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The cuticle covering the outer surface of an eggshell functions as both a physical and chemical barrier against invading microorganisms. Contamination of eggs by microbial pathogens progresses in four stages: bacterial attachment to the egg surface, penetration through the cuticle and eggshell, multiplication within the underlying membranes, and the final stage of contaminating the egg contents. Therefore, it is important to study bacterial count at the first point of contact, i.e., on the surface of the eggs. In this study, we have evaluated the impact of differences in cuticle quality (due to egg washing and hen age) on bacterial load. We compared bacterial adherence on the eggshell surface of white eggs which were either washed (graded) or unwashed (ungraded), collected from Lohmann laying hens of different ages: early (24-28 weeks), mid-lay (44-48 weeks), and late (66-70 weeks). We aimed to determine the impact of hen age and egg washing on differences in cuticle quality and bacterial adherence. Our results indicate that hen age (up to 70 weeks) and commercial egg washing do not significantly impact bacterial adherence on eggshell surfaces. We have developed a novel method using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing Salmonella typhimurium to estimate adherence of bacteria to the eggshell surface, with independent measurement of autofluorescence to quantitate cuticle deposition. S. typhimurium were localized, adhering to cracks visible on the outer cuticle in ungraded eggs, indicating that egg-associated pathogens usually enter the egg interior either through respiratory pores in eggshells or through shell micro-cracks. The results of this study can be utilized to optimize innovative methods for predictive microbiology in order to achieve egg safety.

The aim of this study was to compare the level of bone mass in digital orthopantomograms in two populations (medieval and current) using two radiomorphometric indexes, and to correlate the mandibular bone mass value, in the medieval mandible population, with stable isotope data δ13C and δ15N. An observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study on mandibles from two diachronic groups, 15 mandibles from the medieval settlement of La Torrecilla (Granada, Spain) and 15 mandibles from current patients at the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Granada (Spain), matched by age and sex was conducted. The bone mass density was determined using the Mandibular Cortical Width Index (MCW) and the Mandibular Panoramic Index (PMI) in digital panoramic radiographs. In the medieval group, the values of bone mass density were correlated with those of two stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N). The mean value of MCW in mm in the medieval group was 3.96 ± 0.60 (mean ± standard deviation) and in the current group was 4.02 ± 1.01. The PMI was 0.33 ± 0.06 and 0.35 ± 0.08 in the medieval and current groups respectively, with similar results in both groups (p = 0.820 and p = 0.575). A negative correlation was found between both morphometric indices and the δ15N isotope (rs = 0.56, p = 0.030 and rs = 0.61, p = 0.016, respectively). The bone mass density in mandibles belonging to the two compared populations, determined by two quantitative radiomorphometric indices, is similar. Within the medieval population, there is an inverse correlation between the δ15N value and bone mass density., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objectives: To evaluate gingiva-colored resin-based composites' (GCRBC) color stability and degree of conversion (DC%)., Methods: Eight discs (8 × 1 mm) of 20 shades of GCRBC were prepared. Color coordinates were measured against a gray background with a calibrated spectroradiometer, CIE D65 illuminant and the CIE 45°/0° geometry at baseline and after 30 days of storage in distilled water, coffee, and red wine. Color differences ( ∆ E 00 ) between final and baseline conditions were calculated. An ATR-FTIR spectrometer with a diamond tip was used to calculate DC%. The results were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test. The level of significance was p < 0.05., Results: DC% and color stability correlated with each other and with the GCRBC brand. DC% ranged between 43% and 96%, highest values correspond to flowable composites. All composites have experienced color changes after immersion in water, wine and coffee. However, the magnitude of the color change has varied widely depending on the immersion medium and the GCRBC. Color changes generated by the wine were, globally, greater than those induced by coffee (p < 0.001) and above the acceptability thresholds., Conclusions: The DC% of GCRBCs is sufficient to achieve adequate biocompatibility and physicomechanical properties, but the high susceptibility to staining could compromise aesthetic long-term results., Clinical Significance: The degree of conversion and the color stability of gingiva-colored resin-based composites correlated with each other. All composites have experienced color changes after immersion in water, wine and coffee. Color changes generated by wine were, globally, greater than those induced by coffee and above the acceptability thresholds that could compromise aesthetic long-term results., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Osteoporosis and bone fractures are a severe problem for the welfare of laying hens, with genetics and environment, such as housing system, each making substantial contributions to bone strength. In this work, we performed genetic analyses of bone strength, bone mineral density, and bone composition, as well as body weight, in 860 commercial crossbred laying hens from 2 different companies, kept in either furnished cages or floor pens. We compared bone traits between housing systems and crossbreds and performed a genome-wide association study of bone properties and body weight. As expected, the 2 housing systems produced a large difference in bone strength, with layers housed in floor pens having stronger bones. These differences were accompanied by differences in bone geometry, mineralization, and chemical composition. Genome scans either combining or independently analyzing the 2 housing systems revealed no genome-wide significant loci for bone breaking strength. We detected 3 loci for body weight that were shared between the housing systems on chromosomes 4, 6, and 27 (either genome-wide significant or suggestive) and these coincide with associations for bone length. In summary, we found substantial differences in bone strength, content, and composition between hens kept in floor pens and furnished cages that could be attributed to greater physical activity in pen housing. We found little evidence for large-effect loci for bone strength in commercial crossbred hens, consistent with a highly polygenic architecture for bone strength in the production environment. The lack of consistent genetic associations between housing systems in combination with the differences in bone phenotypes could be due to gene-by-environment interactions with housing system or a lack of power to detect shared associations for bone strength., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Genetics Society of America.)

Objectives: To evaluate the optical properties of gingiva-colored resin-based composites (GCRBCs)., Methods: Five discs (8 mm diameter x 1mm height) of 17 shades of GCRBCs were prepared. Diffuse reflectance was measured against white and black backgrounds using a calibrated spectroradiometer, CIE D65 illuminant and the CIE 45⁰/0⁰ geometry. Relative translucency parameter was calculated using ΔE 00 (RTP 00 ). Translucency differences were evaluated using published data of 50:50% translucency perceptibility (TPT 00 ) and acceptability (TAT 00 ) thresholds. Scattering (S) and absorption (K) coefficients and transmittance (T%) were calculated using Kubelka-Munk's equations. Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney tests, and VAF coefficient., Results: The RTP 00 values of the 17 evaluated shades ranged from 8.69 to 21.34. There were perceptible translucency differences (TPT 00 =0.62) between different shades of the same brand and between composites designated with the same shade of different brands. Spectral distributions of S, K and T were wavelength-dependent. Although the spectral behavior of the S and K coefficients and T% were similar for all the gingival composites evaluated, the values of these parameters presented statistically significant differences between shades, which would justify the differences found in the relative translucency parameter., Conclusions: The optical properties S, K and T% of GCRBCs were significantly different, resulting in perceptible translucency differences between the same shade of different commercial brands and between different shades of the same brand., Clinical Significance: Translucency differences of gingiva-colored composites may significantly influence their masking ability affecting the clinician's choice of restorative material., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors report no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Objective: To determine the visual 50:50% perceptibility and acceptability CIEDE2000 lightness, chroma and hue human gingiva thresholds., Methods: A psychophysical experiment based on visual assessments of simulated images of human gingiva on a calibrated display was performed. A 20-obsever panel (dentists and laypersons; n=10) evaluated three subsets of simulated human gingiva: lightness subset (|ΔL ' /ΔE 00 |≥ 0.98); chroma subset (|ΔC ' /ΔE 00 |≥ 0.98) and hue subset (|ΔH ' /ΔE 00 |≥ 0.96) using ΔE 00 < 5 units. A Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) Fuzzy Approximation model was used as fitting procedure, and 50:50% perceptibility threshold (PT) and acceptability threshold (AT) were calculated. Data was statistically analyzed using t-test (p ≤ 0.05)., Results: The 50:50% PT were ΔL' = 0.74 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39-1.09); ΔC' = 1.10 (95% CI 0.57-1.46); ΔH' = 2.40 (95% CI 1.66->3.85). The 50:50% AT were ΔL' = 2.57 (95% CI 2.00-3.06); ΔC' = 2.70 (95% CI 2.19-3.38). AT ΔH' may be considered no computable. PT values were statistically significant among the three metric differences (p ≤ 0.05). No difference was found between observers for PT values., Conclusions: Statistically differences in perceptual limit were found among hue, lightness and chroma for human gingiva. Thus, the observers seem to show lower sensitivity for changes in hue (ΔH ' ) than in chroma (ΔC ' ) and in lightness (ΔL ' ) in the gingiva color space., Clinical Significance: PT and AT for lightness, chroma and hue specific for human gingiva should be used when evaluating natural gingiva, pink gingival shade guides or pink materials, since the thresholds of perception and acceptability for teeth are not suitable., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Keel bone fractures are a serious animal welfare problem in laying hens. The aim of the current study was to assess the influence of egg production, oestradiol-17ß, and selection for high laying performance on bone quality. Hens of two layer lines differing in laying performance (WLA: 320 eggs per year, G11: 200 eggs per year) were allocated to four treatment groups. Group S received a deslorelin acetate implant that suppressed egg production. Group E received an implant with the sexual steroid oestradiol-17ß. Group SE received both implants and group C did not receive any implant. In the 63rd week of age, composition and characteristics of the tibiotarsi were assessed using histological analysis, three-point bending test, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and two-dimensional X-ray diffraction, respectively. Non-egg-laying hens showed a higher total bone area and a higher relative amount of cortical bone compared to egg-laying hens. Hens of layer line G11 showed a higher relative amount of medullary bone and a higher degree of mineralization of the cortical bone compared to hens of layer line WLA. These differences in bone composition may explain different susceptibility to keel bone fractures in non-egg-laying compared to egg-laying hens as well as in hens of layer lines differing in laying performance. The effect of exogenous oestradiol-17ß on bone parameters varied between the layer lines indicating a genetic influence on bone physiology and the way it can be modulated by hormone substitution.

Dental materials are mainly tested in vitro, so laboratory conditions must reproduce the oral environment to ensure the validity of their results. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of backgrounds on the color of gingiva-colored resin-based composites (GCRBC). Three discs of each of 20 shades of GCRBCs and each thickness (1 and 2 mm) were prepared. Diffuse reflectance was measured on-air and over three natural teeth (0M3/B1, 3M3/B3, and 5M3/B4 shades of Vita 3D Master/Vita Classical guides, respectively) using a calibrated spectroradiometer, CIE D65 illuminant and the CIE 45°/0° geometry. CIEDE2000 color difference formula and its 50:50% perceptibility and acceptability thresholds have been used to calculate and interpret the results. It can be stated that the background influences the color of all GCRBCs tested, although the effect is more pronounced for 1 mm thick samples. L*, a* and b* coordinates values of GCRBCs on air were significantly different from those obtained on natural teeth backgrounds, and the total color differences were greater than the acceptability thresholds. Since GCRBCs are placed on a dental substrate in clinical conditions, it is not advisable to perform color measurements of GCRBCs on-air because of the high color differences found. This recommendation is especially relevant for thin specimens.

There is very recent and strong evidence relating Fusobacterium nucleatum to colorectal cancer. In this narrative review, we update the knowledge about gingival dysbiosis and the characteristics of Fusobacterium nucleatum as one of the main bacteria related to periodontitis. We provide data on microbiome, epidemiology, risk factors, prognosis, and treatment of colorectal cancer, one of the most frequent tumours diagnosed and whose incidence increases every year. We describe, from its recent origin, the relationship between this bacterium and this type of cancer and the knowledge and emerging mechanisms that scientific evidence reveals in an updated way. A diagram provided synthesizes the pathogenic mechanisms of this relationship in a comprehensive manner. Finally, the main questions and further research perspectives are presented.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of four commercial silver diamine fluoride (SDF) agents on the chemical composition and microstructural properties of dentin, and its relation to the bond strength of two adhesives., Materials and Methods: Ninety human molars were randomly divided into sound dentin (negative control), demineralized dentin (positive control), and four experimental groups (n = 15) according to the SDF treatments (Cariestop [Biodinamica Quimica y Farmaceutica], RivaStar 1 [SDI], RivaStar 2 [SDI], and Saforide [Tokyo Seiyaku Kasei]). ATR-FTIR, x-ray diffraction, and SEM techniques were employed to characterize the compositional, crystalline, and microstructural properties of the samples. The microtensile bond strength test evaluated the bonding performance of two adhesives in demineralized dentin treated with SDF agents., Results: Regarding the chemical composition, all SDF-treated groups showed a significantly higher phosphate:organic matrix ratio than the demineralized dentin group (p < 0.05). The XRD analyses revealed that the crystallite size for hydroxyapatite crystals increased on the surface areas (deep, medium, and superficial dentin) for all experimental groups compared to demineralized dentin (p < 0.05). SEM images showed that the behavior of the agents used differs on each surface treated. Bond strength values were adversely affected with both adhesive systems in the four experimental groups (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: The application of SDF agents resulted in the formation of different crystalline phases of silver salts and the increase of mineralization of the pretreated demineralized dentin. However, SDF application showed a negative effect on the bond strength of the adhesives.

The bacterial load on the eggshell surface is a key factor in predicting the bacterial penetration and contamination of the egg interior. The eggshell cuticle is the first line of defense against vertical penetration by microbial food-borne pathogens such as Salmonella Enteritidis. Egg producers are increasingly introducing alternative caging systems into their production chain as animal welfare concerns become of greater relevance to today's consumer. Stress that is introduced by hen aggression and modified nesting behavior in furnished cages can alter the physiology of egg formation and affect the cuticle deposition/quality. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of caging systems (conventional, enriched, free-run, and free-range), on eggshell cuticle parameters and the eggshell bacterial load. The cuticle plug thickness and pore length were higher in the free-range eggs as compared to conventional eggs. The eggshells from alternative caging (enriched and free-range) had a higher total cuticle as compared to conventional cages. A reduction in bacterial cell counts was observed on eggshells that were obtained from free-range eggs as compared to the enriched systems. An inverse correlation between the contact angle and Salmonella adherence was observed. These results indicate that the housing systems of layer hens can modify the cuticle quality and thereby impact bacterial adherence and food safety.

We have studied in detail the changes that occur in eggshell structure and composition during a production cycle in order to better understand the deterioration of eggshell quality with hen age (at 33, 45, and 67 wk). To study changes in eggshell ultrastructure and microstructure characteristics (mammillary density, palisade layer thickness, size, and orientation of calcite crystals) and the cuticle composition, we used complementary analytical techniques such optical and electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectrometry. The marked decrease in eggshell breaking strength from 5.8 Kg at 33 wk to 4.4 Kg at 67 wk (25% reduction) could not be solely explained by the modest reduction in eggshell thickness (6-10% reduction) and seems to be associate to abrupt changes in eggshell ultra- and microstructure characteristics (i.e., decreased mammillary density; increased size of crystal units), occurring in older hens. Particularly, the decrease in mammillary density reduces the attachment points of the eggshell mineral to the membranes and therefore should negatively impact eggshell mechanical properties. Also, the observed increase in the calcite crystal size making the shell could also reduce the cohesion of crystals and eggshell resistance against impacts. Additionally, there was a decrease in the amount of cuticle and internal egg quality parameters (egg albumen height) with hen age that could have a negative impact in egg safety and quality., Competing Interests: DISCLOSURES All sources of funding are acknowledged in the manuscript, and authors have declared any direct financial benefits or conflict of interest that could result from publication. All appropriate ethics and other approvals were obtained for the research., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The objective of this work was to compare the micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) of CAD/CAM (Computer-Aided Design/ Computer-Aided Manufacturing) specimens cemented with different pairing of adhesives and resin-cements using two Immediate Dentin Dealing (IDS) approaches in comparison with Delay Dentin Sealing (DDS). Coronal dentin from 108 molars were divided into nine groups ( n = 12) depending on the adhesive/resin-cement (A-C) assigned. Lava™ Ultimate (4 × 10 × 10 mm) was cemented according to different strategies: IDS1(cementation after dentin sealing), DDS (dentin sealing and cementation at 2-weeks), IDS2 (immediate dentin sealing and cementation at 2-weeks). Samples were sectioned and tested until failure to determine the µTBS. Failure mode was categorized as dentin/cement (DC), at Lava™ Ultimate/cement (LC) and hybrid (H). Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests and influence of the type of failure on the µTBS by survival analysis with competing risk was explored. Mostly, µTBS values were equal or higher in IDS2 than DDS. In general, A-Cs that showed higher µTBS, have high percentages of LC failure. Survival analysis with competing risk between DC + H and LC values showed that some A-Cs would significantly increase the µTBS values for IDS2. A-Cs with the highest adhesion values showed a high percentage of fractures at the LC interface, suggesting that the adhesion at the adhesive/dentin interface would be higher.

Objectives: This study compared the chemical composition, microstructural, and mechanical properties of human and bovine dentin subjected to a demineralization/remineralization process., Materials and Methods: Human and bovine incisors were sectioned to obtain 120 coronal dentin beams (6 × 1 × 1 mm 3 ) that were randomly allocated into 4 subgroups (n = 15) according to the time of treatment (sound, pH-cycling for 3, 7, and 14 days). Three-point bending mechanical test, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), thermogravimetric (TG), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were employed to characterize the dentin samples., Results: Regarding chemical composition at the molecular level, bovine sound dentin showed significantly lower values in organic and inorganic content (collagen cross-linking, CO 3 /amide I, and CO 3 /PO 4 ; p = 0.002, p = 0.026, and p = 0.002, respectively) compared to humans. Employing XRD analyses, a higher mineral crystallinity in human dentin than in bovines at 7 and 14 days (p = 0.003 and p = 0.009, respectively) was observed. At the end of the pH-cycling, CI (ATR-FTIR) and CO 3 /PO 4 ratios (ATR-FTIR) increased, while CO 3 /amide I (ATR-FTIR), PO 4 /amide I (ATR-FTIR), and %mineral (TG) ratios decreased. The extension by compression values increased over exposure time with significant differences between dentin types (p < 0.001, in all cases), reaching higher values in bovine dentin. However, flexural strength (MPa) did not show differences between groups. We also observed the correlation between compositional variables (i.e., PO 4 /amide I, CI, and %mineral) and the extension by compression., Conclusions: Human and bovine dentin are different in terms of microstructure, chemical composition, mechanical strength, and in their response to the demineralization/remineralization process by pH-cycling., Clinical Relevance: These dissimilarities may constitute a potential limitation when replacing human teeth with bovines in in vitro studies.

(1) Background: Nowadays the industry aims to improve lay persistency for extended cycles (100 weeks or longer) to make egg production more sustainable. However, intensive egg production challenges hen health, inducing severe osteoporosis and the incidence of bone fractures. In this study, the relationship between bone quality and egg production, and/or eggshell quality, was evaluated at the end of an extended laying cycle of 100 weeks, comparing groups of hens with different production and eggshell quality parameters; (2) Methods: Quality parameters of egg (as weight, egg white height), eggshell (as thickness, weight, breaking strength, elasticity and microstructure) and tibiae bone (weight, diameter, cortical thickness, ash weight, breaking strength, medullary bone) were determined; (3) Results: Hens from groups with a high egg production and good eggshell quality have poorer bone quality (lower ash weight and lesser amount of medullary bone). However, Pearson's correlation analysis shows no clear relationship between bone and egg/eggshell parameters. (4) Conclusions: Bone and egg production/eggshell quality are independent and can be improved separately. Medullary bone has an important contribution to bone mechanical properties, being important to accumulate enough bone medullary bone early in life to maintain skeletal integrity and eggshell quality in old hens.

Neutrophils are key cells of the immune system and have a decisive role in fighting foreign pathogens in infectious diseases. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) consist of a mesh of DNA enclosing antimicrobial peptides and histones that are released into extracellular space following neutrophil response to a wide range of stimuli, such as pathogens, host-derived mediators and drugs. Neutrophils can remain functional after NET formation and are important for periodontal homeostasis. Periodontitis is an inflammatory multifactorial disease caused by a dysbiosis state between the gingival microbiome and the immune response of the host. The pathogenesis of periodontitis includes an immune-inflammatory component in which impaired NET formation and/or elimination can be involved, contributing to an exacerbated inflammatory reaction and to the destruction of gingival tissue. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the role of NETs in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.

Broiler chickens have an extreme physiology (rapid growth rates) that challenges the correct bone mineralization, being an interesting animal model for studying the development of bone pathologies. This work studies in detail how the mineralization, chemistry, and structural organization of tibiae bone in broiler chickens change with age during the first 5 wk (37 D) from hatching until acquiring the final weight for slaughter. During the early growth phase (first 2 wk), the rapid addition of bone tissue does not allow for bone organic matrix to fully mineralize and mature, and seems to be a critical period for bone development at which bone mineralization cannot keep pace with the rapid growth of bones. The low degree of bone mineralization and large porosity of cortical bone at this period might be responsible of leg deformation and/or other skeletal abnormalities commonly observed in these birds. Later, cortical bone porosity gradually decreases and the cortical bone became fully mineralized (65%) at 37 D of age. At the same time, bone mineral acquires the composition of mature bone tissue (decreased amount of carbonate, higher crystallinity, Ca/P = 1.68). However, the mineral part was still poorly organized even at 37 D. The oriented fraction was about 0.45 which means that more than half of apatite crystals within the mineral are randomly oriented. Mineral organization (crystal orientation) had an important contribution to bone-breaking strength. Nevertheless, locally determined (at tibia mid-shaft) bone properties (i.e., cortical thickness, crystal orientation) has only a moderate correlation (R2 = 0.33) with bone breaking strength probably due to large and highly heterogeneous porosity of bone that acts as structural defects. On the other hand, the total amount of mineral (a global property) measured by total ash content was the best predictor for breaking strength (R2 = 0.49). Knowledge acquired in this study could help in designing strategies to improve bone quality and reduce the incidence of skeletal problems in broiler chickens that have important welfare and economic implications., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Poultry Science Association.)