reliably enjoy the Quality of Life benefits afforded by a Smart City paradigm.

The Internet Of Things (IoT) is poised to make substantial inroads in all aspects of modern life before the end of this decade, including applications in smart grids, smart cities, transportation, crowdsensing, e-health, ambient assisted living, and home automation, to list just a few. Although it is recognized that IoTSec mechanisms and principles are needed across the entire IoT ecosystem, many of the intrinsic features of IoT systems make the IoT vulnerable to cybersecurity breaches. Firms wonder if the mechanisms required to protect the users and the data are ready for "prime time", especially in the e-health arena. The field of big data as related to security event processing, is relatively new, especially in the context of IoT, challenges include but are not limited to capture, transmission, analysis and curation of the data. This article provides a novel IoT protocol architecture and examines security tools and techniques that can be leveraged as part of the deployment of IoT, these mechanisms are particularly important in e-health and assisted living applications.

This paper deals with Physical Safety and Security at rail crossings. There are about 150,000 public railroad grade crossings in the U.S. Unfortunately, approximately 2,000 accidents occur every year in the U.S., resulting not only in many injuries, but also in over 200 deaths annually. The predicament is that for various reasons, people, cars, and trucks find themselves on the rail tracks of an oncoming train at a railroad crossing. The system discussed in this paper provides a relatively inexpensive Internet of Things (IoT)-based capability that can be used to alert a rail operator that there is an obstruction on the tracks, and/or possibly to interwork with (but not replace) a Positive Train Control (PTC) system thus attempting to automatically stop an incoming train. In fact, IoT is now being deployed in railroads for a variety of applications. A brief description of cybersecurity issues related to IoT deployment is also included.

The Smart Grid (SG) is an evolution of the electricity network that integrates the activities of power consumers, power generators, distribution grid, and devices connected to the grid (e.g., substations, transformers.) Machine-to-Machine (M2M) technology is designed for automated data exchange between devices, and thus has applicability to SGs. With M2M technology, organizations track and manage assets; inventories; transportation fleets; oil and gas pipelines; mines; wide-spread infrastructure; natural phenomena such as weather conditions, farm production, forestry condition, and water flows; and, as noted, SGs. Wireless communication is a staple of M2M. These wireless technologies range from unlicensed local (so called ‘fog’) connectivity, to licensed 3G/4G/5G cellular, to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. All of these technologies are relevant to the SG. Utilities have started to gradually support M2M and Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems over satellite links. This article focuses on wireless and satellite-based M2M services, as applicable to the Smart Grid, including the use of Internet of Things (IoT), particularly for the transmission and distribution space (TD some comparisons to wireline solutions are also discussed.