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In the late 1930s, British Columbia orchardists established an orderly marketing system that mandated all tree fruit grown in the province’s southern Interior be pooled and sold under the auspices of a marketing board called the BC Fruit Board. This compulsory system helped to stabilize the industry, but its benefits were shared unevenly across the community of growers, and not all were amenable to its tenets or willing to cooperate fully with its control policies. Fruit stands were a legitimate way to circumvent the board and get paid cash for one’s produce, but they had an illicit, underground counterpart: a black market in which fruit was transported for unauthorized sale in distant population centres. Drawing on interviews with former “fruitleggers” and industry officials, this article traces the emergence, expansion, and decline of this black market, as well as Fruit Board efforts to control it.

Adolescence is a period of increased injury risk in youth footballers; however, no studies have considered the influence of growth-related factors and exposure time upon injury risk. Forty-nine elite male youth footballers were prospectively monitored for growth, lower-limb growth, maturation, training volume and injury for one season. Generalised linear mixed-effects models were used to model growth rate, lower-limb growth rate, maturation, and smoothed week-to-week changes in exposure on time-loss injury risk. The relationship between growth rate and injury incidence was linear (P = 0.031) and injury burden was non-linear (P = 0.019). The relationship between lower-limb growth rate and injury incidence was linear and positive (P = 0.098). A non-linear relationship was observed between lower-limb growth rate and injury burden (P = 0.001). A non-linear relationship between Percentage of Predicted Adult Stature and both injury incidence and injury burden were found, with peak risk occurring at 92% and 95% , respectively. There was a positive linear relationship between week-to-week changeand injury incidence (P = 0.001), and a non-linear relationship between week-to-week change and injury burden (P = 0.01). Practitioners should monitor the timing and rate of the growth spurt and exposure time to identify players at greater injury risk.

This study aims (a) to assess and compare the acute mechanical, physiological,and perceptual demands induced by a lower and upper body repeated powerability (RPA) protocols, and (b) to examine how the somatic maturation could predicttraining response in RPA. Thirteen young male basketball players (chronologicalage = 15.2±1.1 years; height = 173.8±9.5 cm; body mass = 71.7±18.3 kg) wereselected to perform the parallel Back Squat (BS), and Bench Press (BP) RPA protocols(3 blocks of 5 sets of 5 repetitions with 30 s and 3 min of passive recovery betweensets and blocks, respectively). Mean propulsive power (MPP), accelerometer-baseddata, cardio-respiratory data, blood lactate, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and musclesoreness were recorded. Somatic maturation was estimated according to the Khamisand Roche method. On the BS protocol, the mean oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate(HR), and RPE were 1006.33±481.85 ml/min., 133.8±12.5 bpm, and 6.14±0.98A.U., while on the BP protocol, were 684.6±246.3 ml/min., 96.1±10.4 bpm,and 5.08±1.44 A.U., respectively. Significant between-blocks differences were foundfor MPP, RPE, and blood lactate for both exercises. The BS implies higher cardio-respiratory and perceptual demands, though lower power production fluctuation andmovement variability than the BP. The somatic maturation was a strong predictor ofRPA-derived variables in BS. The MPP during all protocol, and the MPP during the BestSet were significant predictable by somatic maturation in both exercises. Mechanical,physiological and perceptual training demands are exercise and maturation dependent.

In the 1940s, the ‘modern synthesis’ (MS) of Darwinism and genetics cast genetic mutation and recombination as the source of variability from which environmental eventsnaturally selectthe fittest, such ‘natural selection’ constituting the cause of evolution. Recent biology increasingly challenges this view by casting genes as followers and awarding the leading role in the genesis of adaptations to the agency and plasticity of developing phenotypes—making natural selection a consequence of other causal processes. Both views of natural selection claim to capture the core of Darwin’s arguments inOn the Origin of Species. Today, historians largely concur with the MS’s reading ofOriginas a book aimed to prove natural selection thecause(vera causa) of adaptive change. This paper finds the evidence for that conclusion wanting. I undertake to examine the context and meaning of all Darwin’s known uses of the phrasevera causa, documenting in particular Darwin’s resistance to the pressure to prove natural selection avera causain letters written early in 1860.His resistance underlines the logical dependence of natural selection, anunobservablephenomenon, on the causal processes producing theobservableevents captured by the laws of inheritance, variation, and the struggle for existence, established in Chapters 1–3 ofOrigin.

Reducing injuries to youth players is of primary importance to academies, as injuries can result in a significant loss in both training and match time, as well as negatively affecting player development. In total, 76 talented young football players were analysed over two full competitive seasons. The injury incidence and burden for all non-contact and overuse injuries were recorded. Exposure was calculated as the total number of competitive matches hours played. Somatic maturation was estimated by expressing the current height of each player as a percentage of their predicted adult height (Roche, Tyleshevski, & Rogers, 1983). The period of circa-peak height velocity (PHV) (24.5 injuries per 1000 h) was associated with a significantly higher injury incidence rate and burden compared to pre-PHV (11.5 injuries per 1000 h; RR:2.15, 95%CI:1.37-3.38, P

To date, no studies have investigated the loads undertaken by elite youth footballers outside of their academy commitments. This study aimed to understand the load of English male academy football players' activity both inside and outside of the academy, as well as, how this load varies between age groups and days. Fifty-two male academy footballers were asked to record the duration, intensity and mode of moderate to vigorous physical activity undertaken outside of their academy training. These data were then combined with session Rating of Perceived Exertion load undertaken inside the academy over the corresponding period. Data were analysed using linear mixed models. The coefficient of variation (CV) was the between-subject standard deviation as a percentage of the mean. The variation of activity types players undertake outside the academy reduced with age. There was no significant difference in the ‘outside of academy’ load between age groups, but there was a significantly greater CV in the Under 15/16 (U15/16) group (CV = 164%) compared to the U12 (CV = 107%) and U13/14 (CV = 119%) age groups ( P = 0.001). For the U12 group, there were no significant between-day differences in load outside of the academy or the combined (inside and outside) load. For the U13/14 and U15/16 groups, there were significant between-day differences in load outside of the academy, as well as, significant between-day differences in the combined load. Practitioners should consider how activities undertaken by players outside of the academy setting contribute to the weekly load periodisation and should modify their training schedules accordingly.

Death is not intrinsically bad, but can be extrinsically bad by virtue of preventing us from having a good life. Hence, we should not have a negative attitude toward death. Rather, our attitudes should be directed at what is intrinsically good or bad for us There is a simple Epicurean argument that we should not worry about death. Death marks the end of existence. If you don’t exist, you can’t experience any pain. So it is not bad to be dead, and your death won’t bring about anything else bad for you. If something isn’t bad for you in itself, and it doesn’t bring about anything else bad for you, then it is not bad for you in any way. If something is not bad for you in any way, you shouldn’t worry about it. So you shouldn’t worry about death. A standard reply to Epicurus is to adopt a deprivation account of the badness of death. According to this account, death is bad in virtue of depriving its victim of a good future life; the better the future that is deprived, the worse the death. Thus death can be bad for us without being bad in itself and without causing them pain. bringing about anything bad for us. This reply blocks the Epicurean argument, but it does not show that any negative attitude is appropriate to feel towards death. If the deprivation account is true, as I believe it is, what attitude should we have towards death? I will defend the view that we should prefer a good life to an early death, but that no further negative attitudes towards death are warranted. 1 The chapter will proceed as follows. First I will clarify the question I am attempting to answer. Then I will present the argument for my view. Finally I will discuss some possible objections.

This book gives readers a point of access to Darwin’s writings about psychological matters. This concluding chapter reviews Darwin’s concept of agency: stressing the interrelations that result from agency; the laws that describe its long term effects (evolution by natural selection and sexual selection); and the ways it structures Darwin’s approach to the study of non-verbal expressions and other features of human sociality. I then examine the caution with which Darwin regarded what the Victorians called psychology, as represented by the works of Bain, Spencer, and Lewes—the point of difference upon which Darwin insisted being the priority he gave to observation, as opposed to definitional niceties and deduction. I show that Darwin’s prioritization of observation contrasts with the ‘hermeneutic of suspicion’ which has given rise to a flight from reality in psychology, both practically—from the observable world we all know, into the laboratory—and theoretically, toward a rendition of the visible world in terms of invisible inner processes. I suggest that several current moves to reframe psychological research, and evolutionary theory, are converging on the place where Darwin’s treatment of agency has been standing for a hundred and fifty years. If pursued further today, Darwin’s approach to the study of agency would restore significance to the natural world, and the lives of its inhabitants.

Throughout his life Darwin collected and investigated a host of creatures from a wide range of relatively simple species—zoophytes, sea pens, corals, worms, insects, and a diversity of plants. These studies aimed to answer fundamental questions about the characteristics of life, the nature of individuality, reproduction, and the implications of agency. Central amongst these implications were interdependencies between organisms, with their conspecifics, with different species, and with their conditions of life. In this way Darwin built up a picture of the living world as a theatre of agency. The derivation of evolution from this living theatre—which he called ‘the struggle for existence’—gave Darwin’s vision of nature its distinctiveness. While twentieth-century biology sidelined the agency of organisms in favour of the gene, the twenty-first century has returned to Darwin’s view that evolution is led by organisms (or ‘phenotypes’)—with implications for psychology differing considerably from contemporary evolutionary psychologies.

The greatest contrast between Darwin’s and today’s psychologies concerns method. A century of the idealization of controlled experiments in the behavioural sciences has led many to discount without due consideration the highly refined discipline of observation and description at which Darwin excelled. Darwin’s lifelong labours as a naturalist grounded both his evolutionary theory and his psychology. The august tradition of natural history provided him with many of the concepts, practices, and attitudes that, in his own eyes, made his approach to psychological matters incompatible with that of more widely celebrated Victorian psychologists. This chapter outlines and contextualizes the practices which framed Darwin’s scientific investigations, whether of plants, animals, or human beings. These challenge some of the modernist truisms which circulate in contemporary psychology, forcing a reconsideration of the places of observation and description therein.

The parts of The Descent of Man dealing with sexual desire and difference have sparked more controversy and misrepresentation than any of Darwin’s other publications. Crucial to Descent’s arguments is the derivation of sexual selection from the dramas of display and desire observed among animals. The book describes four plotlines structuring the theatre of sexual agency in animals, each having different implications for the roles played by males and females. When Descent extends these plotlines to humans, they alter and modulate into an even more varied array of scenarios, again, each with its own distinctive roles for women and men. A mirror-dynamic figures centrally in both animal and human sex—the need to recognize or predict others’ desires so as to act in a way to arouse them. However, several nodes of concern disturb Darwin’s presentation of human sex: tensions between his three epochs of human history; Victorian racial politics; Victorian ideas about male and female superiority; and the imperatives of propriety. The chapter illustrates some of the muddles that result from these concerns, including: confirmation bias; aporia in argument; grammatical kinks; and overlap between sexual and natural selection. Finally, the chapter instances some of the main resonances in more recent scholarship of Darwin’s discussion of sex, instancing debates in feminism, about anthropomorphism, in evolutionary biology, and evolutionary psychology.

Twentieth-century psychology took a modernist form, giving Darwin’s approach to agency an unscientific look. Meanwhile, twentieth-century biologists were reconstructing evolutionary theory to highlight molecular genetics, reducing Darwin’s far-reaching writings about the living world to one grand idea: natural selection. Advances in biology today, which ground evolutionary thinking in a theory of the organism (or phenotype), find new wisdom in Darwin’s vision of the world. This vision has two axes. One describes the interwoven lives of the creatures who fill a given habitat, making interdependence central—a theatre of agency or ‘struggle for life.’ The other is what that struggle effects over time periods measured in millions of years, namely: evolution. Like his law of natural selection, Darwin’s psychology drew primarily on his understandings of the theatre of agency, whether discussing the actions of humans, animals, or plants—as the chapters of this book will show.

From its earliest days, Darwin’s theory marked off social from non-social animals. As his ideas developed, he suggested that several processes, would produce natural selection in social animals, which did not occur in their non-social cousins. These included processes based on: blood-relationships (kin selection); dependable reciprocity; and group selection. Complementing his view of evolution as promoting increasing inter-communication between parts of the hominid brain, group dynamics provide the key to understanding the evolution of humanity’s most distinctive and complex forms of agency, according to Descent. While the book deals with a range of the ‘highest’ forms of human agency, including the origins of language, it focuses most on conscience and moral action. It develops a complex theory of conscience in which several different characters play parts: the self-gratifier; the praise-seeker; an arbitrary monitor; a supremely rational judge; and an impulsive hero. Darwin’s group-based approach to understanding humanity was an inspiration to Freud and has widespread resonances in later scholarship—some discordant, many harmonious.

As early as the 1830s, Darwin nominated the study of non-verbal expression as the most convincing way to demonstrate that human agency had animal origins. His book, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872), offers us the best point of access to his human psychology. Central to its approach is interdependency. While the language which frames Expression has proved ambiguous, its overarching argument, and the five methods of research it exploits, forge a strong link between facial displays and the ways they are read or recognized by other people. His book argues that expressions themselves have no evolutionary purpose—they are not designed to communicate, or to reveal inner emotional states. It proposes three principles which have governed such evolution—none of which depend on natural selection. Being non-communicative, any significance expressions have comes from the parts they have played in the dramas of social life. Expression would today be said to proffer an ‘externalist’ or ‘situational’ account of the relations between expressions and emotions. The book also bears on contemporary debates about the universality of expressions and emotions.

Darwin used observations of infants as evidence for his evolutionary hypotheses about human agency, in three ways. First, human actions that appear fully formed at the start of life, like sucking, were deemed reflexes or instinctive fruits of evolution. Second, infant actions show in a clear and simple form the foundations of human agency. Third, when there is no direct way of proving how complex forms of human action evolved, their growth in infancy provides a working model for natural, simple-to-complex development that is analogous to evolution. Two texts exploit these arguments: Expression (1872) and ‘A Biographical Sketch of an Infant’ (1877). The former concentrates on crying and weeping. The latter focuses on some of the distinctively human forms of agency described in Descent. A key omission in the evidence Darwin’s infant observations provide for his theory is a test of infants’ capacity for group-interaction. Evidence from such a test is critical to acceptance of Descent’s thesis that adaptations to group-life ground the most distinctive forms of human behaviour. Only recently have scientists sought this evidence. From these we know that preverbal infants do have a capacity for ‘groupness.’ Darwin’s observations of young children show a robustness and prescience borne out by contemporary research.

Blushing is unique to humans. So Darwin could not show it had evolved by studying its occurrence in animals. Neither do infants blush. Hence, unlike crying, it was not easily shown to be innate. Furthermore its triggers appear to be immaterial. Expression solves the problem of why and when people blush by hypothesizing a reflexive process of reading: I blush because I read you as reading and judging me—my appearance, or conduct. This dynamic of meta-recognition or self-attention requires the construction of a complex theory of human agency, involving: a dual self; the operation of innate sympathy; a physiological hypothesis; and an evolutionary derivation. Meta-recognition underpinned Darwin’s understanding of sexual attraction, group cohesion, and conscience. It also served as a formative influence on later psychologies of symbolic interaction.

Darwin has long been hailed as forefather to behavioural science, and even more so nowadays, with the growing popularity of evolutionary psychologies. This is the first book to examine Darwin’s own extensive writings about psychological matters. It finds that Darwin’s fulcrum was the agency of living creatures—both in his psychology and in his theory of evolution. A careful reading of Darwin’s writings on topics from climbing plants to babies shows that no individual-based theory of evolution can explain everything about human action. The interpersonal domain, group-life and culture, are also key, whether we consider the dynamics of conscience, emotional expressions or the dramas of desire. For example, Darwin argues that the anatomy and physiology of evolutionarily ‘purposeless’ facial movements gain meaning through their perception by others. His explanation of blushing adds a layer of complexity to such recognition—my blush results from my perception of how you are reading me. A similar reflexive dynamic governs how Darwin understands sexual desire, conscience, the setting of social standards, and the place of culture in human agency. Testing the main plank of Darwin’s psychology—that a capacity for group-interaction underpins the most human aspects of human agency—has awaited contemporary research, being recently confirmed by film-studies of young babies. Darwin’s writings frame a surprisingly well-resourced arena for elaboration of a socialized, agentic account of how we and our fellow creatures live. Moreover, Darwin stands at the forefront of moves toward an evolutionary biology in which organisms lead and genes follow.

Small urban centres remain largely overlooked in historical studies of the counterculture in Canada. This article examines the rise and fall of the scene in Banff, Alberta—a single-industry town with an economy based on accommodating travelling pleasure-seekers, that lacked an elected municipal government. Beginning in 1965, a fast-growing number of counterculture and transient youths trekked to Banff each summer. Some used its public spaces for behaviour Banffites deemed inappropriate and also bothersome to tourists, which pushed officials, business owners, and other permanent residents to debate the nature and limits of tolerance in their community. A few facilities and services welcomed counterculture youth, but most residents remained apprehensive about how Banff’s image might be affected during the high tourist season. After years of mounting frustration and resentment, tensions reached a crescendo in 1971, following which Banff’s status as a counterculture destination abruptly collapsed., Les petits centres urbains restent largement négligés dans les études historiques sur la contre-culture au Canada. Cet article examine les hauts et les bas de ce milieu à Banff, en Alberta, une ville monoindustrielle dont l’économie reposait sur l’accueil de touristes de passage et qui ne disposait pas d’un gouvernement municipal élu. À partir de 1965, un nombre croissant de jeunes migrants transitoires se réclamant de la contre-culture se rendaient à Banff chaque été. Certains d’entre eux utilisaient les espaces publics à des fins que les Banffites jugeaient inappropriées et gênantes pour les touristes, ce qui poussa les fonctionnaires, les propriétaires d’entreprise et les autres résidents permanents à débattre de la nature et des limites de la tolérance dans leur ville. Quelques installations et services ont accueilli les jeunes de la contre-culture durant cette période, mais la plupart des résidents ont craint que l’image de Banff ne soit affectée pendant la haute saison touristique. Après des années de frustration et de ressentiment grandissants, les tensions ont atteint un crescendo en 1971, à la suite de quoi le statut de Banff en tant que destination contre-culturelle s’est brusquement effondré.

THE PRIMARY ARGUMENT OF DAVID BENATAR'S Better Never to Have Been is an argument for the claim that coming into existence is always harmful, because it is always worse for an individual to begin to exist than never to have existed (Benatar 2006: 30-49). Thus, it is always morally wrong to procreate. Several commentators have objected to this argument, including Persson (2009), Doyal (2007), McMahan (2009), Harman (2009) and Kaposy (2009). While each of these commentators raises important points, the most fundamental problem has not been identified. in what follows, I explain the argument and identify the problem. I. Benatar's Asymmetry Argument We will follow Benatar and suppose, for the purposes of this argument, that hedonism is true: pleasure and pain are the only basic intrinsic goods and evils. (1) Benatar asks us to compare a situation (A) in which an individual comes into existence, and thereafter experiences some pleasures and pains, with a situation (B) in which the person never comes into existence. Benatar argues that we should accept the following two claims concerning these two scenarios: (1) The absence of pain in (B) is intrinsically better than the presence of pain in (A). (2) The presence of pleasure in (A) is not intrinsically better than the absence of pleasure in (B) (2006: 41-2). Given these two claims, we can conclude that (B) is better than (A)--that is, it is better not to exist than to exist--since not existing is better in one way than existing, but existing is not better in any way than not existing. Thus, coming into existence is always harmful, and nobody should ever have children. The asymmetry between (1) and (2) is supposed to be justified by the explanatory work that it does. For one thing, it is supposed to explain why it is obligatory to fail to procreate when procreating would result in a bad life for the child, but it is not obligatory to procreate when the resulting child would have a good life. Having a bad life is a disadvantage relative to having no life, per (1), but having a good life is not an advantage relative to having no life, per (2). Furthermore, it would help solve Parfit's "non-identity problem" (Parfit 1984: 358); it would explain why it is impermissible to procreate knowingly in cases where (i) the resulting person would have a painful disease, (ii) the person would nevertheless have a life that is good overall, but (iii) the parents could have instead conceived a different child who would not have had the disease. The pains experienced by the child count against conception, per (1), but the pleasures do not count in favor, per (2); thus procreation is wrong in this case too. An important point of clarification: Benatar does not claim that pleasure is never better than its absence. it is better when there is a person who is deprived of the pleasure. When the person never exists, on the other hand, there is no deprivation. in such cases, pleasure is not better than its absence (2006: 41). This distinction is taken to be critical by Benatar but, as I will show in section III, it does not help Benatar's argument at all. II. The Logic of Betterness There are many ways in which one might wish to object to Benatar's argument. We might ask for whom the absence of pain is better. We might argue that we can better explain the difference in our claims about procreation by appealing to a distinction between positive and negative rights, or some other important distinction. But none of this is necessary, for the problem with Benatar's argument is very simple: (2) is incompatible with the meanings of "good" and "better." if pleasure is intrinsically good, and the absence of pleasure is not, then pleasure must be intrinsically better than the absence of pleasure. To claim otherwise is to wreak havoc with the logic of preferability or betterness. i suggest (uncharitably) that, despite the extensive discussion Benatar's asymmetry has generated, nobody in fact understands what Benatar is asserting with his asymmetry claim--for if they did, they would recognize that it is incoherent. …

Suppose you find yourself in a situation in which you can either save both A and B or save only C. A, B and C are relevantly similar – all are strangers to you, none is more deserving of life than any other, none is responsible for being in a life-threatening situation, and so on. John Taurek argued that when deciding what to do in such a situation, you should flip a coin, thereby giving each of A, B and C a 50% chance of survival (Taurek 1977: 303). Only by doing this can we treat each person with the appropriate degree of respect. Taurek seemed to be employing the “Equal Greatest Chance” principle (EGC), according to which, when deciding whom to save, one must give each person the greatest possible chance of survival consistent with everyone else having the same chance. An obvious alternative is the “Save the Greater Number” principle (SGN). I describe an example that shows that EGC is false. I show that the example also demonstrates the falsity of other related views, including Jens Timmermann’s “Individualist Lottery Principle.” I conclude that SGN is true. And I extend the argument to other kinds of cases, showing that which person should be saved may depend on whether some additional well-being may be gained for someone in the process.

Pickering, C, Suraci, B, Semenova, EA, Boulygina, EA, Kostryukova, ES, Kulemin, NA, Borisov, OV, Khabibova, SA, Larin, AK, Pavlenko, AV, Lyubaeva, EV, Popov, DV, Lysenko, EA, Vepkhvadze, TF, Lednev, EM, Leońska-Duniec, A, Pająk, B, Chycki, J, Moska, W, Lulińska-Kuklik, E, Dornowski, M, Maszczyk, A, Bradley, B, Kana-ah, A, Cięszczyk, P, Generozov, EV, and Ahmetov, II. A genome-wide association study of sprint performance in elite youth football players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-Sprint speed is an important component of football performance, with teams often placing a high value on sprint and acceleration ability. The aim of this study was to undertake the first genome-wide association study to identify genetic variants associated with sprint test performance in elite youth football players and to further validate the obtained results in additional studies. Using micro-array data (600 K-1.14 M single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) of 1,206 subjects, we identified 12 SNPs with suggestive significance after passing replication criteria. The polymorphism rs55743914 located in the PTPRK gene was found as the most significant for 5-m sprint test (p = 7.7 × 10). Seven of the discovered SNPs were also associated with sprint test performance in a cohort of 126 Polish women, and 4 were associated with power athlete status in a cohort of 399 elite Russian athletes. Six SNPs were associated with muscle fiber type in a cohort of 96 Russian subjects. We also examined genotype distributions and possible associations for 16 SNPs previously linked with sprint performance. Four SNPs (AGT rs699, HSD17B14 rs7247312, IGF2 rs680, and IL6 rs1800795) were associated with sprint test performance in this cohort. In addition, the G alleles of 2 SNPs in ADRB2 (rs1042713 & rs1042714) were significantly over-represented in these players compared with British and European controls. These results suggest that there is a genetic influence on sprint test performance in footballers, and identifies some of the genetic variants that help explain this influence.

Background: Individual differences in biological maturation impact player selection and development in youth football.Aim: To evaluate players perceptions of competing in a football tournament where they were matched by maturity rather than chronological age.Subjects: Participants included male junior footballers from three professional academies (n = 115).Methods: The study employed multiple methods of analysis, including one sample mean t-tests, equivalence tests, ANOVAs, and thematic analysis of qualitative data derived from open-ended questions.Results and conclusions: Player’s perceived the bio-banding format as providing two main benefits. Early maturing players perceived greater physical and technical challenge, and in turn new opportunities and challenges. Late maturing players perceived less physical and technical challenge, yet greater opportunity to demonstrate technical and tactical abilities. The players reported that they enjoyed and understood the purpose of the bio-banded format, and perceived less risk for injury. Players in all three maturity groups reported more opportunity to engage in leadership behaviours, influence game-play, and express themselves on the ball in the bio-banded format. Bio-banding may facilitate development for both early and late maturing academy players by presenting new learning environments and challenges.

An offshore field has presented a challenging intermediate drilling application. The 2200-m section was drilled in a 17.5-in. hole to 3700-m true vertical depth. The lithogy of the section is variable, beginning with a soft claystone, followed by several sandstone formations, an 1100-m interbedded sandstone and claystone interval, a 125-m hard carbonate, and 50m of softer claystone before the casing point. The challenges presented in recent offset wells included high stick/slip, high levels of drill bit cutting structure wear and drill bit body erosion. Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit designs utilized in recent offsets varied from six to nine blades, with the interval requiring two or three bits to complete the interval. Based on results from other challenging offshore applications, including improved durability and drilling dynamics, the next-generation PDC and roller-cone hybrid drill bit (hybrid) with improved design features was selected for the application. Improved design features included a new increased blade count concept, combined with a sharp and dense roller-cone cutting structure. The application of the next-generation hybrid drill bit design delivered a reduction in drilling time and an improvement to drilling dynamics compared to offset wells drilled with conventional technology. Compared to the best offset well drilled in 17.5-in. hole a reduction in total drilling time of 59.4hrs (31%) was achieved. The reduction in drilling time resulted from both an increase in on bottom ROP of 32% and the removal a bit trip (19 hours) due to the interval being drilled in one run for the first time. Associated with the reduced drilling time, improvements in drilling dynamics were observed with stick/slip reduced by 73%. This paper illustrates the study of the application, applied learnings from new technology developments in hybrid technology evolution, and the subsequent improvements in drilling dynamics that resulted in improved penetration rates and cost savings in this challenging application.

In this chapter I introduce a view that has not been explored in detail and argue that it is a more plausible version of gradualism than extant views. It is based on the following simple thoughts: there is a difference between individuals that are susceptible to harm (by death or anything else) and individuals that are not. This difference is just the difference between individuals that are subjects of well-being and individuals that are not. And there is no sharp boundary between the individuals that are subjects of well-being and those that are not. In many cases it is vague whether an individual is a welfare subject. I attempt to formulate a view about the badness of death that takes account of this vagueness. I argue that this view, the Partial Welfare Subject View, has advantages over other gradualist views about death’s badness such as the Time-Relative Interest Account.

NASA’s planned Europa Clipper mission seeks to assess the habitability of Jupiter’s moon Europa, which exhibits strong evidence of an ocean of liquid water underneath its icy crust. The sheer number of unique instruments, all of which require quiescent environments in order to operate, compounded with Jupiter’s distance from the Sun and Earth, makes this planned mission challenging and resource-constrained. High-fidelity, mission-level simulations that model the spacecraft, ground, and environment from launch to end of mission with a given trajectory and mission plan have been employed early in the project life cycle to better understand the interactions between various components of the mission and how design changes impact the entire system. These simulations have already resulted in tangible benefits to the project by providing vital input to key spacecraft trades, assessing impacts to operability, and quantifying how well the scientific objectives of the mission can be achieved. Improvements to simulation performance and to the process by which information defining the system is gathered and built into models used by simulations have the potential to further expand the scope of their use on Europa Clipper and future missions.

The David Thompson Memorial Fort was western Canada’s first purpose-built historically themed tourist attraction. Constructed in Invermere, British Columbia, in 1922, it was part of a larger campaign by a politically connected land development company to establish a tourist trade that would spur economic growth in an underdeveloped region. The Memorial Fort was sponsored by the Canadian Pacific Railway and Hudson’s Bay Company and was novel not only for using the past to draw tourists in a region where sublime mountain scenery was the staple attraction, but also for being intended to draw automobile-borne tourists to a region where railways had traditionally been the dominant mode of conveyance. Plans to make the Memorial Fort into a tourist-oriented museum faltered due to the collapse of the land company that had pushed for it. Nevertheless, the fact that it was built with support from powerful backers illustrates the growing enthusiasm for both historically themed tourism and the automobile as a way of experiencing it in Canada during the early interwar years. Abstract: Le fort commemoratif David-Thompson est la premiere attraction touristique de l’Ouest du Canada a avoir ete erigee expressement en fonction d’un theme historique. Construit a Invermere (Colombie-Britannique) en 1922, le fort faisait partie d’une vaste campagne menee par une societe d’amenagement des terres ayant des contacts politiques dans le but de mettre en place une industrie touristique qui stimulerait la croissance economique dans une region sous-developpee. Commandite par le Chemin de fer Canadien Pacifique et la Compagnie de la Baie d’Hudson, le fort commemoratif etait une nouveaute parce qu’il utilisait le passe pour attirer des touristes dans une region ou la beaute des paysages de montagne constituait la principale attraction, et en plus, parce qu’il visait a attirer des touristes voyageant en automobile dans une region ou le chemin de fer avait ete jusque-la le mode de transport dominant. Les plans visant a transformer le fort commemoratif en musee ont fait long feu en raison de la faillite de la societe immobiliere qui les avait mis de l’avant. Neanmoins, le fait que le fort ait ete construit avec l’appui de puissants commanditaires temoigne de l’enthousiasme grandissant tant pour le tourisme a caractere historique que pour l’automobile comme moyen de s’y adonner au Canada au debut de l’entredeux-guerres.

This paper presents the feasibility study of the REMORA CubeSat mission concept with an integrated miniature robotic payload to prevent large debris collisions. While orbital debris poses a threat to spacecraft, a collision between the largest space debris objects is of significant concern. The DARPA Catcher's Mitt study compiled a list of the highest priority large debris objects. By annually removing 5–10 of these high priority objects, it may be possible to stabilize the medium sized debris population. Instead of deorbiting objects, REMORA would use COTS CubeSat components and secondary payload launches as a cost-effective solution for mitigating large debris collisions. The REMORA CubeSat could rendezvous with a piece of debris and use the robotic manipulator to anchor itself to the target object. Once anchored, the CubeSat could track the debris and, if needed, alter the debris object's trajectory to prevent a collision. Aspects discussed include the mission and robotic payload baseline designs. Many of the highest priority objects identified in the DARPA Catcher's Mitt study are located in the 71°-75° inclination range and in sun-synchronous orbit. An initial mission design concept targets sun-synchronous objects due to the large number of launch opportunities to this orbit. The mission was simulated with a combination of MATLAB, GMAT, and STK. A CubeSat robotic payload was designed to provide a decreased chance of collision between the CubeSat and debris object during attachment, augment the ACS during approach, and provide the ability to orient the thrust vector through the center of mass while pushing. This robotic payload includes a computing element, cameras, miniature robotic arm, and end-effector. An initial miniature arm prototype was designed and built to demonstrate feasibility and inform future designs. An end-effector trade study was performed to explore different end-effectors that could be used to for attaching to the common graspable features on large debris objects. Grasping methods, including mechanical prehension, gecko grippers, electrostatic grippers, and magnetic grippers, were investigated.

Existing characterization of Europa's environment is enabled by the Europa Clipper mission's successful predecessors: Pioneer, Voyager, Galileo, and most recently, Juno. These missions reveal high intensity energetic particle fluxes at Europa's orbit, requiring a multidimensional design challenge to ensure mission success (i.e. meeting L1 science requirements). Risk averse JPL Design Principles and the Europa Environment Requirement Document (ERD) dictate practices and policy, which if masterfully followed, are designed to protect Clipper from failure or degradation due to radiation. However, even if workmanship is flawless and no waivers are assessed, modeling errors, shielding uncertainty, and natural variation in the Europa environment are cause for residual concern. While failure and part degradation are of paramount concern, the occurrence of temporary outages, causing loss or degradation of science observations, is also a critical mission risk, left largely unmanaged by documents like the ERD. The referenced risk is monitored and assessed through a Project Systems Engineeringled mission robustness effort, which attempts balance the risk of science data loss with potential design cost and increased mission complexity required to mitigate such risk. The Science Sensitivity Model (SSM) was developed to assess mission/science robustness, with its primary goal being to ensure a high probability of achieving Level 1 (L1) science objectives. The understanding of L1 science objective achievement is folded back into the spacecraft, instrument, and mission system design requirements in an iterative fashion. The Science Sensitivity Model development is a cross-Project multidisciplinary effort leveraging, and literally linking, several novel Project products: Mission Science Traceability and Alignment Framework (M-STAF): framework for writing Level 2 (L2) science measurement requirements in an organized and cohesive manner such that a science requirement set is complete and consistent across the instruments [1]. Fault/Reliability Analysis: assesses the probability a recoverable failure occurs on the spacecraft or instrument and the time it takes for the Europa Clipper system to recover. Verification of Europa Requirements Integrating Tour and Science (VERITaS): model for assessing attainment of L2 science measurement requirements (as specified in M-STAF) for a given trajectory [2]. This tool is used to triage candidate Europa tours and to understand requirement sensitivity if the face of expected outages. Project Science Traceability and Alignment Framework (P-STAF): framework that builds upon the idea of the Science Traceability Matrix (STM) to link L2 science measurement requirements to L1 science measurement requirements, enabling the understanding of instrument dependencies and robustness [3]. This paper will tie these topics together and show how they interconnect to ensure Europa's science objectives are attained in the face of a challenge few deep space missions have encountered.

Virtue consequentialism is the view that whether a character trait is a virtue or a vice depends on the value of its consequences. This chapter first briefly traces the historical development of virtue consequentialism from John Locke through G. E. Moore and spells out the different ways in which the view has been formulated. It is argued that the best version of virtue consequentialism is a scalar, contrastive version according to which there are no absolute facts about which character traits are virtues. The chapter then examines arguments in favor of virtue consequentialism by Julia Driver, such as the argument that there are virtues of ignorance, and arguments against by Michael Slote, Robert Adams, and Todd Calder.

Many of us feel existential terror when contemplating our future nonexistence. I examine several attempts to rationally justify existential terror. The most promising of these appeals to the effects of future nonexistence on the meaningfulness of our lives. I argue that even this justification fails, and therefore existential terror is irrational.