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O presente artigo, por meio de análise bibliográfica e documental, tem como objetivo precípuo analisar a questão do crime de pornografia de vingança, popularmente conhecido como revenge porn, bem como explorar a legislação nacional existente para a proteção da mulher que é ameaçada com a exposição indesejada de sua imagem em momentos íntimos. Abordando esta temática, a presente pesquisa visa demonstrar os mecanismos de garantia à segurança a mulher que sofre violência, constatando que em virtude da instantaneidade do mundo digital vivido por nós hoje, tal crime pode ter consequências inimagináveis para a vítima. Deturpando toda a sua vida, seja no quesito profissional ou pessoal. Na era digital, tais compartilhamentos costumam ocorrer sem nenhum critério por parte dos usuários, ainda que sejam de cunho nitidamente íntimo e de pessoas conhecidas. Passando a sensação do anonimato e da impunidade.

The present experiment investigated performance in perceptual averaging of line ensembles during maintenance of minimal and near-span memory loads of digits. Observers memorized a four-to-seven digit number (high load) or a zero (low load) prior to a brief exposure (500 ms) of an ensemble of nine horizontal lines of various lengths. A subsequent probe line was then classified by observers as greater than or less than the ensemble average length followed by serial recall of the memory load. Slope analysis of the psychometric functions relating p("greater than") and the probe to ensemble-mean-size-ratio showed an advantage (steeper slope and therefore smaller threshold) for averaging under high-load compared with low-load conditions. Reaction time analysis indicated that faster probe responses were more accurate than slower responses.

O presente trabalho tem a finalidade de analisar o sistema penitenciário, não como um todo, mas utilizando como pano de fundo o caso do Carandiru e os impactos da chacina ocorrida em 1992 para a sociedade, especialmente, para o próprio sistema prisional. A estrutura penitenciária está inserida dentro do sistema punitivo previsto no ordenamento penal pátrio, sendo a última resposta à punição de um crime. O caso Carandiru surtiu efeito como uma bomba relógio anunciada da realidade brasileira proveniente da superlotação carcerária, o que traz consigo a perda da dignidade do ser humano. Mesmo após o ocorrido não se verifica qualquer mudança capaz de minimizar os reveses do sistema penitenciário, por esta razão são apresentadas neste artigo sugestões de medidas efetivas para uma transformação penitenciária, notadamente o labor como meio de ressocialização do preso e em atenção a dignidade da pessoa humana, a assistência educacional e a elaboração e implantação políticas públicas mais eficazes.

Summary Objectives/Hypothesis Although the minithyrotomy (MT) procedure was introduced in 1999, it has not been widely used for voice restoration. Its limited dissemination is due in part to lack of appropriate implants and in part due to technical challenges. The 2011 introduction of the composite thyroid ala perichondrium flap (CTAP) into a vocal fold through an MT was designed to supply an appropriate implanted tissue. However, technical difficulties persisted. Noted impediments have included limited surgical access, potential CTAP pedicle constriction during healing, lack of specialized surgical instrumentation, and potential retraction or extrusion of CTAPs. This study was performed to address these technical challenges with or without the use of CTAP reconstruction. Study Design Experimental. Cadaveric and in vivo canine model. Methods Experimentation on canine cadaveric larynges yielded MT and CTAP alterations, instrument creation, and implant affixation procedures. These refinements were applied in vivo using canine subjects. Two weeks post-CTAP repair, subjects were humanely euthanized, followed by laryngeal harvest and histologic analysis of the vocal folds. Results Refinements to CTAP modification, MT, instrumentation, and CTAP affixation are successful in vivo , just as in preliminary cadaveric trials. Conclusions The proposed refinements were designed to improve the outcomes achieved via a CTAP specifically but have utility for any MT approach. Continued improvements to specialized instrumentation are necessary. Enhanced affixation of a CTAP, with improved accuracy and easier deployment are also essential. Further refinements should allow more reliable implementation of the MT by a growing number of laryngeal surgeons.

Revived interest in “intuitive statistics” (Peterson & Beach, 1967) is evident in recent studies concerning the ability of observers to estimate mean size for ensembles of lines or of circles. To put the recent studies in context, and to highlight a potential danger in providing trial-by-trial knowledge of results (KOR), brief contact with previous research is made and a new experiment is presented demonstrating the malleability of responding to KOR. Together, these suggest two perils of KOR. First, given that the nature and even the existence of a molar size-averaging operator are both controversial, the proper criterion average for determining KOR is unclear. Second, whatever the operation observers use in this task, its scope and algorithm need to emerge from data unbiased by KOR. A corollary scaling concern is noted for averaging of areal stimuli (perceived as a compression function of physical area) as an instance of the more general concern that perceptual scaling factors must be taken into account when psychological averaging processes are studied.

Stevens’s power law (Ψ∝Φs) captures the relationship between physical (Φ) and perceived (Ψ) magnitude for many stimulus continua (e.g., luminance and brightness, weight and heaviness, area and size). The exponent (s) indicates whether perceptual magnitude grows more slowly than physical magnitude (s 1). These exponents are typically determined using judgments of single stimuli. Miller and Sheldon (1969) found that the validity of Stevens’s Power Law could be extended to the case where the mean of a property in an ensemble of items was judged (i.e., average length or average tilt where s ≈ 1). The present experiments investigate the extension of this finding to perceived brightness with s ≈ 0.33 and find evidence consistent with predictions made by Miller and Sheldon.

Recovering data points from scanned or photocopied graphs by hand is time consuming, prone to error, and it requires patience and a steady hand. An alternative is to use g3data-a program that reads many common image file types and allows accurate estimation of data point coordinates from the graphs contained in these files. Limits of the software are discussed, and validation of its accuracy using graphs with known data values is presented.

Ariely's (2001) "Seeing Sets: Representation by Statistical Properties" (Psychological Science, 12, 157-162) rekindled interest in summary-value estimation for visual ensembles (groups of similar items). Revisiting and reinvigorating research on the "intuitive statistician" has prompted a new set of insights and debates concerning how and why the visual system might benefit from a compact representation of the optic array and how this might relate to crowding, sparse representation, efficiency coding, and processing limits. New research tools and imaging techniques coupled with solid psychophysical work have added substantially to the large base of work done in the 20th century. The present brief review acts as a summary of the ensemble of work prior to Ariely's (2001) landmark paper to encourage a comprehensive continuity of knowledge and reintroduce some of the contemporaneous concerns to help inform ongoing research and modeling.

Scientific experimentation requires specification and control of independent variables with accurate measurement of dependent variables. In Vision Sciences (here broadly including experimental psychology, cognitive neuroscience, psychophysics, and clinical vision), proper specification and control of stimulus rendering (already a thorny issue) may become more problematic as several newer display technologies replace cathode ray tubes (CRTs) in the lab. The present paper alerts researchers to spatiotemporal differences in display technologies and how these might affect various types of experiments. Parallels are drawn to similar challenges and solutions that arose during the change from cabinet-style tachistoscopes to computer driven CRT tachistoscopes. Technical papers outlining various strengths and limitations of several classes of display devices are introduced as a resource for the reader wanting to select appropriate displays for different presentation requirements. These papers emphasise the need to measure rather than assume display characteristics because manufacturers' specifications and software reports/settings may not correspond with actual performance. This is consistent with the call by several Vision Science and Psychological Science bodies to increase replications and increase detail in Method sections. Finally, several recent tachistoscope-based experiments, which focused on the same question but were implemented with different technologies, are compared for illustrative purposes.Keywords: SOA, ISI, display times, tachistoscopeResumeToute experience scientifique necessite la definition et le controle des variables independantes ainsi que la mesure precise des variables dependantes. Dans les sciences de la perception (qui incluent la psychologie experimentale, la neuroscience cognitive, la psychophysique et la vision clinique), la reddition adequate des caracteristiques et du controle du stimulus (une question d'emblee epineuse) pourrait se compliquee davantage a mesure que sont remplaces en laboratoire les tubes cathodiques (TC) par des techniques d'affichage plus recentes. Le present article signale aux chercheurs les differences spatio-temporelles dans les techniques d'affichage et en quoi celles-ci peuvent influer sur divers types d'experiences. Des paralleles sont etablis entre des defis et des solutions similaires qui sont survenus durant la transition entre les tachistoscopes autonomes et les tachistoscopes a TC geres par ordinateur. Des articles techniques mettant en relief les forces et les limites de differents types d'appareils d'affichage sont presentes a titre de ressources pour le lecteur desirant choisir des affichages appropries pour des exigences de presentation en particulier. Ces articles insistent sur la necessite de mesurer plutot que de tenir pour acquis les parametres d'affichage selon les specifications du fabricant et des rapports et des parametres de logiciels, car ceux-ci pourraient differer du rendement veritable. Cet avertissement va dans le meme sens que celui de plusieurs organisations de science de la vision et de psychologie d'augmenter les repliques ainsi que les precisions dans la section decrivant la methodologie. Enfin, en vue d'illustrer ces propos, des experiences portant sur la meme question, mais reposant sur l'usage de tachitoscopes utilisant une technologie differente, font l'objet d'une comparaison.Mots-cles : asynchronie de stimuli, intervalle inter-stimuli, duree d'affichage, tachistoscope."Don't trust the computer or the program."-Saul Sternberg (2004)For Vision Sciences (broadly including experimental psychology, cognitive neuroscience, psychophysics, and clinical vision) Sternberg's apothegm is particularly poignant because stimuli are often presented in duration-, contrast-, or size-reduced fashion to probe the limits of vision, perception, and cognition. The goal is often to discover meaningful relationships between physical stimulus characteristics and psychological/physiological responses. …

Histologic identification of implanted soft tissues in experimental animal models can be challenging, as donor tissue often strongly resembles the recipient bed. We have encountered this dilemma following implantation of a Composite Thyroid Ala Perichondrium flap (CTAP) into a vocal fold. The CTAP procedure is the first to utilize a vascularized flap for vocal fold reconstruction, making data to confirm or refute its viability critical. The current study evaluated several tissue stains to define precisely the histologic margins of CTAPs at two weeks post-implantation in a canine model.Initial testing exposed canine cadaveric tissues to four stains (tattoo ink, Congo red, 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, and henna) across four time periods. Tattoo ink alone withstood histologic processing. An exposure of 1 minute adequately delineated CTAP boundaries. The study concluded with a canine in vivo evaluation of a CTAP exposed to tattoo ink for 1 minute. After a two-week recovery period, vocal folds were harvested and evaluated histologically.Tattoo ink proved to be a safe and effective histologic marker in vivo, where the histologic margins of the implanted CTAP were clearly demarcated by a thin band of tattoo ink, soft tissue reactions were minimal, and interference with standard, special, or immunohistochemical stain assessments did not occur.Tattoo ink provides a reliable means of demarcating a CTAP within a vocal fold and demonstrated that CTAPs survive transplantation. Further, tattoo ink demarcation may serve as a useful histologic marker for those wishing to assess tissue implants in other in vivo models.

Visual search for a colour target in distractors of two other colours is dramatically affected by the configuration of the colours in CIE (x, y) space. To a first approximation, search is difficult when a target’s chromaticity falls directly between (i.e. is not linearly separable from) two distractor chromaticities, otherwise search is easy (D’Zmura [1991, Vision Research, 31, 951–966]; Bauer, Jolicoeur, & Cowan [1996a, Vision Research, 36, 1439–1466]; Bauer, Jolicoeur, & Cowan [1996b, Perception, 25, 1282–1294]). In this paper, we demonstrate that the linear separability effect transcends the two distractor case. Placing a target colour inside the convex hull defined by a set of distractors hindered search performance compared with a target placed outside the convex hull. This is true whether the target was linearly separable in chromaticity only (Experiments 1 and 2), or in a combination of luminance and chromaticity (Experiments 3 and 4).

Subjects sought a unique target shape in a display of distractor shapes under three colour coding conditions. In the no colour coding condition ( NCC ) all shapes shared the same colour. In the two colour-coded conditions, the target was uniquely and redundantly colour coded with a colour whose CIE 1976 UCS chromaticity coordinates were either linearly separable ( LS ) or not linearly separable ( NLS ) from the set of distractor chromaticity coordinates. Performance was optimal under LS coding, was reduced under NLS coding and was least efficient in the NCC condition. We discuss the implications of these results for refining colour selection algorithms and for colour coding in situations where the gamut of available colours is limited. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Subjects took part in a Stroop experiment in which they responded to the print color of an irrelevant word that spelled a congruent or incongruent color word. In the CLASSIFY condition, subjects were instructed to map one color to one response button and the other color to another response button. In the DETECT condition, subjects were instructed to signal the presence of a target color with one response button, and its absence with another response button. The CLASSIFY instructions produced the standard result: The incongruent condition was slower than the congruent condition. In contrast, there was no Stroop effect given DETECT instructions. These results are discussed in terms of mental set as an important determinant of processing, and contrasted with the received view that reading the irrelevant word is largely "automatic" and virtually always results in a Stroop effect. In many variants of Stroop's (1935) classic experiments, subjects are asked to identify the color of a word while ignoring the word. The standard result is that the time to identify the color when it is paired with an incongruent color word is slower than when it is paired with a congruent color word or a neutral word. The most widely accepted view is that reading the irrelevant word is, in some sense mandatory, with interference in identifying the color a common consequence (see MacLeod, 1991, for a review). Is the Stroop effect inevitable, or can it be circumvented? Surely, there are trivial manipulations that may reduce or eliminate the Stroop effect: making the words too small (or too large), too briefly presented, or permitting the subjects to squint or defocus. However, these techniques do not inform us as to the underlying psychological processes. Manipulations that tax the limits of visual resolution aside, are there instructional manipulations that alter the subject's mental set, and thus protect against the proclivity to read the word, or against the impact of this reading? Further, and most central here, can such an effect be demonstrated under conditions where the stimuli and the overt response required are the same as those that produce the Stroop effect? There have been a number of previous attempts to reduce the effect of an incongruent word with procedural manipulations; some of these are discussed below. Our claim is that the approach adopted here differs from these earlier attempts, and that our results emphasize once again the importance of mental set. These earlier studies suggested that differences in the way that subjects conceive of a task and the implicit S-R mapping dramatically altered the magnitude of the Stroop effect. To put it another way, the mental set adopted by the subject strongly affects the way Stroop stimuli are processed. The present experiment provides further evidence for this contention under conditions where the stimuli and the overt responses required are identical across two instructional sets. Indeed, we demonstrate that a simple but subtle change in the way the subject is instructed to perform the task (viz. considering the task as one of DETECTION rather than CLASSIFICATION) essentially eliminates the Stroop effect.(f.1) Prior to a detailed treatment of our experiment, we provide a brief summary of several pertinent studies that sought to modulate Stroop-type effects using instructional manipulations. Egeth, Blecker, and Kamlet (1969) had subjects orally report the color of plastic strips on which either XXXX (their Stroop Control condition) or color words (their Stroop condition) were printed. They found longer response times (RTs) for their Stroop condition than for this control condition. Next, subjects were asked to make "same/different" color judgments about pairs of color strips that contained either xxxx (Comparison Control), or color words that were either identical or different (Comparison Color). This experiment tested whether the same/different status of the word pair would affect same/different RTs to the color pairs. …

D'Zmura, and Bauer, Jolicoeur, and Cowan demonstrated that a target whose chromaticity was linearly separable from distractor chromaticities was relatively easy to detect in a search display, whereas a target that was not linearly separable from the distractor chromaticities resulted in steep search slopes. This linear separability effect suggests that efficient colour visual search is mediated by a chromatically linear mechanism. Failure of this mechanism leads to search performance strongly influenced by number of search items (set size). In their studies, linear separability was confounded with distractor heterogeneity and thus the results attributed to linear separability were also consistent with the model of visual search proposed by Duncan and Humphreys in which search performance is determined in part by distractor heterogeneity. We contrasted the predictions based on linear separability and on the Duncan and Humphreys model by varying the ratios of the quantities of the two distractors and demonstrated the potent effects of linear separability in a design that deconfounded linear separability and distractor heterogeneity.

D'Zmura [(1991)Vision Research, 31, 951–966 reported qualitative differences in visual search rates for a target colour in a background of differently coloured distractors depending on their colour configuration in CIE(x, y) space. A target colour that was chromatically mid-way between the distractor colours resulted in steep search slopes. A target off the distractor-distracto line, “popped out”. We replicated his finding in several loci, investigated several potential confounds, and discovered boundary conditions for the phenomenon: for a given target, the effect of collinearity dissipates with increasing distractor-distractor colour difference. Furthermore, within limits, performance was dependent on the target to distractor-line distance.

Botulinum toxin injections have been used in upper esophageal dysfunction since 1994, currently with several hundred reported cases of swallowing improvement. Several themes are present in the majority of the published case series, relative ease of injection technique, high reported success rates and very low complication rates. The final consistent theme was a call for large series and prospective research to guide clinical care. The combination of low complication rate combined with the relative ease of performing the procedure compared to a surgical cricopharyngeal myotomy makes botulinum toxin injection an appealing therapeutic option in appropriate patients.

A new visual illusion is reported and illustrated. The illusion, dubbed ‘phantom arcs’, survives manipulations of contrast, scale, and hue. The arcs can be seen in printed versions as well as in images displayed on CRT or LCD monitors. Data collected in an undergraduate perception class reveal that the illusion can be seen by untrained observers.

Van Overschelde, Rawson, and Dunlosky (2004) collected category/exemplar norms from over 600 participants at three American universities. For each of 70 categories, participants generated as many exemplars as possible in 30 seconds. One measure computed from their data was the "TOTAL" statistic - the proportion of participants that generated a particular exemplar given a category. Five experiments in the present investigation tested the ability of the TOTAL statistic to predict Reaction Time (RT) in a category/exemplar verification task with 236 participants. The simple correlation between "TOTAL" and the natural log of RT was approximately -0.20 with the average cost (slope) from high TOTAL (near 1.0) to low TOTAL (0.02) on the order of 250 ms. The results are similar in magnitude to previous research using older Battig and Montague norms which the Van Overschelde et al., norms supersede suggesting that the updated norms are a suitable contemporary replacement.

Postdischarge treatment of acute osteomyelitis in children requires weeks of antibiotic therapy, which can be administered orally or intravenously via a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). The catheters carry a risk for serious complications, but limited evidence exists on the effectiveness of oral therapy.To compare the effectiveness and adverse outcomes of postdischarge antibiotic therapy administered via the PICC or the oral route.We performed a retrospective cohort study comparing PICC and oral therapy for the treatment of acute osteomyelitis. Among children hospitalized from January 1, 2009, through December 31, 2012, at 36 participating children's hospitals, we used discharge codes to identify potentially eligible participants. Results of medical record review confirmed eligibility and defined treatment group allocation and study outcomes. We used within- and across-hospital propensity score-based full matching to adjust for confounding by indication.Postdischarge administration of antibiotics via the PICC or the oral route.The primary outcome was treatment failure. Secondary outcomes included adverse drug reaction, PICC line complication, and a composite of all 3 end points.Among 2060 children and adolescents (hereinafter referred to as children) with osteomyelitis, 1005 received oral antibiotics at discharge, whereas 1055 received PICC-administered antibiotics. The proportion of children treated via the PICC route varied across hospitals from 0 to 100%. In the across-hospital (risk difference, 0.3% [95% CI, -0.1% to 2.5%]) and within-hospital (risk difference, 0.6% [95% CI, -0.2% to 3.0%]) matched analyses, children treated with antibiotics via the oral route (reference group) did not experience more treatment failures than those treated with antibiotics via the PICC route. Rates of adverse drug reaction were low (4% in both groups) but slightly greater in the PICC group in across-hospital (risk difference, 1.7% [95% CI, 0.1%-3.3%]) and within-hospital (risk difference, 2.1% [95% CI, 0.3%-3.8%]) matched analyses. Among the children in the PICC group, 158 (15.0%) had a PICC complication that required an emergency department visit (n = 96), a rehospitalization (n = 38), or both (n = 24). As a result, the PICC group had a much higher risk of requiring a return visit to the emergency department or for hospitalization for any adverse outcome in across-hospital (risk difference, 14.6% [95% CI, 11.3%-17.9%]) and within-hospital (risk difference, 14.0% [95% CI, 10.5%-17.6%]) matched analyses.Given the magnitude and seriousness of PICC complications, clinicians should reconsider the practice of treating otherwise healthy children with acute osteomyelitis with prolonged intravenous antibiotics after hospital discharge when an equally effective oral alternative exists.

Bauer, Jolicoeur, and Cowan (1996b, 1996c) demonstrated difficult visual search for color targets that were not linearly separable (in color space) from two distractor colors and easier search for linearly separable targets. This suggested that search is mediated by a chromatically linear discrimination mechanism (see D’Zmura, 1991). However, in those experiments, the targets that were not linearly separable fell midway between the distractor colors and thus corresponded to the admix of the distractor colors. An alternate interpretation of the results of Bauer et al. is that search was more difficult when the target corresponded to the distractor admix than when it did not. We tested this hypothesis in three experiments by contrasting conditions in which a target that was not linearly separable did or did not correspond to the admix of the distractor colors. In all cases, a target that was not linearly separable produced difficult search, demonstrating that linear separability determines search performance.

Do 3-dimensional (3-D) figures require more time to rotate mentally than do 2-dimensional (2-D) figures? This question was examined in 2 experiments incorporating 15 2-D and 15 3-D stimuli. For 3-D stimuli, block figures were used of the type used by R. N. Shepard and J. Metzler in their classic studies. For 2-D stimuli, block figures were also used, but with all cubes in a single plane, resulting in 2-D and 3-D figures matched on surface features. Three-D figures elicited steeper slopes than did 2-D figures, supporting the view that the mental rotation of visual representations is sensitive to stimulus dimensionality. The authors summarize the results of several mental rotation studies that investigated stimulus dimensionality and suggest that the evidence across studies is consistent with the present finding. They discuss 2 plausible loci for the dimensionality effect in S. M. Kosslyn's (1980) theory of mental imagery.