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Citizen science offers an opportunity for ordinary people, known as citizen scientists or citizen astronomers in the context of astronomy, to contribute to scientific research. The Pan-African Citizen Science e-Lab (PACS e-Lab) was founded to promote and engage the African public in citizen science and soft astronomy research to advance space research and exploration and enhance space education and outreach. PACS e-Lab, in collaboration with several international astronomy research, education, and outreach organizations, currently runs several projects including but not limited to asteroid search, exoplanet photometry, research writing for peer-reviewed publications, astrophoto visual development, and Amateur Radio contact with astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ARISS). Despite several challenges, the group has engaged over 600 Africans from more than 40 countries and is working towards covering the entire continent in the future. PACS e-Lab's development efforts resonate with seven United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs)., Comment: 32 pages,17 figures, 2 Tables

Asteroid search is a global effort for planetary defense. The International Astronomical Search Collaboration (IASC) is the leading global educational outreach program that provides high-quality astronomical datasets to citizen scientists to discover asteroids. Since December 4, 2020, the Pan-African Citizen Science e-Lab (PACS e-Lab) has been IASC's biggest partner on the continent in recruiting and training citizen scientists in asteroid search endeavors. Over 30 asteroids have been discovered by 60 citizen scientists. About 595 citizen scientists from over 40 countries have been engaged in the project up to the time of composing this literature. The group is set to expand its endeavors to the rest of the continent and aims to engage thousands of citizen scientists., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, 5 Tables

We introduce a theoretical framework to describe the heat flux radiated in the near-field regime by a set of magneto-optical thermal nanoemitters close to a substrate in the presence of an external magnetic field. Then, we investigate the particular case of a single emitter and we demonstrate that the external field can induce both an amplification of the heat exchanged between emittter and substrate and a focusing of the Poynting field at the substrate interface at deep sub-wavelength scale. These effects open up promising perspectives for the development of heat-assisted magnetic-recording technology., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures

Heat shuttling phenomenon is characterized by the presence of a non-zero heat flow between two bodies without net thermal bias on average. It was initially predicted in the context of nonlinear heat conduction within atomic lattices coupled to two time-oscillating thermostats. Recent theoretical works revealed an analog of this effect for heat exchanges mediated by thermal photons between two solids having a temperature dependent emissivity. In this paper, we present the experimental proof of this effect using systems made with composite materials based on phase change materials. By periodically modulating the temperature of one of two solids we report that the system akin to heat pumping with a controllable heat flow direction. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of a simultaneous modulation of two temperatures to control both the strength and direction of heat shuttling by exploiting the phase delay between these temperatures. These results show that this effect is promising for an active thermal management of solid-state technology, to cool down solids, to insulate them from their background or to amplify heat exchanges.

Developing thermal analogues of field-effect transistor could open the door to a low-power and even zero-power communication technology working with heat rather than electricity. These solid-sate devices could also find many applications in the field of active thermal management in numerous technologies (microelectronic, building science, energy harvesting,conversion,...). Recent theoretical works has suggested that a photonic transistor made with three terminals can in principle be used to switch, modulate, and even amplify heat flux through exchange of thermal photons. Here, we report an experimental demonstration of thermal transistor effect using a non-contact system composed by a temperature-controlled metal-insulator-based material interacting in far-field regime with two blackbodies held at two different temperatures. We demonstrate that, with a tiny change in the temperature of the active layer, the heat flux received by the cold blackbody can be drastically modified. An amplification parameter of heat flux over 20 is reported.

A tomographic study of near-field radiative heat exchanges between a mesoscopic object and a substrate immersed in a thermal bath is carried out within the theoretical framework of fluctuational electrodynamics. By using the discrete-dipole-approximation method, we compute the power density distribution for radiative exchanges and highlight the major role played by many-body interactions in these transfers. Additionally, we emphasize the close relationship between power distribution and eigenmodes within the solid paving the way to applications for hot-spot targeting at deep sub-wavelength scale by shape optimization., Comment: 16 pages, 14 figures

Despite recent experiments exhibiting an impressive enhancement in radiative heat flux between parallel planar silica surfaces with gap sizes of about 10 nm, the exploration of sub-nanometric gap distances remains unexplored. In this work, by employing non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations, we study the heat transfer between two SiO2 plates in both their amorphous and crystalline forms. When the gap size is 2 nm, we find that the heat transfer coefficient experiences a substantial ~30-fold increase compared to the experimental value at the gap size of 10 nm confirming the dependence on the distance inversely quadratic as predicted by the fluctuational electrodynamics (FE) theory. Comparative analysis between NEMD and FE reveals a generally good agreement, particularly for amorphous silica. Spectral heat transfer analysis demonstrates the profound influence of gap size on heat transfer, with peaks corresponding to the resonances of dielectric function. Deviations from fluctuational electrodynamics theory at smaller gap sizes are interpreted in the context of acoustic phonon tunneling and the effects of a gradient of permittivity close to the surfaces.

We introduce a direct (Seebeck) and inverse (Peltier) thermoelectric effect induced by electron tunneling between closely separated conducting films. When a transverse temperature gradient is applied along one of two films, a bias voltage is induced in the second thanks to the heat transfer mediated by electrons tunneling through the separation gap. We highlight a non trivial behavior for this Seebeck effect with respect to geometric characteristics of interacting films. Conversely, when an electric current passes through one of two films a strong thermal power can be removed from or inserted in the second film through an induced Peltier effect. In particular we highlight conditions where the induced Seebeck and Peltier coefficients are larger than in the bulk. These induced thermoelectric effects could find broad applications in the fields of energy conversion and cooling at nanoscale., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

The local density of states (LDOS) of electromagnetic field drives many basic processes associated to light-matter interaction such as the thermal emission of object, the spontaneous emission of quantum systems or the fluctuation-induced electromagnetic forces on molecules. Here, we study the LDOS in the close vicinity of magneto-optical metamaterials under the action of an external magnetic field and demonstrate that it can be efficiently changed in a narrow or a broad spectral range simply by changing the spatial orientation or the magnitude of this field. This result paves the way for an active control of the photonic density of states at deep-subwavelength scale.

Two metals at different temperatures separated by large gaps exchange heat under the form of electromagnetic radiation. When the separation distance is reduced and they approach contact (nanometer and sub-nanometer gaps), electrons and phonons can tunnel between the bodies, competing and eventually going beyond the flux mediated by thermal photons. In this transition regime the accurate modeling of electronic current and heat flux is of major importance. Here we show that, in order to quantitatively model this transfer, a careful description of the tunneling barrier between two metals is needed and going beyond the traditional WKB approximation is also essential. We employ analytical and numerical approaches to model the electronic potential between two semi-infinite jellium planar substrates separated by a vacuum gap in order to calculate the electronic heat flow and compare it with its radiative counterpart described by near-field radiative heat transfer. We demonstrate that the results for heat flux and electronic current density are extremely sensitive to both the shape and height of the barrier, as well as the calculation scheme for the tunneling probability, with variations up to several orders of magnitude. Using the proximity force approximation, we also provide estimates for tip-plane geometries. The present work provides realistic models to describe the electronic heat flux, in the scanning-thermal-microscopy experiments., Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures

The understanding of extreme near-field heat transport across vacuum nanogaps between polar dielectric materials remains an open question. In this work, we present a molecular dynamic simulation of heat transport across MgO-MgO nanogaps, together with a consistent comparison with the continuum fluctuational-electrodynamics theory using local dielectric properties. The dielectric function is computed by Green-Kubo molecular dynamics with the anharmonic damping properly included. As a result, the direct atomistic modeling shows significant deviation from the continuum theory even up to a gap size of few nanometers due to non-local dielectric response from acoustic and optical branches as well as phonon tunneling. The lattice anharmonicity is demonstrated to have a large impact on the energy transmission and thermal conductance, in contrast to its moderate effect reported for metallic vacuum nanogaps. The present work thus provides further insight into the physics of heat transport in the extreme near-field regime between polar materials, and put forward a methodology to account for anharmonic effects.

We study radiative heat transfer between two nanoemitters placed inside different types of closed cavities by means of a fluctuational-electrodynamics approach. We highlight a very sharp dependence of this transfer on cavity width, and connect this to the matching between the material-induced resonance and the resonant modes of the cavity. In resonant configurations, this allows for an energy-flux amplification of several orders of magnitude with respect to the one exchanged between two emitters in vacuum as well as between two black-bodies, even at separation distances much larger than the thermal wavelength. On the other hand, variations of the cavity width by a few percent allow a reduction of the flux by several orders of magnitude and even a transition to inhibition compared to the vacuum scenario. Our results pave the way to the design of thermal waveguides for the long-distance transport of super-Planckian heat flux and selective heat transfer in many-body system., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures

In the classical approach to deal with near-field radiative heat exchanges between two closely spaced bodies no coupling between the different heat carriers inside the materials and thermal photons is usually considered. Here we make an overview of the current state of studies on this coupling between solids of different sizes by paying a specific attention to the impact of the conduction regime inside the solids on conduction-radiation coupling. We also describe how the shape of solids affects this coupling. We show that this coupling can be at the origin of a drastic change of temperature profiles inside each body and of heat flux exchanged between them. These results could have important implications in the fields of nanoscale thermal management, near-field solid-state cooling and nanoscale energy conversion., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures

When two solids are separated by a vacuum gap of thickness smaller than the wavelength of acoustic phonons, the latter can tunnel across the gap thanks to van der Waals forces or electrostatic interactions. Here we show that these mechanical vibration modes can also contribute significantly, at the atomic scale, to the nonlocal radiative response of polar materials. By combining molecular-dynamics simulations with fluctuational-electrodynamics theory, we investigate the near-field radiative heat transfer between two slabs due to this optomechanical coupling and highlight its dominant role at cryogenic temperatures. These results pave the way to exciting avenues for the control of heat flux and the development of cooling strategies at the atomic scale., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

We analyze the heat transfer between two metals separated by a vacuum gap in the extreme near-field regime. In this cross-over regime between conduction and radiation, heat exchanges are mediated by photon, phonon and electron tunneling. We quantify the relative contribution of these carriers with respect to both the separation distance between the two bodies and the applied bias voltage. In the presence of a weak bias ($V_{\rm b}<100$~mV), electrons and phonons can contribute equally to the heat transfer near contact, while the contribution of photons becomes negligible. On the other hand, for larger bias voltages, electrons play a dominant role. Moreover, we demonstrate that depending on the magnitude of this bias, electrons can either cool down or heat up the hot body by the Nottingham effect. Our results emphasize some inconsistencies in recent experimental results about heat exchanges in the extreme near-field regime and set a road map for future experiments., Comment: 15 pages, 17 figures

The rational thermal management of buildings is of major importance for the reduction of the overall primary energy consumption. Smart windows are promising systems which could save a significant part of this energy. Here we introduce a double glazing system made with a thermochromic metal-insulator transition material and a glass layer separated by an air gap which is able to switch from its insulating to its conducting phase thanks to the greenhouse effect occuring in the separation gap. We also show that this passive system can reduce the incoming heat flux by 30% in comparison with a traditional double glazing while maintaining the transmittance around 0.35 over 75% of visible spectrum.

We investigate the adiabatic evolution of thermal state in non-reciprocal many-body systems coupled to their environment and subject to periodic drivings. In such systems we show that besides the dynamical phase a geometrical phase can exist and it drives the relaxation dynamic of the system. On the contrary to the dynamical phase which always pushes the system toward its equilibrium state we show that the geometric phase can speed up or reduce the speed of relaxation process. These results could have applications in the field of thermal management of complex systems.