1. Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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Steinmetz, J, Seeher, K, Schiess, N, Nichols, E, Cao, B, Servili, C, Cavallera, V, Cousin, E, Hagins, H, Moberg, M, Mehlman, M, Abate, Y, Abbas, J, Abbasi, M, Abbasian, M, Abbastabar, H, Abdelmasseh, M, Abdollahi, M, Abdollahifar, M, Abd-Rabu, R, Abdulah, D, Abdullahi, A, Abedi, A, Abedi, V, Abeldano Zuniga, R, Abidi, H, Abiodun, O, Aboagye, R, Abolhassani, H, Aboyans, V, Abrha, W, Abualhasan, A, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Aburuz, S, Adamu, L, Addo, I, Adebayo, O, Adekanmbi, V, Adekiya, T, Adikusuma, W, Adnani, Q, Adra, S, Afework, T, Afolabi, A, Afraz, A, Afzal, S, Aghamiri, S, Agodi, A, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, S, Ahmadzade, A, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, J, Ahmed, L, Ahmed, M, Ahmed, S, Ajami, M, Aji, B, Ajumobi, O, Akade, S, Akbari, M, Akbarialiabad, H, Akhlaghi, S, Akinosoglou, K, Akinyemi, R, Akonde, M, Al Hasan, S, Alahdab, F, Al-Ahdal, T, Al-Amer, R, Albashtawy, M, Albataineh, M, Aldawsari, K, Alemi, H, Alemi, S, Algammal, A, Al-Gheethi, A, Alhalaiqa, F, Alhassan, R, Ali, A, Ali, E, Ali, L, Ali, M, Ali, R, Ali, S, Shujait Ali, S, Ali, Z, Alif, S, Alimohamadi, Y, Aliyi, A, Aljofan, M, Aljunid, S, Alladi, S, Almazan, J, Almustanyir, S, Al-Omari, B, Alqahtani, J, Alqasmi, I, Alqutaibi, A, Al-Shahi Salman, R, Altaany, Z, Al-Tawfiq, J, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Al-Worafi, Y, Aly, H, Aly, S, Alzoubi, K, Amani, R, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amirzade-Iranaq, M, Amu, H, Amugsi, D, Amusa, G, Amzat, J, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, D, Andrei, C, Androudi, S, Angappan, D, Angesom, T, Anil, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Anwer, R, Arafat, M, Aravkin, A, Areda, D, Ariffin, H, Arifin, H, Arkew, M, Arnlov, J, Arooj, M, Artamonov, A, Artanti, K, Aruleba, R, Asadi-Pooya, A, Asena, T, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, M, Ashraf, T, Atalell, K, Athari, S, Atinafu, B, Atorkey, P, Atout, M, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Avan, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayatollahi, H, Ayinde, O, Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh, S, Azadnajafabad, S, Azizi, Z, Azizian, K, Azzam, A, Babaei, M, Badar, M, Badiye, A, Baghdadi, S, Bagherieh, S, Bai, R, Baig, A, Balakrishnan, S, Balalla, S, Baltatu, O, Banach, M, Bandyopadhyay, S, Banerjee, I, Baran, M, Barboza, M, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Barrow, A, Bashash, D, Bashiri, H, Bashiru, H, Basiru, A, Basso, J, Basu, S, Batiha, A, Batra, K, Baune, B, Bedi, N, Begde, A, Begum, T, Behnam, B, Behnoush, A, Beiranvand, M, Bejot, Y, Bekele, A, Belete, M, Belgaumi, U, Bemanalizadeh, M, Bender, R, Benfor, B, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berice, B, Bettencourt, P, Beyene, K, Bhadra, A, Bhagat, D, Bhangdia, K, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhargava, A, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, A, Bhat, V, Bhatti, G, Bhatti, J, Bhatti, R, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Bilalaga, M, Biswas, A, Bitaraf, S, Bitra, V, Bjorge, T, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, A, Boloor, A, Braithwaite, D, Brayne, C, Brenner, H, Briko, A, Bringas Vega, M, Brown, J, Budke, C, Buonsenso, D, Burkart, K, Burns, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, M, Butt, N, Butt, Z, Cabral, L, dos Santos, F, Calina, D, Campos-Nonato, I, Cao, C, Carabin, H, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carvalho, A, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Casulli, A, Catala-Lopez, F, Catapano, A, Caye, A, Cegolon, L, Cenderadewi, M, Cerin, E, Chacon-Uscamaita, P, Chan, J, Chanie, G, Charan, J, Chattu, V, Chekol Abebe, E, Chen, H, Chen, J, Chi, G, Chichagi, F, Chidambaram, S, Chimoriya, R, Ching, P, Chitheer, A, Chong, Y, Chopra, H, Choudhari, S, Chowdhury, E, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Chu, D, Chukwu, I, Chung, E, Coberly, K, Columbus, A, Comachio, J, Conde, J, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Couto, R, Criqui, M, Cruz-Martins, N, Dabbagh Ohadi, M, Dadana, S, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Dai, Z, D'Amico, E, Danawi, H, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Darwish, A, Das, S, Dascalu, A, Dash, N, Dashti, M, De la Hoz, F, de la Torre-Luque, A, De Leo, D, Dean, F, Dehghan, A, Dejene, H, Demant, D, Demetriades, A, Demissie, S, Deng, X, Desai, H, Devanbu, V, Dhama, K, Dharmaratne, S, Dhimal, M, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Dibas, M, Ding, D, Dinu, M, Dirac, M, Diress, M, Do, T, Doan, K, Dodangeh, M, Doheim, M, Dokova, K, Dongarwar, D, Dsouza, H, Dube, J, Duraisamy, S, Durojaiye, O, Dutta, S, Dziedzic, A, Edinur, H, Eissazade, N, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, T, El Nahas, N, El Sayed, I, Elahi Najafi, M, Elbarazi, I, Elemam, N, Elgar, F, Elgendy, I, Elhabashy, H, Elhadi, M, Elilo, L, Ellenbogen, R, Elmeligy, O, Elmonem, M, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Emamverdi, M, Emeto, T, Endres, M, Esezobor, C, Eskandarieh, S, Fadaei, A, Fagbamigbe, A, Fahim, A, Faramarzi, A, Fares, J, Farjoud Kouhanjani, M, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fatehizadeh, A, Fathi, M, Fathi, S, Fatima, S, Feizkhah, A, Fereshtehnejad, S, Ferrari, A, Ferreira, N, Fetensa, G, Firouraghi, N, Fischer, F, Fonseca, A, Force, L, Fornari, A, Foroutan, B, Fukumoto, T, Gadanya, M, Gaidhane, A, Galali, Y, Galehdar, N, Gan, Q, Gandhi, A, Ganesan, B, Gardner, W, Garg, N, Gau, S, Gautam, R, Gebre, T, Gebrehiwot, M, Gebremeskel, G, Gebreslassie, H, Getacher, L, Ghaderi Yazdi, B, Ghadirian, F, 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H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, C, Huang, J, Huda, M, Hussain, J, Hussein, N, Huynh, H, Hwang, B, Ibitoye, S, Ilaghi, M, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Immurana, M, Iravanpour, F, Islam, S, Ismail, F, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iwu, C, Iyer, M, Jaan, A, Jacob, L, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jafari, M, Jafarinia, M, Jafarzadeh, A, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jahrami, H, Jaiswal, A, Jakovljevic, M, Jamora, R, Jana, S, Javadi, N, Javed, S, Javeed, S, Jayapal, S, Jayaram, S, Jiang, H, Johnson, C, Johnson, W, Jokar, M, Jonas, J, Joseph, A, Joseph, N, Joshua, C, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kabito, G, Kadashetti, V, Kafi, F, Kalani, R, Kalantar, F, Kaliyadan, F, Kamath, A, Kamath, S, Kanchan, T, Kandel, A, Kandel, H, Kanmodi, K, Karajizadeh, M, Karami, J, Karanth, S, Karaye, I, Karch, A, Karimi, A, Karimi, H, Karimi Behnagh, A, Kasraei, H, Kassebaum, N, Kauppila, J, Kaur, H, Kaur, N, Kayode, G, Kazemi, F, Keikavoosi-Arani, L, Keller, C, Keykhaei, M, Khadembashiri, M, Khader, Y, Khafaie, 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S, Mohan, S, Mojiri-Forushani, H, Moka, N, Mokdad, A, Molinaro, S, Moller, H, Monasta, L, Moniruzzaman, M, Montazeri, F, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morovatdar, N, Morrison, S, Mosapour, A, Mosser, J, Mossialos, E, Motaghinejad, M, Mousavi, P, Ehsan Mousavi, S, Mubarik, S, Muccioli, L, Mughal, F, Mukoro, G, Mulita, A, Mulita, F, Musaigwa, F, Mustafa, A, Mustafa, G, Muthu, S, Nagarajan, A, Naghavi, P, Naik, G, Nainu, F, Nair, T, Najmuldeen, H, Nakhostin Ansari, N, Nambi, G, Namdar Areshtanab, H, Nargus, S, Nascimento, B, Naser, A, Nashwan, A, Nasoori, H, Nasreldein, A, Natto, Z, Nauman, J, Nayak, B, Nazri-Panjaki, A, Negaresh, M, Negash, H, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Negru, S, Nejadghaderi, S, Nematollahi, M, Nesbit, O, Newton, C, Nguyen, D, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, N, Nguyen, P, Nguyen, V, Niazi, R, Nikolouzakis, T, Niranjan, V, Nnyanzi, L, Noman, E, Noroozi, N, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nri-Ezedi, C, Ntaios, G, Nunez-Samudio, V, Nurrika, D, Oancea, B, Odetokun, I, O'Donnell, M, Ogunsakin, R, Oguta, J, Oh, I, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okeke, S, Okekunle, A, Okonji, O, Okwute, P, Olagunju, A, Olaiya, M, Olana, M, Olatubi, M, Oliveira, G, Olufadewa, I, Olusanya, B, Bali, A, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, O, Ordak, M, Orji, A, Ortega-Altamirano, D, Osuagwu, U, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Ouyahia, A, Owolabi, M, Mahesh Padukudru, P, Pacheco-Barrios, K, Padubidri, J, Pal, P, Palange, P, Palladino, C, Palladino, R, Palma-Alvarez, R, Pan, F, Panagiotakos, D, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Pandian, J, Pangaribuan, H, Pantazopoulos, I, Pardhan, S, Parija, P, Parikh, R, Park, S, Parthasarathi, A, Pashaei, A, Patel, J, Patil, S, Patoulias, D, Pawar, S, Pedersini, P, Pensato, U, Pereira, D, Pereira, J, Pereira, M, Peres, M, Perico, N, Perna, S, Petcu, I, Petermann-Rocha, F, Pham, H, Phillips, M, Pinilla-Monsalve, G, Piradov, M, Plotnikov, E, Poddighe, D, Polat, B, Poluru, R, Pond, C, Poudel, G, Pouramini, A, Pourbagher-Shahri, A, Pourfridoni, M, Pourtaheri, N, Prakash, P, Prakash, S, Prakash, V, Prates, E, Pritchett, N, Purnobasuki, H, Qasim, N, Qattea, I, Qian, G, Radhakrishnan, V, Raee, P, Shahraki, H, Rafique, I, Raggi, A, Raghav, P, Rahati, M, Rahim, F, Rahimi, Z, Rahimifard, M, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Rahmani, S, Youshanlouei, H, Rahmati, M, Raj Moolambally, S, Rajabpour-Sanati, A, Ramadan, H, Ramasamy, S, Ramasubramani, P, Ramazanu, S, Rancic, N, Rao, I, Rao, S, Rapaka, D, Rashedi, V, Rashid, A, Rashidi, M, Rashidi Alavijeh, M, Rasouli-Saravani, A, Rawaf, S, Razo, C, Redwan, E, Bana, A, Remuzzi, G, Rezaei, N, Rezaeian, M, Rhee, T, Riad, A, Robinson, S, Rodrigues, M, Rodriguez, J, Roever, L, Rogowski, E, Romoli, M, Ronfani, L, Roy, P, Pramanik, K, Rubagotti, E, Ruiz, M, Russ, T, Sunnerhagen, K, Saad, A, Saadatian, Z, Saber, K, Saberikamarposhti, M, Sacco, S, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghian, S, Saeed, U, Safdarian, M, Safi, S, Sagar, R, Sagoe, D, Saheb Sharif-Askari, F, Saheb Sharif-Askari, N, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, S, Sahraian, M, Sajedi, S, Sakshaug, J, Saleh, M, Salehi 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Singh, B, Singh, G, Singh, P, Singh, S, Sirota, S, Sivakumar, S, Sohag, A, Solanki, R, Soleimani, H, Solikhah, S, Solomon, Y, Song, S, Song, Y, Sotoudeh, H, Spartalis, M, Stark, B, Starnes, J, Starodubova, A, Stein, D, Steiner, T, Stovner, L, Suleman, M, Abdulkader, R, Sultana, A, Sun, J, Sunkersing, D, Sunny, A, Susianti, H, Swain, C, Szeto, M, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabatabaei, S, Tabatabai, S, Tabish, M, Taheri, M, Tahvildari, A, Tajbakhsh, A, Tampa, M, Lukenze Tamuzi, J, Tan, K, Tang, H, Tareke, M, Tarigan, I, Tat, N, Tat, V, Tavakoli Oliaee, R, Tavangar, S, Tavasol, A, Tefera, Y, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temesgen, W, Temsah, M, Teramoto, M, Tesfaye, A, Tesfaye, E, Tesler, R, Thakali, O, Thangaraju, P, Thapa, R, Thapar, R, Thomas, N, Thrift, A, Ticoalu, J, Tillawi, T, Toghroli, R, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Traini, E, Tran, N, Van Tran, P, Tromans, S, Truelsen, T, Truyen, T, Tsatsakis, A, Tsegay, G, Tsermpini, E, Tualeka, A, Tufa, D, Ubah, C, Udoakang, A, Ulhaq, I, Umair, M, Umakanthan, S, Umapathi, K, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Vaithinathan, A, Vakilian, A, Tahbaz, S, Valizadeh, R, Van den Eynde, J, Vart, P, Varthya, S, Vasankari, T, Vaziri, S, Vellingiri, B, Venketasubramanian, N, Verras, G, Vervoort, D, Villafane, J, Villani, L, Veloz, A, Viskadourou, M, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Volovat, S, Vu, L, Vujcic, I, Wagaye, B, Waheed, Y, Wahood, W, Walde, M, Wang, F, Wang, S, Wang, Y, Waqas, M, Waris, A, Weerakoon, K, Weintraub, R, Weldemariam, A, Westerman, R, Whisnant, J, Wickramasinghe, D, Wickramasinghe, N, Willekens, B, Wilner, L, Winkler, A, Wolfe, C, Wu, A, Wulf Hanson, S, Xu, S, Xu, X, Yadollahpour, A, Yaghoubi, S, Yahya, G, Yamagishi, K, Yang, L, Yano, Y, Yao, Y, Yehualashet, S, Yeshaneh, A, Yesiltepe, M, Yi, S, Yigit, A, Yigit, V, Yon, D, Yonemoto, N, You, Y, Younis, M, Yu, C, Yusuf, H, Zadey, S, Zahedi, M, Zakham, F, Zaki, N, Zali, A, Zamagni, G, Zand, R, Zandieh, G, Zangiabadian, M, Zarghami, A, Zastrozhin, M, Zeariya, M, Zegeye, Z, Zeukeng, F, 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D., Seeher K. M., Schiess N., Nichols E., Cao B., Servili C., Cavallera V., Cousin E., Hagins H., Moberg M. E., Mehlman M. L., Abate Y. H., Abbas J., Abbasi M. A., Abbasian M., Abbastabar H., Abdelmasseh M., Abdollahi M., Abdollahifar M. -A., Abd-Rabu R., Abdulah D. M., Abdullahi A., Abedi A., Abedi V., Abeldano Zuniga R. A., Abidi H., Abiodun O., Aboagye R. G., Abolhassani H., Aboyans V., Abrha W. A., Abualhasan A., Abu-Gharbieh E., Aburuz S., Adamu L. H., Addo I. Y., Adebayo O. M., Adekanmbi V., Adekiya T. A., Adikusuma W., Adnani Q. E. S., Adra S., Afework T., Afolabi A. A., Afraz A., Afzal S., Aghamiri S., Agodi A., Agyemang-Duah W., Ahinkorah B. O., Ahmad A., Ahmad D., Ahmad S., Ahmadzade A. M., Ahmed A., Ahmed H., Ahmed J. Q., Ahmed L. A., Ahmed M. B., Ahmed S. A., Ajami M., Aji B., Ajumobi O., Akade S., Akbari M., Akbarialiabad H., Akhlaghi S., Akinosoglou K., Akinyemi R. O., Akonde M., Al Hasan S. M., Alahdab F., Al-Ahdal T. M. A., Al-Amer R. M., Albashtawy M., AlBataineh M. 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D., Seeher K. M., Schiess N., Nichols E., Cao B., Servili C., Cavallera V., Cousin E., Hagins H., Moberg M. E., Mehlman M. L., Abate Y. H., Abbas J., Abbasi M. A., Abbasian M., Abbastabar H., Abdelmasseh M., Abdollahi M., Abdollahifar M. -A., Abd-Rabu R., Abdulah D. M., Abdullahi A., Abedi A., Abedi V., Abeldano Zuniga R. A., Abidi H., Abiodun O., Aboagye R. G., Abolhassani H., Aboyans V., Abrha W. A., Abualhasan A., Abu-Gharbieh E., Aburuz S., Adamu L. H., Addo I. Y., Adebayo O. M., Adekanmbi V., Adekiya T. A., Adikusuma W., Adnani Q. E. S., Adra S., Afework T., Afolabi A. A., Afraz A., Afzal S., Aghamiri S., Agodi A., Agyemang-Duah W., Ahinkorah B. O., Ahmad A., Ahmad D., Ahmad S., Ahmadzade A. M., Ahmed A., Ahmed H., Ahmed J. Q., Ahmed L. A., Ahmed M. B., Ahmed S. A., Ajami M., Aji B., Ajumobi O., Akade S., Akbari M., Akbarialiabad H., Akhlaghi S., Akinosoglou K., Akinyemi R. O., Akonde M., Al Hasan S. M., Alahdab F., Al-Ahdal T. M. A., Al-Amer R. M., Albashtawy M., AlBataineh M. T., Aldawsari K. A., Alemi H., Alemi S., Algammal A. M., Al-Gheethi A. A. S., Alhalaiqa F. A. N., Alhassan R. K., Ali A., Ali E. A., Ali L., Ali M. U., Ali M. M., Ali R., Ali S., Shujait Ali S. S., Ali Z., Alif S. M., Alimohamadi Y., Aliyi A. A., Aljofan M., Aljunid S. M., Alladi S., Almazan J. U., Almustanyir S., Al-Omari B., Alqahtani J. S., Alqasmi I., Alqutaibi A. Y., Al-Shahi Salman R., Altaany Z., Al-Tawfiq J. A., Altirkawi K. A., Alvis-Guzman N., Al-Worafi Y. M., Aly H., Aly S., Alzoubi K. H., Amani R., Amindarolzarbi A., Amiri S., Amirzade-Iranaq M. H., Amu H., Amugsi D. A., Amusa G. A., Amzat J., Ancuceanu R., Anderlini D., Anderson D. B., Andrei C. L., Androudi S., Angappan D., Angesom T. W., Anil A., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Anwer R., Arafat M., Aravkin A. Y., Areda D., Ariffin H., Arifin H., Arkew M., Arnlov J., Arooj M., Artamonov A. A., Artanti K. D., Aruleba R. T., Asadi-Pooya A. A., Asena T. F., Asghari-Jafarabadi M., Ashraf M., Ashraf T., Atalell K. A., Athari S. S., Atinafu B. T. T., Atorkey P., Atout M. M. W., Atreya A., Aujayeb A., Avan A., Ayala Quintanilla B. P. A., Ayatollahi H., Ayinde O. O., Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh S., Azadnajafabad S., Azizi Z., Azizian K., Azzam A. Y., Babaei M., Badar M., Badiye A. D., Baghdadi S., Bagherieh S., Bai R., Baig A. A., Balakrishnan S., Balalla S., Baltatu O. C., Banach M., Bandyopadhyay S., Banerjee I., Baran M. F., Barboza M. A., Barchitta M., Bardhan M., Barker-Collo S. L., Barnighausen T. W., Barrow A., Bashash D., Bashiri H., Bashiru H. A., Basiru A., Basso J., Basu S., Batiha A. M. M., Batra K., Baune B. T., Bedi N., Begde A., Begum T., Behnam B., Behnoush A. H., Beiranvand M., Bejot Y., Bekele A., Belete M. A., Belgaumi U. I., Bemanalizadeh M., Bender R. G., Benfor B., Bennett D. A., Bensenor I. M., Berice B., Bettencourt P. J. G., Beyene K. A., Bhadra A., Bhagat D. S., Bhangdia K., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhargava A., Bhaskar S., Bhat A. N., Bhat V., Bhatti G. K., Bhatti J. S., Bhatti R., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Bilalaga M. M., Biswas A., Bitaraf S., Bitra V. R., Bjorge T., Bodolica V., Bodunrin A. O., Boloor A., Braithwaite D., Brayne C., Brenner H., Briko A., Bringas Vega M. L., Brown J., Budke C. M., Buonsenso D., Burkart K., Burns R. A., Bustanji Y., Butt M. H., Butt N. S., Butt Z. A., Cabral L. S., dos Santos F. L. C., Calina D., Campos-Nonato I. R., Cao C., Carabin H., Cardenas R., Carreras G., Carvalho A. F., Castaneda-Orjuela C. A., Casulli A., Catala-Lopez F., Catapano A. L., Caye A., Cegolon L., Cenderadewi M., Cerin E., Chacon-Uscamaita P. R. U., Chan J. S. K., Chanie G. S., Charan J., Chattu V. K., Chekol Abebe E., Chen H., Chen J., Chi G., Chichagi F., Chidambaram S. B., Chimoriya R., Ching P. R., Chitheer A., Chong Y. Y., Chopra H., Choudhari S. G., Chowdhury E. K., Chowdhury R., Christensen H., Chu D. -T., Chukwu I. S., Chung E., Coberly K., Columbus A., Comachio J., Conde J., Cortesi P. A., Costa V. M., Couto R. A. S., Criqui M. H., Cruz-Martins N., Dabbagh Ohadi M. A., Dadana S., Dadras O., Dai X., Dai Z., D'Amico E., Danawi H. A., Dandona L., Dandona R., Darwish A. H., Das S., Dascalu A. M., Dash N. R., Dashti M., De la Hoz F. P., de la Torre-Luque A., De Leo D., Dean F. E., Dehghan A., Dejene H., Demant D., Demetriades A. K., Demissie S., Deng X., Desai H. D., Devanbu V. G. C., Dhama K., Dharmaratne S. D., Dhimal M., Dias da Silva D., Diaz D., Dibas M., Ding D. D., Dinu M., Dirac M. A., Diress M., Do T. C., Do T. H. P., Doan K. D. K., Dodangeh M., Doheim M. F., Dokova K. G., Dongarwar D., Dsouza H. L., Dube J., Duraisamy S., Durojaiye O. C., Dutta S., Dziedzic A. M., Edinur H. A., Eissazade N., Ekholuenetale M., Ekundayo T. C., El Nahas N., El Sayed I. E., Elahi Najafi M. A. E., Elbarazi I., Elemam N. M., Elgar F. J., Elgendy I. Y., Elhabashy H. R., Elhadi M., Elilo L. T., Ellenbogen R. G., Elmeligy O. A. A., Elmonem M. A., Elshaer M., Elsohaby I., Emamverdi M., Emeto T. I., Endres M., Esezobor C. I., Eskandarieh S., Fadaei A., Fagbamigbe A. F., Fahim A., Faramarzi A., Fares J., Farjoud Kouhanjani M., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fatehizadeh A., Fathi M., Fathi S., Fatima S. A. F., Feizkhah A., Fereshtehnejad S. -M., Ferrari A. J., Ferreira N., Fetensa G., Firouraghi N., Fischer F., Fonseca A. C., Force L. M., Fornari A., Foroutan B., Fukumoto T., Gadanya M. A., Gaidhane A. M., Galali Y., Galehdar N., Gan Q., Gandhi A. P., Ganesan B., Gardner W. M., Garg N., Gau S. -Y., Gautam R. K., Gebre T., Gebrehiwot M., Gebremeskel G. G., Gebreslassie H. G., Getacher L., Ghaderi Yazdi B., Ghadirian F., Ghaffarpasand F., Ghanbari R., Ghasemi M., Ghazy R. M., Ghimire S., Gholami A., Gholamrezanezhad A., Ghotbi E., Ghozy S., Gialluisi A., Gill P. S., Glasstetter L. M., Gnedovskaya E. V., Golchin A., Golechha M., Goleij P., Golinelli D., Gomes-Neto M., Goulart A. C., Goyal A., Gray R. J., Grivna M., Guadie H. A., Guan B., Guarducci G., Guicciardi S., Gunawardane D. A., Guo H., Gupta B., Gupta R., Gupta S., Gupta V. B., Gupta V. K., Gutierrez R. A., Habibzadeh F., Hachinski V., Haddadi R., Hadei M., Hadi N. R., Haep N., Haile T. G., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hall B. J., Halwani R., Hameed S., Hamiduzzaman M., Hammoud A., Han H., Hanifi N., Hankey G. J., Hannan M. A., Hao J., Harapan H., Hareru H. E., Hargono A., Harlianto N. I., Haro J. M., Hartman N. N., Hasaballah A. I., Hasan F., Hasani H., Hasanian M., Hassan A., Hassan S., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hassen M. B., Haubold J., Hay S. I., Hayat K., Hegazy M. I., Heidari G., Heidari M., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Hesami H., Hezam K., Hiraike Y., Hoffman H. J., Holla R., Hopf K. P., Horita N., Hossain M. M., Hossain M. B., Hossain S., Hosseinzadeh H., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Hu C., Huang J., Huda M. N., Hussain J., Hussein N. R., Huynh H. -H., Hwang B. -F., Ibitoye S. E., Ilaghi M., Ilesanmi O. S., Ilic I. M., Ilic M. D., Immurana M., Iravanpour F., Islam S. M. S., Ismail F., Iso H., Isola G., Iwagami M., Iwu C. C. D., Iyer M., Jaan A., Jacob L., Jadidi-Niaragh F., Jafari M., Jafarinia M., Jafarzadeh A., Jahankhani K., Jahanmehr N., Jahrami H., Jaiswal A., Jakovljevic M., Jamora R. D. G., Jana S., Javadi N., Javed S., Javeed S., Jayapal S. K., Jayaram S., Jiang H., Johnson C. O., Johnson W. D., Jokar M., Jonas J. B., Joseph A., Joseph N., Joshua C. E., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kabito G. G., Kadashetti V., Kafi F., Kalani R., Kalantar F., Kaliyadan F., Kamath A., Kamath S., Kanchan T., Kandel A., Kandel H., Kanmodi K. K., Karajizadeh M., Karami J., Karanth S. D., Karaye I. M., Karch A., Karimi A., Karimi H., Karimi Behnagh A., Kasraei H., Kassebaum N. J., Kauppila J. H., Kaur H., Kaur N., Kayode G. A., Kazemi F., Keikavoosi-Arani L., Keller C., Keykhaei M., Khadembashiri M. A., Khader Y. S., Khafaie M. A., Khajuria H., Khalaji A., Khamesipour F., Khammarnia M., Khan M., Khan M. A. B., Khan Y. H., Suheb M. Z. K., Khanmohammadi S., Khanna T., Khatab K., Khatatbeh H., Khatatbeh M. M., Khateri S., Khatib M. N., Khayat Kashani H. R., Khonji M. S., Khorashadizadeh F., Khormali M., Khubchandani J., Kian S., Kim G., Kim J., Kim M. S., Kim Y. J., Kimokoti R. W., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kivimaki M., Kochhar S., Kolahi A. -A., Koly K. N., Kompani F., Koroshetz W. J., Kosen S., Kourosh Arami M., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M. A., Krishan K., Krishnamoorthy V., Defo B. K., Kuddus M. A., Kumar A., Kumar G. A., Kumar M., Kumar N., Kumsa N. B., Kundu S., Kurniasari M. D., Kusuma D., Kuttikkattu A., Kyu H. H., La Vecchia C., Ladan M. A., Lahariya C., Laksono T., Lal D. K., Lallukka T., Lam J., Lami F. H., Landires I., Langguth B., Lasrado S., Latief K., Latifinaibin K., Lau K. M. -M., Laurens M. B., Lawal B. K., Le L. K. D., Le T. T. T., Ledda C., Lee M., Lee S. -W., Lee S. W., Lee W. -C., Lee Y. H., Leonardi M., Lerango T. L., Li M. -C., Li W., Ligade V. S., Lim S. S., Linehan C., Liu C., Liu J., Liu W., Lo C. -H., Lo W. D., Lobo S. W., Logroscino G., Lopes G., Lopukhov P. D., Lorenzovici L., Lorkowski S., Loureiro J. A., Lubinda J., Lucchetti G., Saute R. L., Ma Z. F., Mabrok M., Machoy M., Madadizadeh F., El Razek M. M. A., Maghazachi A. A., Maghbouli N., Mahjoub S., Mahmoudi M., Majeed A., Malagon-Rojas J. N., Malakan Rad E., Malhotra K., Malik A. A., Malik I., Mallhi T. H., Malta D. C., Manilal A., Mansouri V., Mansournia M. A., Marasini B. P., Marateb H. R., Maroufi S. F., Martinez-Raga J., Martini S., Martins-Melo F. R., Martorell M., Marz W., Marzo R. R., Massano J., Mathangasinghe Y., Mathews E., Maude R. J., Maugeri A., Maulik P. K., Mayeli M., Mazaheri M., McAlinden C., McGrath J. J., Meena J. K., Mehndiratta M. M., Mendez-Lopez M. A. M., Mendoza W., Mendoza-Cano O., Menezes R. G., Merati M., Meretoja A., Merkin A., Mersha A. M., Mestrovic T., Mi T., Miazgowski T., Michalek I. M., Mihretie E. T., Minh L. H. N., Mirfakhraie R., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mirzaei M., Misganaw A., Misra S., Mithra P., Mizana B. A., Mohamadkhani A., Mohamed N. S., Mohammadi E., Mohammadi H., Mohammadi S., Mohammadshahi M., Mohammed M., Mohammed S., Mohan S., Mojiri-Forushani H., Moka N., Mokdad A. H., Molinaro S., Moller H., Monasta L., Moniruzzaman M., Montazeri F., Moradi M., Moradi Y., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morovatdar N., Morrison S. D., Mosapour A., Mosser J. F., Mossialos E., Motaghinejad M., Mousavi P., Ehsan Mousavi S., Mubarik S., Muccioli L., Mughal F., Mukoro G. D., Mulita A., Mulita F., Musaigwa F., Mustafa A., Mustafa G., Muthu S., Nagarajan A. J., Naghavi P., Naik G. R., Nainu F., Nair T. S., Najmuldeen H. H. R., Nakhostin Ansari N., Nambi G., Namdar Areshtanab H., Nargus S., Nascimento B. R., Naser A. Y., Nashwan A. J. J., Nasoori H., Nasreldein A., Natto Z. S., Nauman J., Nayak B. P., Nazri-Panjaki A., Negaresh M., Negash H., Negoi I., Negoi R. I., Negru S. M., Nejadghaderi S. A., Nematollahi M. H., Nesbit O. D., Newton C. R. J., Nguyen D. H., Nguyen H. T. H., Nguyen H. Q., Nguyen N. -T. T., Nguyen P. T., Nguyen V. T., Niazi R. K., Nikolouzakis T. K., Niranjan V., Nnyanzi L. A., Noman E. A., Noroozi N., Norrving B., Noubiap J. J., Nri-Ezedi C. A., Ntaios G., Nunez-Samudio V., Nurrika D., Oancea B., Odetokun I. A., O'Donnell M. J., Ogunsakin R. E., Oguta J. O., Oh I. -H., Okati-Aliabad H., Okeke S. R., Okekunle A. P., Okonji O. C., Okwute P. G., Olagunju A. T., Olaiya M. T., Olana M. D., Olatubi M. I., Oliveira G. M. M., Olufadewa I. I., Olusanya B. O., Bali A. O., Ong S., Onwujekwe O. E., Ordak M., Orji A. U., Ortega-Altamirano D. V., Osuagwu U. L., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S. S., Ouyahia A., Owolabi M. O., Mahesh Padukudru P. A., Pacheco-Barrios K., Padubidri J. R., Pal P. K., Palange P. N., Palladino C., Palladino R., Palma-Alvarez R. F., Pan F., Panagiotakos D., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Pandian J. D., Pangaribuan H. 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J., Rapaka D., Rashedi V., Rashid A. M., Rashidi M. -M., Rashidi Alavijeh M., Rasouli-Saravani A., Rawaf S., Razo C., Redwan E. M. M., Bana A. R., Remuzzi G., Rezaei N., Rezaeian M., Rhee T. G., Riad A., Robinson S. R., Rodrigues M., Rodriguez J. A. B., Roever L., Rogowski E. L. B., Romoli M., Ronfani L., Roy P., Pramanik K. R., Rubagotti E., Ruiz M. A., Russ T. C., Sunnerhagen K. S., Saad A. M. A., Saadatian Z., Saber K., SaberiKamarposhti M., Sacco S., Saddik B., Sadeghi E., Sadeghian S., Saeed U., Safdarian M., Safi S. Z., Sagar R., Sagoe D., Saheb Sharif-Askari F. S., Saheb Sharif-Askari N., Sahebkar A., Sahoo S. S., Sahraian M. A., Sajedi S. A., Sakshaug J. W., Saleh M. A., Salehi Omran H., Salem M. R., Salimi S., Samadi Kafil H., Samadzadeh S., Samargandy S., Samodra Y. L., Samuel V. P., Samy A. M., Sanadgol N., Sanjeev R. K., Sanmarchi F., Santomauro D. F., Santri I. N., Santric-Milicevic M. M., Saravanan A., Sarveazad A., Satpathy M., Saylan M., Sayyah M., Scarmeas N., Schlaich M. P., Schuermans A., Schwarzinger M., Schwebel D. C., Selvaraj S., Sendekie A. K., Sengupta P., Senthilkumaran S., Serban D., Sergindo M. T., Sethi Y., SeyedAlinaghi S., Seylani A., Shabani M., Shabany M., Shafie M., Shahabi S., Shahbandi A., Shahid S., Shahraki-Sanavi F., Shahsavari H. R., Shahwan M. J., Shaikh M. A., Shaji K. S., Sham S., Shama A. T. T., Shamim M. A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M. A., Shanawaz M., Sharath M., Sharfaei S., Sharifan A., Sharma M., Sharma R., Shashamo B. B., Shayan M., Sheikhi R. A., Shekhar S., Shen J., Shenoy S. M., Shetty P. H., Shiferaw D. S., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shittu A., Shivakumar K. M., Shokri F., Shool S., Shorofi S. A., Shrestha S., Siankam Tankwanchi A. B., Siddig E. E., Sigfusdottir I. D., Silva J. P., Silva L. M. L. R., Sinaei E., Singh B. B., Singh G., Singh P., Singh S., Sirota S. B., Sivakumar S., Sohag A. A. M., Solanki R., Soleimani H., Solikhah S., Solomon Y., Song S., Song Y., Sotoudeh H., Spartalis M., Stark B. A., Starnes J. R., Starodubova A. V., Stein D. J., Steiner T. J., Stovner L. J., Suleman M., Abdulkader R. S., Sultana A., Sun J., Sunkersing D., Sunny A., Susianti H., Swain C. K., Szeto M. D., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabatabaei S. M., Tabatabai S., Tabish M., Taheri M., Tahvildari A., Tajbakhsh A., Tampa M., Lukenze Tamuzi J. J. L., Tan K. -K., Tang H., Tareke M., Tarigan I. U., Tat N. Y., Tat V. Y., Tavakoli Oliaee R., Tavangar S. M., Tavasol A., Tefera Y. M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Temesgen W. A., Temsah M. -H., Teramoto M., Tesfaye A. H., Tesfaye E. G., Tesler R., Thakali O., Thangaraju P., Thapa R., Thapar R., Thomas N. K., Thrift A. G., Ticoalu J. H. V., Tillawi T., Toghroli R., Tonelli M., Tovani-Palone M. R., Traini E., Tran N. M., Tran N. -H., Van Tran P., Tromans S. J., Truelsen T. C., Truyen T. T. T. T., Tsatsakis A., Tsegay G. M., Tsermpini E. E., Tualeka A. R., Tufa D. G., Ubah C. S., Udoakang A. J., Ulhaq I., Umair M., Umakanthan S., Umapathi K. K., Unim B., Unnikrishnan B., Vaithinathan A. G., Vakilian A., Tahbaz S. V., Valizadeh R., Van den Eynde J., Vart P., Varthya S. B., Vasankari T. J., Vaziri S., Vellingiri B., Venketasubramanian N., Verras G. -I., Vervoort D., Villafane J. H., Villani L., Veloz A. F. V., Viskadourou M., Vladimirov S. K., Vlassov V., Volovat S. R., Vu L. T., Vujcic I. S., Wagaye B., Waheed Y., Wahood W., Walde M. T., Wang F., Wang S., Wang Y., Wang Y. -P., Waqas M., Waris A., Weerakoon K. G., Weintraub R. G., Weldemariam A. H., Westerman R., Whisnant J. L., Wickramasinghe D. P., Wickramasinghe N. D., Willekens B., Wilner L. B., Winkler A. S., Wolfe C. D. A., Wu A. -M., Wulf Hanson S., Xu S., Xu X., Yadollahpour A., Yaghoubi S., Yahya G., Yamagishi K., Yang L., Yano Y., Yao Y., Yehualashet S. S., Yeshaneh A., Yesiltepe M., Yi S., Yigit A., Yigit V., Yon D. K., Yonemoto N., You Y., Younis M. Z., Yu C., Yusuf H., Zadey S., Zahedi M., Zakham F., Zaki N., Zali A., Zamagni G., Zand R., Zandieh G. G. Z., Zangiabadian M., Zarghami A., Zastrozhin M. S., Zeariya M. G. M., Zegeye Z. B., Zeukeng F., Zhai C., Zhang C., Zhang H., Zhang Y., Zhang Z. -J., Zhao H., Zhao Y., Zheng P., Zhou H., Zhu B., Zhumagaliuly A., Zielinska M., Zikarg Y. T., Zoladl M., Murray C. J. L., Ong K. L., Feigin V. L., Vos T., and Dua T. more...
- Abstract
Background: Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. Methods: We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous s more...
- Published
- 2024