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Arwa R Elmanakhly,1 Mahmoud M Bendary,2 Nesreen A Safwat,1 Eman Abu-Elnasr Awad,3 Majid Alhomrani,4,5 Abdulhakeem S Alamri,4,5 El-Sayed Khafagy,6,7 Hadil Faris Alotaibi,8 Fatma I Abou-Elazm9 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information, Cairo, 11559, Egypt; 2Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, 42511, Egypt; 3Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al Azhar University, Cairo, 11559, Egypt; 4Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif, 26432, Saudi Arabia; 5Centre of Biomedical Science Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif, 26432, Saudi Arabia; 6Department of Pharmaceutics, College of pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia; 7Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt; 8Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia; 9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology, Cairo, 11559, EgyptCorrespondence: Mahmoud M Bendary, Tel +1227550629, Email m.pendary@pharm.psu.edu.egBackground: Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is one of the most important pathogens in nosocomial infections. It has resistance to most antibiotics, even carbapenem, resulting in restricted therapeutic options.Purpose: We tried to assess the antimicrobial resistance and virulence fitness of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) in addition to their phenotypic and genotypic diversity.Materials and Methods: The conventional methods, automated Vitek-32 system, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern were used to detect CRKP isolates. Virulence and resistance genes profiles were created by using PCR technique. The correlation analysis was done by using R-program.Results: The antimicrobial resistance profile for all our K. pneumoniae isolates was shocking as the MDR and CRKP were the most prominent phenotypes. Unfortunately, high degrees of heterogeneity among our CRKP isolates were recorded, as 97.5% of them were differentiated into different clusters. We found a negative correlation between the existence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. In contrast to sputum and urine CRPK isolates, the blood isolates showed high antimicrobial resistance and low virulence fitness. Finally, K. pneumoniae creates several outbreaks and crises in Egypt owing to the highly heterogeneity and the wide spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and multi-virulent CRKP phenotypes.Conclusion: Our results are significant and alarming to health organizations throughout the world for the severity and heterogeneity of K. pneumoniae infections. Therefore, the traditional method for treatment of CRKP infections must be renewed. Additionally, the treatment protocols must be well correlated with the site of infections, phenotypes, and genotypes of CRKP strains.Keywords: K. pneumoniae, virulence genes, heterogeneity, multidrug resistant, MDR, carbapenem resistance K. pneumonia, CRPK

Summary: Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been shown to be the predominant life‐threatening pathogen in Egypt. MRSA is a major cause of severe healthcare‐associated (HA) infections. During the last decades, the incidence of community‐associated (CA) MRSA infections has a complex epidemiology arising from the circulation of different strains in the general population. Moreover, livestock‐associated (LA) MRSA emerged recently becomes an emerging threat to public health. Therefore, it is important to illuminate the differences between CA‐, HA‐ and LA‐MRSA to shed light on their genetic diversity and evolution. This study presents the first data on analysing the correlation between CA‐, LA‐ and HA‐MRSA using antibiogram typing, molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes' profiles. Overall, HA‐MRSA strains tended to be multidrug resistant and less virulent than both LA‐ and CA‐MRSA strains. Importantly, CA‐MRSA strains had a high homology with each of HA‐ and LA‐MRSA. However, no similarity was observed between HA‐ and LA‐MRSA. Our findings suggest that the epidemiological changes in genetic behaviour between HA‐ and LA‐MRSA are due to the presence of CA‐MRSA confirming that CA‐MRSA has created a public health crisis worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Chemistry & Biotechnology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Chemistry & Biotechnology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)