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Çiçek, Erdoğan, Fricke, Ronald, Eagderi, Soheil, Sungur, Sevil, Coad, Brian W, Hamdard, Mohammad Hamid (2023): Fishes of Afghanistan; a revised and updated annotated checklist. Zootaxa 5305 (1): 1-69, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5305.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5305.1.1

Oryzias latipes (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) [I] — Japanese ricefish Taxonomy. Original description: Poecilia latipes Temminck & Schlegel, 1846: 224, pl. 103, fig. 5 [Japan; lectotype: RMNH 2713a; lectotype selected by Boeseman (1947: 168)].— Afghanistan synonyms: Aplocheilus latipes (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846).—Revisions: Magtoon & Termvidchakorn (2009: 54).—Illustration: Temminck & Schlegel (1846: pl. 103, fig. 5) as Poecilia latipes. Status in Afghanistan. First record from Afghanistan by Bartley (2006); confirmed by Coad (1981: 8; 2014: 318).—Afghanistan materials: None. Distribution and habitat. Distribution in Afghanistan: Tedzhen River, Karakum Canal.—General distribution: East Asia: Japan and Korea; introduced elsewhere.—Habitat: This species occurs in ponds, marshes, paddy fields, and small, slow-moving streams in the plains. It is known to prefer a paddy landscape in which diverse water bodies offer different habitat patches. It inhabits mainly lowland and brackish waters, being able to withstand a wide range of salinity. Freshwater. Economic importance. Valuable for the aquarium trade. Reasons of introduction. Ornamental fish industry. Conservation. Not relevant (introduced species). Remarks: According to Coad (2014) this record probably Oryzias sinensis Chen, Uwa & Chu 1989. It should be clarifying fieldtrip., Published as part of Çiçek, Erdoğan, Fricke, Ronald, Eagderi, Soheil, Sungur, Sevil, Coad, Brian W & Hamdard, Mohammad Hamid, 2023, Fishes of Afghanistan; a revised and updated annotated checklist, pp. 1-69 in Zootaxa 5305 (1) on pages 47-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5305.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8048564, {"references":["Temminck, C. J. & Schlegel, H. (1846) Pisces. In: Siebold, P. F. de (Ed.), Fauna Japonica, sive descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japoniam ... suscepto annis 1823 - 1830 collegit, notis, observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit Ph. Fr. de Siebold. Lugduni Batavorum [Leiden] (A. Arnz et soc.). Parts 10 - 14, 173 - 269","Boeseman, M. (1947). Revision of the fishes collected by Burger and Von Siebold in Japan. Zoologische Mededeelingen, Leiden, 28, i - vii + 1 - 242, pls. 1 - 5.","Magtoon, W. & Termvidchakorn, A. (2009) A revised taxonomic account of ricefish Oryzias (Beloniformes; Adrianichthyidae), in Thailand, Indonesia and Japan. The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University, 9 (1), 35 - 68.","Bartley, D. M. (2006) Introduced species in fisheries and aquaculture: information for responsibleusc and control. Food and Agri culture Organization, Rome. [CD-ROM]","Coad, B. W. (1981) Fishes of Afghanistan, an annoted checklist. National Museum of Canada Publications in Zoology, 14, i - v + 1 - 26.","Coad, B. W. (2014) Fishes of Afghanistan. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia-Moscow. 393 pp."]}

FAMILY Adrianichthyidae Oryzias luzonensis (Herre & Ablan, 1934); Endemic; Philippine Medaka, Luzon Ricefish, Coscosleng; Endemic to Padsan River Basin, Ilocos Norte, Luzon Island; CAS-SU 29079; Parenti 2008, Kottelat 2013; EN, Published as part of Jamandre, Brian Wade, 2023, Freshwater fishes of the Philippines: a provisional checklist, pp. 151-181 in Zootaxa 5301 (2) on page 161, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5301.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8030274, {"references":["Parenti, L. R. (2008) A phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of ricefishes, Oryzias and relatives (Beloniformes, Adrianichthyidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 154, 494 - 610. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2008.00417. x","Kottelat, M. (2013) The fishes of the inland waters of Southeast Asia: A catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 27, 1 - 663."]}

Jamandre, Brian Wade (2023): Freshwater fishes of the Philippines: a provisional checklist. Zootaxa 5301 (2): 151-181, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5301.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5301.2.1

FAMILY Hemiramphidae Hyporhamphus quoyi (Valenciennes, 1847); Native; Quoy’s Garfish; Found in wetlands and river basins across Philippines; CAS-SU 41967-68; Herre 1953; NE Rhynchorhamphus georgii (Valenciennes, 1847); Native; Long Billed Halfbeak; Found in wetlands and river basins across the Philippines; CAS-SU 37638, KAUM 51684; Herre 1953, Kottelat 2013; NE, Published as part of Jamandre, Brian Wade, 2023, Freshwater fishes of the Philippines: a provisional checklist, pp. 151-181 in Zootaxa 5301 (2) on page 161, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5301.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8030274, {"references":["Herre, A. W. C. T. (1953) Check list of Philippine fishes. Fish and Wildlife Service Research Report, 20, 293 - 295.","Kottelat, M. (2013) The fishes of the inland waters of Southeast Asia: A catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 27, 1 - 663."]}

FAMILY Belonidae Tylosurus melanotus (Bleeker, 1850); Native; Keel-Jawed Needlefish; Found in wetlands and rivers across the Philippines; CAS-SU 13604, USNM 348247; Herre 1953; NE

FAMILY Zenarchopteridae Dermogenys bispina Meisner & Collette, 1998; Native; Found in rivers of Busuanga, Palawan Island, and in Mindanao Island; USNM 138667; Meisner & Collette 1998; LC Dermogenys palawanensis Meisner, 2001; Endemic; Endemic to river basins in Palawan Island; ZRC 46170, CMK 11972, USNM 138668; Meisner 2001, Kottelat 2013; VU Dermogenys robertsi Meisner, 2001; Native; Thought to be endemic to river basins of Northern Palawan Island, but specimens were also found in Kalimantan, Indonesia; CAS 137633; Kottelat 2013; DD Nomorhamphus bakeri (Fowler & Bean, 1922); Endemic; Endemic to river basins of Zamboanga, Mindanao Island; USNM 84275; Colette BB 2004, Kottelat 2013; DD Nomorhamphus manifestus Meisner, 2001; Endemic; Endemic to river basins of Ilocos Norte, Luzon Island; CAS 129706; Colette 2004, Kottelat 2013; DD Nomorhamphus pectoralis (Fowler, 1934); Endemic; Endemic to river basins of Central and Southern Luzon Island; USNM 93068; Meisner 2001, Kottelat 2013; LC Nomorhamphus philippinus (Ladiges, 1972); Endemic; Endemic to river basins of Cebu Island, and can also be found in river basins of Mindanao Island; ZMH H4534; Meisner 2001, Kottelat 2013; DD Nomorhamphus pinnimaculatus Meisner, 2001; Endemic; Endemic to river basins of Leyte Island, Visayas Island group; ZRC 46173; Colette 2004, Kottelat 2013; DD Nomorhamphus rossi Meisner, 2001; Endemic; Endemic to river basins in Cagayan Province, Northern Luzon Island; USNM 333262; Colette 2004, Kottelat 2013; EN Nomorhamphus viviparus (Peters, 1865); Endemic; Endemic to river basins and wetlands across the Philippines; USNM 84275, CAS-SU 37631, ZMB 6267; Meisner, 2001, Kottelat 2013; LC Zenarchopterus cotnog (Smith, 1902); Endemic; Endemic to Lake Buhi, Camarines Sur, Southern Luzon Island; USNM 50537; NE Zenarchopterus dispar (Valenciennes, 1847); Native; Feathered River-Garfish; Found in river basins and wetlands across the Philippines; USNM 385451, FMNH 40643; Herre 1953; LC Zenarchopterus gilli Smith, 1945; Native; Viviparous Halfbeak; Found in river basins across the Philippines; FMNH 47119, FMNH 40793; Herre 1953; LC Zenarchopterus kampeni (Weber, 1913); Native; Sepik River Halfbeak; Found in river basins across the Philippines; MCZ 32239, USNM 93061; Herre 1953; LC Zenarchopterus philippinus (Peters, 1868); Endemic; Philippine Halfbeak; Endemic to river basins and wetlands across the Philippines; CAS-SU 25509, BMNH 1933.3.11.152-161; Herre 1953, Aquino et al. 2011, Kottelat 2013; LC, Published as part of Jamandre, Brian Wade, 2023, Freshwater fishes of the Philippines: a provisional checklist, pp. 151-181 in Zootaxa 5301 (2) on pages 161-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5301.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8030274, {"references":["Meisner, A. D. & Collette, B. B. (1998) A new species of viviparous halfbeak, Dermogenys bispina (Teleostei: Hemiramphidae) from Sabah (North Borneo). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 46 (2), 373 - 380.","Meisner, A. D. (2001) Phylogenetic systematics of the viviparous halfbeak genera Dermogenys and Nomorhamphus (Teleostei: Hemiramphidae: Zenarchopterinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 133 (2), 199 - 284. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2001. tb 00690. x","Kottelat, M. (2013) The fishes of the inland waters of Southeast Asia: A catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 27, 1 - 663.","Herre, A. W. C. T. (1953) Check list of Philippine fishes. Fish and Wildlife Service Research Report, 20, 293 - 295.","Aquino, L. M. G., Tango, J. M., Canoy, R. J. C., Fontanilla, I. K. C., Basiao, Z. U., Ong, P. S. & Quilang, J. P. (2011) DNA barcoding of fishes of Laguna de Bay, Philippines. Mitochondrial DNA, 22 (4), 143 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.3109 / 19401736.2011.624613"]}

Chan, Jeffery C.F., Tsang, Alphonse H.F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C.H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David, Liew, Jia Huan (2023): The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 128-168, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012

Hyporhamphus intermedius (Cantor) (Fig. 50, [LU]) Distribution. Plover Cove Reservoir; Tai Lam Chung Reservoir (current survey). Native range. Northwest Pacific, including South China (East Asia). Remarks. Individuals DNA sequenced from both localities revealed a 4.1% divergence from Hyporhamphus intermedius, indicating it could be a different species despite morphological similarities. Integrative taxonomic work and genetic sampling from this genus is necessary for further verification., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Xenentodon cancila (Hamilton) Distribution. Kowloon Reservoir (Lai, 2011; GBIF.org, 2021); Kowloon Byewash Reservoir (GBIF.org, 2021). Native range. South Asia., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 152, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765, {"references":["Lai SYH (2011) Reservoir fishes of Hong Kong with remarks on conservation options. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, (27): 63 - 82."]}

Teleost fishes show an enormous diversity of parental care, ranging from no care to viviparity with maternal provisioning of embryos. External brooders carry their developing eggs attached to their bodies. This requires the formation of novel morphological structures to support attachment. The pelvic brooding ricefish Oryzias eversi evolved such a structure, called the "plug." The plug anchors attaching filaments from the fertilized eggs inside the female reproductive system, allowing the female to carry the embryos until hatching. Using histological sections and µ-computed tomography scanning, we show that the plug is formed by several types of interstitial cells, blood capillaries, and collagen fibrils that encapsulate the end of the attaching filaments in the anterior part of the gonoduct. Even 15 days after the loss of the protruding attaching filaments, the plug remains. In addition, the developed plug contains multinucleated giant cells that are derived from fusing macrophages. We thus hypothesize that the ricefish plug, which is vital for egg attachment in O. eversi, evolved due to an inflammatory reaction. We assume that it forms similar to a foreign body granuloma, as a reaction to irritation or injury of the gonoduct epithelium by the attaching filaments. Our study further corroborates that pelvic brooding entails a complex set of adaptations to prolonged egg-carrying in the female reproductive system. During brooding, for instance, ovulation in the ovary is suppressed and the anterior part of the gonoduct is characterized by an intricate, recessed folding.

The Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) is one of the most commercially important pelagic fishes in Asia–Pacific countries. The oceanographic environment, especially the Oyashio Current, significantly affects the distribution of Pacific saury, and may lead to variations in their migration route and the formation of fishing grounds in Japanese coastal region and the high seas. In this study, six oceanographic factors, sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface chlorophyll-a concentration (SSC), sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface height (SSH), mixed layer depth (MLD), and eddy kinetic energy (EKE), were associated with the monthly catch per unit effort 1 (monthly CPUE1, ton/vessel) and the monthly CPUE2 (ton/day) of Pacific saury from Chinese fishing vessels during the optimal fishing periods (September–November) in 2014–2017. The gradient forest analysis showed that the performance of monthly CPUE1 was higher than monthly CPUE2 and SST was the most important oceanographic factor influencing monthly CPUE1, followed by EKE. The generalized additive model indicated that SST, SSH, and EKE negatively affected monthly CPUE1, whereas SSC, SSS, and MLD induced dome-shaped increases in monthly CPUE1. The distributions of fishing locations are likely to form along Offshore Oyashio current and meanders, especially in October and November. Synchronous trends in the relationship between the intrusion area of the Oyashio and relative abundance variation index suggest that an increase in the intrusion area of the Oyashio causes more Pacific saury to migrate to the Japanese coastal region, and vice versa. These findings extend our understanding of the effects of the oceanographic environment on Pacific saury.

Recent examinations of some marine fishes from off the coast of South Australia revealed the presence of two species of Philometra Costa, 1845 (Nematoda: Philometridae): P. inconveniens n. sp. from the ovary (males) and body cavity (subgravid female) of the southern garfish Hyporhamphus melanochir (Valenciennes) (Beloniformes, Hemiramphidae) and Philometra sp. (gravid and subgravid females) from the body cavity of the Australian barracuda Sphyraena novaehollandiae Gunther (Perciformes, Sphyraenidae) (new host and geographical records). Specimens of species are described and illustrated based on light and scanning electron microscopical examinations. Philometra inconveniens n. sp. differs from the most similar species P. longa Moravec, Barton & Shamsi, 2021, a parasite of the body cavity of the congeneric host off eastern Australia, mainly by a different structure of the gubernaculum (absence of dorsal barbs and presence of lateral extensions on its distal portion). This indicates a high degree of host specificity of these nematodes in co-occuring congeneric hosts.

Flyingfishes of the family Exocoetidae are sometimes difficult to identify solely based on morphology as members of certain genera share overlapping characteristics. Combining morphological and molecular analyses, the present study reports two specimens of stained flyingfish Cheilopogon spilonotopterus (Bleeker 1865) from the northern Bay of Bengal. As for COI gene sequences, nucleotide variations at five different positions (576 nucleotides identical out of 581 bp) were noted between two specimens of C. spilonotopterus and K2P genetic distances for all conspecific sequences ranged 0.000–0.050. The results of DNA barcoding, therefore, support the validity of both specimens as C. spilonotopterus at genetic level. These are the first DNA barcode records of C. spilonotopterus from the northern Bay of Bengal region.

A new nematode species, Philometra longa n. sp. (Philometridae), is described from male and female specimens collected from the body cavity of the marine fish, Hyporhamphus australis (Steindachner) (Hemirhamphidae, Beloniformes) from off the south-eastern coast of Australia. Based on examination by light and scanning electron microscopy, the new species differs from those parasitising other beloniform hosts mainly in the body length (4.69 mm), the length of spicules (141 µm) and the structure of the caudal end and the distal tip of gubernaculum in the male, and in the conspicuously long body (455-560 mm) of the gravid female. Philometra longa n. sp. is the first species of philometrids described from fishes of the family Hemiramphidae. It is the 26th nominal species of philometrids and the 19th species of Philometra so far recorded from Australian marine and brackish waters. Re-examined museum specimens of Philometra sp. from Hyporhamphus melanochir (Valenciennes) off Tasmania, as well as those previously reported from the same host species off the Australian coast, were found to be identical with P. longa sp. n.

A total of 75 species of fishes belonging to 54 genera, 26 families and 10 orders has been recorded from the Poma River of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. The order cypriniformes represented highest diversity with 40 species (53%), followed by Siluriformes with 16 species (21%), Anabantiformes with 9 species (12%), Synbranchiformes with 3 species (4%) and Perciformes with 2 species. Anguilliformes, Beloniformes, Gobiiformes and Cichliformes were very rarely seen in the study area represented by a single species each along with an exotic fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under order Salmoniformes. The fish fauna of Poma River is a mixture of endemic hill stream, threatened, exotic and widely distributed forms and consists of 3 Endangered (EN), 5 Near Threatened (NT), 3 Vulnerable (VU), 6 Data Deficient (DD) and 49 Least Concerned (LC) categories of IUCN. Nine species were not evaluated. In the present study a new species was also described, and assigned with the name Channa pomanensis referring to the type locality, Poma river.

Cypselurus poecilopterus (Valenciennes, 1847) Synonymy and bibliography. Exocoetus poecilopterus Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1847: 112–113, fig. 561 (original description; New Britain). Bleeker 1852: 3–5 (listed; Sunda-Moluccan Archipelago). Bleeker 1865: 108, 118 (description (after Valenciennes 1847); Banda, Indonesia). Bleeker 1866 –1872: 68, 74, Tab. CCLI Pl. Scombres V fig. 5 (description (after Günther 1866); Banda). Günther 1910: 368 (short description; West Pacific). Bruun 1937: 184 (description of type). Collette et al. 1997: 12 (description of type). Cypsilurus poecilopterus. Jordan & Seale 1906: 210 (short description; Oceania; in part). Weber & de Beaufort 1922: 179–180, 186–187, fig. 63 (description; Indo-Australian Archipelago). Cypselurus poecilopterus. Fowler 1928: 83 (short description (after Weber & de Beaufort 1922); in part: Samoa). Fowler 1934: 393 (listed; Oceania). Seale 1935: 347 (short description; Bellona I.). Martin 1938: 178 (fishery; Cebu, Philippines). Herre 1953: 163 (listed; Philippines). Abe 1954: 984–990, Pl. 196 (description, distribution; West Pacific). Chandy 1954: 179 (comparison with Cypselurus spilopterus (Valenciennes) (= Cheilopogon suttoni (Whitley & Colefax)). Matsubara 1955: 399 (in key). Munro 1957: 58 (short description; Australia (Northern Territory)). Munro 1958: 138 (listed; New Guinea). Parin 1960a: 221, 228–231, 278–279, 281, fig. 9 (description; North-West Pacific). Parin 1960b: 156 (distribution; West and Central Pacific; in part). Parin 1961b: 99, 102, 112, 117–118, 129, 138, 166; figs. 1f, 8h, 19f, 36 (morphology, systematics). Parin 1962: 225–229 (distribution). Parin 1963: 134 (distribution; Indian and Pacific oceans). Munro 1967: 117, 120, Pl. 12 fig. 186 (short description; New Guinea). Parin 1967: 51–52 (distribution, biology). Mai & Bui 1978: 251, 258–259, 261 (morphometry, distribution; Vietnam). Cheng & Yang 1979: 71 (description, figure: South China Sea). Kovalevskaya 1980: 224 (listed). Fedoryako 1982: 111 (juveniles listed as associated with drifting objects; Indo-Pacific). Parin & Astakhov 1982: 284 (lateral line system). Parin 1984: EXOC Cyp 12 (description, figures, distribution; western Indian Ocean). Wass 1984: 8 (listed: Samoa). Hutomo & Burhanuddin 1985: 28–30 (listed; Indonesia). Heemstra & Parin 1986: 393 (in key; probable in South Africa). Chen 1987: 13, 19, 23, 25, 52, 151, figs. 3-12, 3-33G, 3-34E, 4-6, 6-9, 6-20, Tabs. 2-1, 3-1, 4-6 (description, distribution, early life history stages; North-West Pacific). Fedoryako 1989a: 234 (listed as associated with drifting objects). Fedoryako 1989b: 566, 568 (listed). Paxton et al. 1989: 333 (listed; Australia). Russell & Houston 1989: 80 (listed; Arafura Sea). Winterbottom et al. 1989: 15 (listed; Chagos Archipelago). Fujita 1990: 339 (osteology: caudal skeleton). Gillett & Ianelli 1991: 3 (listed; in part: Tonga). Belyanina 1993: 116–118, fig. 3 (early life history stages; eastern Australia). Dalzell 1993: 22–23, 27, fig. 2 (fishery; Camotes Sea, Philippines). Gillett & Ianelli 1993: 178 (listed; Pacific Islands). Lakshminaraina 1993: 25–26, fig. 3d (short description, distribution; “Indian Seas”). Randall & Anderson 1993: 9 (listed; Maldive Is.). Nguyen & Nguyen 1994: 152 (Central Vietnam). Parin 1996: 302, 306 [359, 363] (distribution; West-Central tropical Pacific). Sommer et al. 1996: 165 (short description, figure; Somalia). Jayawardane & Dayaratne 1998: 24–25 (catches; Kandakuliya, Sri Lanka). Fricke 1999: 121 (listed; Mascarene Is.). Parin 1999: 2165, 2175 (distribution, diagnostic characters, figure; Western-Central Pacific). Burgess et al. 2000: 99, pl. 55A (keeping in aquariums). Parin 2000: 600 (listed; South China Sea). Vinh 2001: 14, 17 (listed; Vietnam). Syahailatua 2004: 3 (listed; Indonesia). Barman & Mishra 2006: 3, 11, 14–15 (description, figure (after Abe 1954); India). Paxton et al. 2006: 728 (distribution; Australia). Syahailatua 2006: 24 (listed; Makassar, Ambon, Kep. Kei). Syahailatua et al. 2006: 262–263 (listed; eastern Indonesia). De Croos 2009a: 4–6, fig. 2 (fishery; NW Sri Lanka; in part?). De Croos 2009b: 15–27, figs. 2b, 4 (gillnet selectivity; NW Sri Lanka; in part). Fricke et al. 2009: 30 (listed; Reunion, Mauritius, Rodriguez). Syahailatua et al. 2009: 42 (listed; Ambon). Shakhovskoy & Parin 2010: 581–602 [559–579], figs. 1–3, 6–10 (description, osteology, morphometry, distribution; Indo-Pacific). Fricke et al. 2011: 370 (listed; New Caledonia). Mohapatra et al. 2012: 119–120, fig. 1 (short description; India (21°61’N 87°53’E)). Gonzales 2013: 40 (listed, photo; Palawan, Philippines). Larson et al. 2013: 67 (listed; Australia (Northern Territory)). White et al. 2013: 98, fig. 28.8 (short description; Indonesia). Emperua et al. 2017: 440–441, fig. 5 (fisheries; Philippines (Sarangani Prov.)). Shakhovskoy 2018: 56–59, 64–67, 78, figs. 14–15, 18, S4 (distribution according to oceanographic factors). Gomez et al. 2019: 548–553, fig. 1a (fishery, reproductive biology; west coast of Surigao del Norte, Philippines). Indrayani et al., 2020: 3–4, fig. 3 (Makassar Strait). Maculocoetus poecilopterus. Fowler 1949: 59 (listed; Oceania; in part). Cypselurus spilopterus (non Valenciennes). Rajan 2003: 95 (in part: only a photographed specimen 215 mm SL; Andaman and Nicobar Is.). For an additional bibliography on the species see the account of C. poecilopterus crassus. Probable misidentifications. Kendall & Radcliffe (1912: 86–87) reported C. poecilopterus from the eastern Pacific (18°47’S 89°26’W) but judging by fin-ray counts (D 13–14, A 12) it was not a species of Cypselurus. Pajot & Prabhakaradu (1993: 2) reported C. poecilopterus from the Coromandel Coast of India; however, it probably was a misidentification (of Cheilopogon suttoni ?) because their fish were too long for C. poecilopterus (23–35 cm). Yoshida et al. (2013: 61) described a specimen of C. poecilopterus from Thailand, but it was misidentification of a species of the genus Cheilopogon (Ch. formosus (Kotthaus, 1969) or Ch. spilopterus). Tuapetel et al. (2015: 76, fig. 26) described C. poecilopterus from Ceram Sea, but judging by the photograph, it was a misidentification of Cheilopogon (Maculocoetus) sp. (most likely Ch. spilopterus). Siu et al. (2017: 257) listed C. poecilopterus among fishes of French Polynesia, but this was probably based on misidentification of C. simus. Lobel & Lobel (2004: 68) reported C. poecilopterus from Wake Atoll; however, the authors did not provide any data in support of their identification, and misidentification of C. simus is also possible. Holotype. The holotype of C. poecilopterus (MNHN B-0835) was described in Bruun (1937: 184) and Collette et al. (1997: 12). Description. For the species description see Shakhovskoy & Parin 2010. Coloration in life. Photographs of live C. poecilopterus (in flight) are shown in Howell (2014: page 7, upper figure; page 8, lower figure; page 15, lower right figure; page 31, lower right figure): pectoral and, in smaller fish, pelvic fins are yellow with numerous black spots. Comparative remarks. Cypselurus poecilopterus differs most strikingly from other species of Cypselurus (except C. simus and C. callopterus) in spotted pigmentation of pectoral fins (however, see below for various pigmentation patterns in juveniles of C. poecilopterus). The species differs from C. simus and C. callopterus in number of predorsal scales, gill rakers and vertebrae, and in values of body width, greatest body depth, interorbital width, pectoral fin length and some other characters (see Shakhovskoy & Parin 2010 for details on differences of these three species). Several species of Cheilopogon — Ch. spilopterus (Valenciennes), Ch. suttoni (Whitley & Colefax), Ch. atrisignis (Jenkins), Ch. pitcairnensis (Nichols & Breder), Ch. rapanouiensis Parin and Ch. formosus (Kotthaus) —also have spots on pectoral fins and may be confused with C. poecilopterus. However, these species of Cheilopogon may be distinguished by a longer lower jaw, usually projecting in front of the upper jaw (which is usually pointed anteriorly vs. roundish in C. poecilopterus), the absence of true tricuspid jaw teeth, and more vertebrae (except Ch. formosus). Further, the pectoral-fin spots in these species are usually smaller and less numerous than in C. poecilopterus, and usually irregularly spaced instead of arranged in oblique rows. Juveniles of these species, except for Ch. formosus (and Ch. pitcairnensis, whose juveniles are still not described), differ in having a pair of chin barbels. Intraspecific variation. Populations of C. poecilopterus from the Arabian Sea and waters of Japan differ from others in morphology (see Shakhovskoy & Parin 2010). Considering that these populations also differ ecologically (see Shakhovskoy 2018), we herein describe them as separate subspecies., Published as part of Shakhovskoy, Ilia B. & Parin, Nikolay V., 2022, A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. 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Frederic Muller, Amsterdam, pp. 67 - 78, pls. Scombres I - V.","Gunther, A. (1866) Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Vol. 6. British Museum (Natural History), London, 368 pp.","Gunther, A. (1910). Fische der Sudsee. Journal des Museum Godeffroy, 6 (16 - 17), 257 - 498.","Bruun, A. F. (1937) Notes sur les types des Exocets decrits par Cuvier et Valenciennes. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Serie 2, 9 (3), 180 - 187.","Collette, B. B., Parin, N. V., Bauchot, M. - L. & Beaunier, M. (1997) Catalogue critique des types de poissons du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Cybium, 21 (1), 5 - 35.","Jordan, D. S. & Seale, A. (1906) The Fishes of Samoa. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, 25, 173 - 455.","Weber, M. & de Beaufort, L. F. (1922) The fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Vol. 4. E. J. Brill Ltd., Leiden, 410 pp.","Fowler, H. W. (1928) The fishes of Oceania. Memoirs of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 10, 1 - 540.","Fowler, H. W. (1934) The fishes of Oceania - Supplement 2. Memoirs of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 11 (6), 386 - 466.","Seale, A. (1935) The Templeton Crocker expedition to western Polynesian and Melanesian islands, 1933. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 21 (27), 337 - 378, pls. 20 - 23.","Martin, C. (1938) The flying-fish industry of the northwestern and southwestern coasts of Cebu. The Philippine Journal of Science, 67 (2), 177 - 187, pls. 1 - 4.","Herre, A. W. (1953) Check list of Philippine fishes. Research Report 20. Fish and Wildlife Service. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 977 pp.","Abe, T. (1954) 292. Cypselurus poecilopterus (Valenciennes). In: Tomijama, I. & Abe, T., Figures and descriptions of the fishes of Japan (a continuation of Dr. Shigeho Tanaka's work). Vol. 50. Kazama Shobo, Tokyo, pp. 984 - 990, pl. 196.","Chandy, M. (1954) Notes on the Indian flying fishes of the genus Cypselurus Swainson. Records of the Indian Museum, 52, 177 - 184.","Matsubara, K. (1955) Fish morphology and hierarchy. Part I. lshizaki-Shoten, Tokyo, 789 pp., 289 figs. [in Japanese]","Munro, I. S. R. (1957) Handbook of Australian fishes. No. 14. Fisheries Newsletter, 16 (8), 15 - 18 (57 - 60).","Munro, I. S. R. (1958) The fishes of the New Guinea region. Territory of Papua and New Guinea Fisheries Bulletin No. 1. Reprinted with the same pagination from the Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal, 10 (4), 97 - 369.","Parin, N. V. (1960 a) Flying fishes (Exocoetidae) of North-West Pacific. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 31, 205 - 285. [in Russian]","Parin, N. V. (1960 b) Distribution of flying fishes (family Exocoetidae) in western and central parts of the Pacific Ocean. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 41, 153 - 162. [in Russian]","Parin, N. V. (1961 b) Principles of classification of the flying fishes (families Oxyporhamphidae and Exocoetidae). Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 43, 92 - 183. [in Russian; English translation: National Marine Fisheries Service, Systematics Laboratory Translation 67]","Parin, N. V. (1962) Flying fish (Exocoetidae, Oxyporhamphidae) of the Sea of Japan and adjacent waters. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 2 (23), 224 - 229. [in Russian]","Parin, N. V. (1963) Results of studying pelagic ichthyofauna of the Pacific and Indian oceans by use of electric light for attaching fishes. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 62, 128 - 144 [in Russian with English summary]","Munro, I. S. R. (1967) The fishes of New Guinea. Department of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries, Port Moresby, 650 pp.","Parin, N. V. (1967) Chapter 2. Beloniform fishes of the open ocean. In: Kort, V. G. & Rass, T. S. (Eds.), Pacific Ocean. Biology of the Pacific Ocean. Book 3. Fishes of open waters. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 43 - 58. [in Russian]","Mai Dinh Phong & Bui Van Duong (1978) Taxonomic studies and morphology of fishes of the family Exocoetidae in Phukhanh marine waters. 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(Eds.), FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean. Fishing area 51. Vol. II. FAO, Rome, pp. Var.","Wass, R. C. (1984) An annotated checklist of the fishes of Samoa. NOAA Technical Report, SSRF- 781, 1 - 43.","Hutomo, M. & Burhanuddin (1985) Sebaran dan potensi ikan terbang di Indonesia (Distribution and potential of flying fish in Indonesia). Buletin Perikanan, 2 (1), 25 - 31. [in Indonesian]","Heemstra, P. C. & Parin, N. V. (1986) Family No. 116: Exocoetidae. In: Smith, M. & Heemstra, P. (Eds.), Smiths' Sea Fishes. Springer, Berlin, pp. 391 - 396.","Chen, C. - H. (1987) Studies of the early life history of flying fishes (family Exocoetidae) in the northwestern Pacific. Monograph of Taiwan Province Museum, 7, 1 - 202. [in Chinese with English abstract]","Fedoryako, B. I. (1989 a) A comparative characteristic of oceanic fish assemblages associated with floating debris. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 29 (2), 229 - 238. 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Royal Ontario Museum Life Science Contributions, No. 145, 1 - 226, pls. 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 52237","Fujita, K. (1990) The caudal skeleton of Teleostean fishes. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, XIII + 897 pp. [in Japanese]","Gillett, R. & Ianelli, J. (1991) Aspects of the biology and fisheries of flyingfish in the Pacific islands. FAO / UNDP Regional Fisheries Support Programme. Field Document 91 / 7. Printed by Quality Print Ltd, Suva, 35 pp.","Belyanina, T. N. (1993) Early stages of development of the East Australian flying fishes (family Exocoetidae). Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 128, 108 - 146. [in Russian with English abstract]","Dalzell, P. (1993) The fisheries biology of flying fishes (Families: Exocoetidae and Hemiramphidae) from the Camotes Sea, Central Philippines. Journal of Fish Biology, 43, 19 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1993. tb 00407. x","Gillett, R. & Ianelli, J. (1993) Chapter 7. Flyingfish. In: Wright, A. & Hill, L. (Eds.), Nearshore marine resources of the South Pacific. Information for fisheries development and management. Institute of Pacific Studies, Suva, pp. 177 - 201.","Lakshminaraina, D. (1993) Systematics and biology of flying fishes of coastal waters of southeastern India. PhD Thesis, P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, 124 pp. [in Russian]","Randall, J. E. & Anderson, R. C. (1993) Annotated checklist of the epipelagic and shore fishes of the Maldive Islands. Ichthyological Bulletin, No. 59 (December 1993), 1 - 47.","Nguyen Huu Phung & Nguyen Nhat Thi (1994) Check list of marine fishes in Viet Nam. Vol. II. Osteichthyes - from Elopiformes to Mugiliformes. Nha Xuat Ban Khoa Hoc Va Ky Thuat, Ha Noi, 269 pp. [in Vietnamese]","Parin, N. V. (1996) On the species composition of flying fishes (Exocoetidae) in the west-central part of the tropical Pacific. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 36 (3), 300 - 307. [in Russian, English translation in Journal of Ichthyology, 36 (5), 357 - 364]","Sommer, C., Schneider, W. & Poutiers, J. - M. (1996) FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of Somalia. FAO, Rome, 376 pp.","Jayawardane, P. A. A. T. & Dayaratne, P. (1998) A preliminary analysis of the flyingfish fishery off Kandakuliya in Sri Lanka. Ceylon Journal of Science (Bio-Science), 26, 18 - 28.","Fricke, R. (1999) Fishes of the Mascarene Islands (Reunion, Mauritius, Rodriguez). An annotated checklist with descriptions of new species. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, viii + 759 pp.","Parin, N. V. (1999) Exocoetidae. Flyingfishes. In: Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (Eds.), FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the WCP. Vol. 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae). FAO, Rome, pp. 2162 - 2179.","Parin, N. V. (2000) Family Exocoetidae (flyingfishes). In: Randall, J. E. & Lim, K. K. P. 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ABRS & CSIRO Publishing, Australia, pp. 723 - 731.","Syahailatua, A., Djamali, A., Makatipu, P. & Ali, S. A. (2006) Species diversity and size distribution of flyingfishes in eastern Indonesian waters. Jurnal Perikanan, 8 (2), 260 - 265. [in Indonesian with English abstract]","De Croos, M. D. S. T. (2009 a) Status of the fishery of flying fish off northwestern coast of Sri Lanka and the effect of lunar pattern on catchability. Sri Lanka Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 14, 1 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.4038 / sljas. v 14 i 0.2189","De Croos, M. D. S. T. (2009 b) Gillnet selectivity of three flying fish, Cheilopogon nigricans (Bennett, 1846), Cypselurus poecilopterus (Valenciennes, 1846) and Cheilopogon suttoni (Whitle and Colefax, 1938) off the northwestern coast of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 14, 15 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.4038 / sljas. v 14 i 0.2190","Fricke, R., Mulochau, T., Durville, P., Chabanet, P., Tessier, E. & Letourneur, Y. (2009) Annotated checklist of the fish species (Pisces) of La Reunion, including a Red List of threatened and declining species. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie 2, 1 - 168.","Syahailatua, A., Hutubessy, B., Rijoly, F. & Tuanaya, H. (2009) Species composition and size structure of flyingfish at Ambon waters, Maluku. Jurnal Oseanologi, 2 (1 / 2), 37 - 44. [in Indonesian with English abstract]","Shakhovskoy, I. B. & Parin, N. V. (2010) A comparative description and distribution of the flying fishes - Cypselurus poecilopterus, C. simus, and C. callopterus, sorted out into the species group of spotwing species of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 50 (5), 581 - 602. [in Russian, English translation in Journal of Ichthyology, 50 (8), 559 - 579] https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0032945210080011","Fricke, R., Kulbicki, M. & Wantiez, L. (2011) Checklist of the fishes of New Caledonia, and their distribution in the Southwest Pacific Ocean (Pisces). 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Cypselurus neglectus shcherbachevi subsp. nov. Synonymy and bibliography. Cypselurus neglectus. Kovalevskaya 1980: 224 (listed; tropical waters of Indian Ocean). Cypselurus oligolepis (non Bleeker). Fedoryako 1982: 111 (juveniles listed as associated with drifting objects; Indian Ocean; in part: only specimens from Station 4936). Parin 1984: EXOC Cyp 11 (description, figures, distribution; Western Indian Ocean; in part). Fedoryako 1989a: 234 (listed as associated with drifting objects; in part). Lakshminaraina 1993: 26–27, fig. 4a (short description, distribution; “Indian seas”; in part). Parin 1999: 2165, 2174 (distribution, diagnostic characters; western Pacific; in part). Barman & Mishra 2006: 3, 11, 13–14 (description; India; in part). Material examined. Sixty-eight specimens 35–186 mm SL. Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. Full morphological study. IORAS 04031 (paratype) (1, 138 mm SL), 6°33’N 82°18’E, 18.04.1977. IORAS 04032 (4, 35– 78 mm SL), 5°00’N 90°52’E, 11- 12.02.1961. IORAS 04033 (1, 105 mm SL), 9°36’N 90°53’E, 13- 14.02.1961. IORAS 04034 (16, 70– 122.5 mm SL), 13°37’N 86°53’E, 2- 3.02.1961. ZMMU 24453 (holotype) (1, 123 mm SL), 14°11’N 82°53’E, 28.01.1961. IORAS 04036 (paratype) (1, 115 mm SL), 14°11’N 82°53’E, 28.01.1961. IORAS 04037 (1, 74 mm SL), 13°37’N 86°53’E, 2- 3.02.1961. Partial morphological study. IORAS 04038 (1, ~ 53 mm SL), 5°18’N 86°55’E, 5- 6.02.1961. IORAS 04039 (1, 81 mm SL), 9°22’N 92°43’E, 5.03.1961. CMFRI uncat* (6, 160– 186 mm SL), Cochin, India, 31.10.1972. Andaman Sea. Full morphological study. IORAS 04040 (1, 80 mm SL), 5°27’N 97°34’E, 1- 2.11.1962. IORAS 04041 (3, 78– 112 mm SL), 6°04’N 98°29’E, 22.01.1979. IORAS 04042 (3, 90– 127 mm SL), 6°04’N 98°29’E, 22.01.1979. IORAS uncat.* (1, 60 mm SL), 5°37’N 94°46’E, 9.03.1961. SOSC Acc. No. 4 (3, 74– 80 mm SL), 7°27’N 94°21’E, 19.03.1963. ZMUC uncat. (6, 49.5–135 mm SL), 6°06’N 96°00’E, 10.05.1951. Partial morphological study. IORAS 04043 (1, 79 mm SL), Andaman Sea, 19.03.1964. IORAS 04044 (2, 44– 46 mm SL), 2°48’N 101°06’E, 20.10.1964. ISH 10-1993 * (1, 131 mm SL), Ranong, Thailand, 10.12.1993. ISH 12-1993 * (1, 152 mm SL), Ranong, Thailand, 10.12.1993. URM P 9269 * (1, 137 mm SL), Phuket (Andaman Sea) USNM 193249 (1, 36 mm SL), 10°N 95°E, November–December 1961. USNM 193255 (1, 42.5 mm SL), 13°N 95°E, November–December 1961. USNM 198520 (338945) (1, 70 mm SL), 10°14’N 94°36’E, 15– 31.03.1964. USNM 321572 (removed from 193274) # (1, 75.5 mm SL), Strait of Malacca, November–December 1961. USNM 321575 (removed from 193241)* (1, 84.5 mm SL), 10°N 93°E, November–December 1961. Indonesia. Full morphological study. IORAS 04045 (1, 109 mm SL), 7°49’S 120°09’E, 15.03.1975. IORAS 04046 (1, 47 mm SL), ~ 2°25’S 107°36’E, 25.03.1961. IORAS 04047 (1, 139 mm SL), Madura Strait, Situbondo abeam, 14.11.1962. ZMUC uncat. (3, 64– 71 mm SL), 5°18’S 131°18’E, 23.09.1951. Partial morphological study. IORAS uncat.* (1, 85 mm SL), 7°17’S 105°07’E, 16.07.1962. Holotype (Fig. 29). ZMMU 24453, R / V Vityaz Cr. 33, Sta. 4927, Sample 589, 14°11’N 82°53’E, 28 January 1961, depth 3200 m, captured at surface with dip-net and night-light, time of capture: 19.10–04.25. Length 123 mm SL (immature female). D 11, A 8, P I 14, Spred 28, Str 9, Sp.br 22 (6 + 16), Vert 41 (27 + 14). Measurements (in % SL): aA 79.2, aD 72.2, aV 57.8, cV 35.1, pV 39.0, c 23.0, po 10.9, o 7.3, ao 3.9, io 9.8, Hc 17.0, H 17.9, h 7.9, Dc 26.0, lP 69.1, lP 1 40.0, lV 38.2, lD 18.8, lA 9.7, HD -, HA -, p 15.3. Body and head brown, ventral side slightly paler than dorsal one (Fig. 29a). Lower surface of head pale, covered with numerous dark dots; “lips” and lower and posterior margins of gill covers entirely pale. Pectoral fins dark brown to 8 th ray with pale tip (Fig. 29b). Tip of pectoral fin nearly reaching middle of caudal peduncle. Pelvic fins dark brown between 1 st –5 th rays, paler near fin base (Fig. 29c). Tip of pelvic fin nearly reaching origin of caudal-fin lower lobe. Dorsal fin gray with dusky upper margin, tip of its last ray nearly reaching origin of caudal-fin upper lobe, penultimate ray broken. Anal fin pale with dark dots between 4 th –7 th rays distally. First anal-fin ray beneath 5 th –6 th dorsal-fin rays. Caudal fin pale brown (brown at fin base) with three brown bands on lower lobe and two bands on upper lobe (both lobes broken at tip). Lower jaw slightly longer than upper jaw. Jaw teeth small, mainly tricuspid and with additional cusps, some teeth conical. Teeth arranged in two rows (in three rows near lower jaw symphysis). Palatine teeth present. Paratypes. IORAS 04036, 115 mm SL, 14°11’N 82°53’E, 28 January 1961. IORAS 04031, 138 mm SL, 6°33’N 82°18’E, 18 April 1977. USNM 198520 (USNM 338945), 70 mm SL, 10°14’N 94°36’E, 15–31 March 1964. Description. Meristic and morphometric characters are given in Tables 1–5 and 9–10. D 11–12, A 7–9 (usually 8), P I 13–15 (usually I 14), Spred 25–29 (usually 26–28), Str 7½–9 (usually 8½), Sp.br 20–25 (5–8 + 14–18), usually 22–24 (6–7 + 16–17), Vert 39–42 (26–28 + 13–15), usually 41–42 (26–27 + 14–15). Snout short (Fig. 30), lower jaw shorter than upper or of equal size (some fish with lower jaw slightly longer). Upper jaw not pointed anteriorly. Jaw teeth small to medium (not visible or barely visible with naked eyes), mainly tricuspid and (or) with additional cusps (some fishes also with conical teeth). Juveniles Body elongate (Fig. 30), greatest body depth not changing with growth, 5.05–6.0 in SL. Body width 1.0–1.3 and caudal peduncle depth 2.0– 2.7 in greatest body depth. Greatest head depth and head length not changing with growth, 5.35–6.1 and 3.75–4.5 in SL, respectively. Head length 0.97–1.23 in dorso-caudal distance. Eyes large, eye diameter decreasing strongly with growth (Fig. 26a): in juveniles 35–90 mm SL eye 8.8–12.35 in SL, 2.1–2.9 in head length, 1.05–1.4 in interorbital width and 0.9–1.4 in postorbital distance; in fish 105–155 mm SL, 10.75–13.7 in SL, 2.75–3.15 in с, 1.05–1.35 times in io and 1.2–1.5 in po. Pectoral fins relatively long, their length increasing strongly as fish grows: in juveniles 35–90 mm SL pectoral fin 1.45–1.8 in SL; in fish 105–155 mm SL, 1.4–1.6 in SL. Tip of pectoral fin reaching from end of dorsal-fin base to middle of caudal peduncle; in juveniles lP; in fish 105–155 mm SL, 2.4–2.75 in SL and 1.60–1.83 in lP. Pelvic-fin base slightly closer to posterior edge of head than to origin of caudal-fin lower lobe (cV / pV = 0.80–0.96); pelvic fins not appreciably changing position as fish grows (Fig. 26e). Pelvic fin length decreasing strongly from juveniles to adults (Fig. 26c): in juveniles 35–90 mm SL pelvic fin 2.15–2.6 in SL and 1.29–1.73 in lP; in fish 105–155 mm SL, 2.6–3.25 in SL and 1.74–2.14 in lP. Tip of pelvic fin of small juveniles 35–105 mm SL protruding beyond origin of caudal-fin lower lobe; in fish 105–125 mm SL reaching from middle of caudal peduncle to origin of caudal-fin lower lobe (sometimes slightly beyond); in fish> 90 mm SL reaching to end of anal-fin base or slightly beyond. Anal-fin origin far behind dorsal-fin origin, 1st anal-fin ray beneath 4 th –7 th dorsal-fin ray (usually beneath 5 th –6 th). Dorsal fin with 2–5 rays more than anal fin. Dorsal and anal fin height decreasing strongly with growth (Fig. 26d): in juveniles 45–90 mm SL, HD 5.85–8.6 and HA 9.8–12.35 in SL; in fish 105–135 mm SL, HD 8.55–10.1 and HA 11.35–14.7 in SL. Longest ray in dorsal and anal fins—2 nd or 3 rd. In juveniles 35–90 mm SL the longest rays in dorsal fin usually 6 th –9 th (though a few juveniles with 2 nd or 3 rd ray of equal length to 6 th –9 th, or even longest). Tip of last dorsal-fin ray in juveniles 35–105 mm SL reaching (nearly reaching) origin of caudal-fin upper lobe or, more often, slightly beyond. In fish ≥ 110 mm SL, it protrudes far beyond middle of caudal peduncle but not reaching origin of caudal-fin upper lobe. In juveniles 35–85 (115) mm SL, middle and posterior dorsal-fin rays elongated, tip of penultimate ray (rays) protruding beyond tip of last ray. In fish> 85 mm SL dorsal-fin rays of usual length. Pigmentation. Body of juveniles 35–85 mm SL (Fig. 30a–c) brown or dark brown, the ventral side darker than dorsal one. Body bands usually absent, but some juveniles with 3 or 4 distinct dark bands posteriorly: between bases of pectoral and pelvic fins, above pelvic-fin base, under dorsal-fin origin and under posterior part of dorsal-fin base (Fig. 30b). In fish> 100 mm SL ventral side of the body paler than dorsal one, dark body bands absent (Fig. 30d–f). Lower surface of head in juveniles 35–90 mm SL brown to dark brown, usually with paler chin, “lips” and distal parts of branchiostegal rays. In fish> 100 mm SL lower surface of head mainly pale (in fish 100–125 mm SL usually with rather dense aggregations of melanophores). Adults with a few small dark specks (Fig. 30f) on gill covers and under eyes. Pectoral fins in juveniles 35–90 mm SL (Fig. 31a–b) brown or dark brown with pale lower edging, and, usually, with pale tip and two small to fairly large pale spots near tips of 2 nd and 3 rd rays; always without a pale transverse band or a row of pale spots. In fish> 90 mm SL (Fig. 31c–d) pectoral fins pale brown to dark brown to 8 th –9 th (rarely to 7 th) ray with pale tip and, sometimes, with very narrow posterior pale edging. Distally pigmentation usually extending one ray lower than proximally or a small flat “mirror” present (Fig. 31c–d). Pelvic fins in juveniles 35–90 mm SL (Fig. 32a) entirely brown or dark brown (sometimes slightly paler at tips of 1 st –2 nd rays and (or) along 6 th ray). In fish 90–120 mm SL, pigmentation begins to disappear starting with proximal part of the fin, along 1 st ray and between 5 th –6 th rays (Fig. 32b). In fish> 120 mm SL pelvic fins pale (Fig. 32c), sometimes with few dots or a dark streak between some rays. However, in fish from the Bay of Bengal, pelvic fins become pale at larger sizes: a specimen 123 mm SL (the holotype of C. n. shcherbachevi) with fairly large dark spot and a specimen 138 mm SL (IORAS 04031) with entire fin pale (see Figs. 29c and 32c). Dorsal fin in juveniles 35–90 mm SL covered with brown melanophores, denser near bases of anterior rays and along upper margin of fin; posterior edge usually paler. In fish> 90 mm SL dorsal fin gray to pale brownish, in fish 90–125 mm SL with darker upper margin. ......contineud on the next page ......contineud on the next page ......contineud on the next page Anal fin in juveniles 35–90 mm SL brown or dark brown (usually paler near fin base) with pale area between 1 st –3 rd (4 th) rays distally. Some fish with almost entirely brown anal fin. In fish 90–105 mm SL pigmentation starts to disappear and in fish> 105 mm SL anal fin pale. However, fish from the Bay of Bengal retain pigmentation on the posterior part of anal fin at least up to 125 mm SL. Caudal fin in fish 35–50 mm SL (Fig. 30a–b) pale, with pale brown to brown base and dots along lower lobe rays (except uppermost rays). In fish 50–110 mm SL (Fig. 30c–d), caudal fin usually with (1)2–3 dark bands on lower lobe and, by about 70–80 mm SL, 1–2 dark bands also on upper lobe. In fish 110–125 mm SL, the dark bands coalesce, making the fin brown with 2-3 paler bands on lower lobe and 1–2 on upper lobe (Figs. 29a, 30e). In fish> 125 mm SL, caudal fin pale brown to brown, usually with darker fin-base and distal part of upper lobe (Fig. 30f). Coloration in life. The second author observed at time of capture that the main background pigmentation of pectoral fins in juvenile C. n. shcherbachevi (IORAS 04032, 4 specimens of 35–78 mm SL) is red with dark dots (giving an overall impression of brown); dorsal fin with red bands and black dots. Maximum size. The maximum length of C. n. shcherbachevi in our material was 186 mm SL (CMFRI uncat., Cochin). The largest female and male were 127 and 138 mm SL, respectively (only five specimens 112–138 mm SL were dissected for sex identification). Intrasubspecies variation. Populations from different regions may be isolated to some extent. Fish from Bay of Bengal differ from fish of other regions in longer pelvic fins and shorter snout (Fig. 26b–c, f), a higher dorsal fin in juveniles (Fig. 26d), larger index po/o (> 1.30 vs. usually 10.4 % SL) and postventral (≤ 38.2 vs. usually> 38.2) distances and more elongate body (lower average values of H, Hc and h, see Table 9), but the sample from that region is too small for any taxonomic conclusions. Fish from Andaman Sea have on average a larger head (usually ≥ 24 vs. usually Etymology. The subspecies named in honor of our dear colleague, the late Yurij Nikolaevitch Shcherbachev to recognize his many years studying of fishes at IORAS. Common names. The name “Shcherbachev’s neglected flying fish” (Russian: “ПриЗрачный стрижехвост Щербачёва”) is proposed here. Comparative remarks. Cypselurus n. shcherbachevi differs most strikingly from C. n. neglectus in the dorsalfin morphology of juveniles: in C. n. shcherbachevi middle and posterior dorsal-fin rays elongated (longest rays usually 6 th –9 th vs. 2 nd –3 rd in C. n. neglectus), tip of penultimate ray protrudes farther back than tip of the last ray (while in C. n. neglectus this is usually not the case). Also, C. n. shcherbachevi differs in more posterior pelvic-fin origin (index cV/pV usually> 0.85 vs. usually Biology. No mature fish were found (due to low number and small size of fish dissected for sex identification). Small juveniles of 35–50 mm SL were captured in the Bay of Bengal in February (IORAS 04032), in the Andaman Sea in May (ZMUC uncat.) in the Malacca Strait in October (IORAS 04044) and near Banca and Belitung Islands in March (IORAS 04046). These data suggest only that spawning period of C. n. shcherbachevi is protracted. Distribution. Cypselurus n. shcherbachevi is distributed (Fig. 28) from Cochin (CMFRI uncat.) through the Bay of Bengal, Andaman Sea, Strait of Malacca and south Indonesian islands eastwards to the Banda Sea (ZMUC uncat., 5°18’S 131°18’E). The northernmost occurrence at 14°11’N 82°53’E (ZMMU 24453, IORAS 04036) and the southernmost at 7°49S 120°09’E (IORAS 04045). The distribution ranges of C. n. shcherbachevi and C. n. neglectus overlap slightly in waters of the southern Indonesian islands. The boundary between ranges of the subspecies coarsely corresponds to Indo-Pacific Barrier (Bowen et al. 2016: fig. 1a).

Cypselurus poecilopterus arabicus subsp. nov. Synonymy and bibliography. Cypselurus poecilopterus. Shakhovskoy & Parin 2010: 581–602 [559–579], figs. 1–2, 3a (description, morphometry, distribution; in part: north-western Indian Ocean). Shakhovskoy 2018: 56–59, 64–67, 78, figs. 14–15, 18, S4 (distribution according to oceanographic factors; in part: north-western Indian Ocean). Holotype (Fig. 1a–b). ZMMU P-24449, R / V Vityaz, Cruise 31, Sta. 4722, Sample 670, 16°10’N 60°45’E, 13 April 1960, captured with dip-net and night-light. Length 191 mm SL (immature female (stage VI-III)). D 12, A 8, P I 15, Spred 27, Str 9½, Sp.br 22 (6 + 16), Vert 42 (26 + 16). Measurements (in % SL): aA 78.5, aD 69.6, aV 58.1, cV 34.8, pV 40.0, c 23.0, po 10.9, o 6.5, ao 4.7, io 8.8, Hc 18.3, H 18.5?, h 7.2, Dc 27.6, lP 68.0, lP 1 38.2, lV 29.8, lD 18.8, lA 9.8, HD -, HA 6.8?, p 14.4. Lower jaw shorter than upper jaw (Fig. 1a). Jaw teeth small, numerous, tricuspid; arranged in three rows. Palatine teeth present. Body darker dorsally, paler ventrally. No dark specks on gill covers and under eyes. Pectoral fins pale brown with paler tip and large dark oval spots arranged in oblique rows. Tip of pectoral fin protruding slightly beyond end of dorsal-fin base. Pelvic fins pale proximally, brown distally (except 6 th ray) with numerous dark oval spots (Fig. 1b). Tip of pelvic fin reaching penultimate ray of anal fin. Dorsal fin pale brownish with black upper margin; tip of last dorsal-fin ray protruding beyond middle of caudal peduncle but not reaching origin of caudal-fin upper lobe. Anal fin pale with dark lower edge, its first ray beneath 6 th –7 th dorsal-fin ray. Caudal fin pale brown. Paratypes. IORAS 04062, 180 mm SL, 13°25’N 50°39’E, 29 May 1977. IORAS 04063, 151 mm SL, 5°54’N 66°02’E, 20–21 November 1960. Differential diagnosis. Cypselurus poecilopterus arabicus differs from other subspecies of C. poecilopterus in pelvic-fin pigmentation (Fig. 1b): the whole of the fin or only its posterior part retaining dark background pigmentation, usually with darker spots on this background, while majority of fishes from other subspecies> 145–150 mm SL have pelvic fins with a pale background. Also, C. p. arabicus has more predorsal scales (27–32 vs. 23–32, usually 24–28) and vertebrae (41–44, usually 42–43 vs. 40–43, usually 41–42). Further, according to the second author’s observations, in life the pectoral fins of C. p. arabicus have red background coloration vs. yellow in other subspecies. Cypselurus p. arabicus differs also in ecology, occurring in saltier waters of the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea, while representatives of other subspecies avoid waters of such a high salinity (see Shakhovskoy 2018: fig. S4). Etymology. The subspecies name reflects its distribution mainly in the waters of Arabia and in the Arabian Sea. Common names. The name “Yellow-wing flyingfish” is most frequently used for C. poecilopterus. “Spotwing flyingfish” and others are also in use (see Froese & Pauly 2021). Considering variation in pectoral-fin background coloration (red in C. p. arabicus vs. yellow in all others), the name “Arabian spotwing flying fish” (Russian: “аравийский ПЯтнокрылый стрижехвост”) is proposed here for C. p. arabicus., Published as part of Shakhovskoy, Ilia B. & Parin, Nikolay V., 2022, A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker, pp. 1-109 in Zootaxa 5117 (1) on pages 6-7, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5117.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6378619, {"references":["Shakhovskoy, I. B. & Parin, N. V. (2010) A comparative description and distribution of the flying fishes - Cypselurus poecilopterus, C. simus, and C. callopterus, sorted out into the species group of spotwing species of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 50 (5), 581 - 602. [in Russian, English translation in Journal of Ichthyology, 50 (8), 559 - 579] https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0032945210080011","Shakhovskoy, I. B. (2018) Specific features of distribution in the World Ocean of some flying fishes of the genera Exocoetus, Hirundichthys and Cypselurus (Exocoetidae). FishTaxa, 3 (4), 40 - 80.","Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (Eds.) (2021) FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. Version 02 / 2021. Available from: https: // www. fishbase. org / (accessed 15 April 2021)"]}

The second part of the review of flying fishes of the genus Cypselurus Swainson, 1838 covers the following: C. oligolepis (Bleeker, 1865) is a composite of six different species: C. oligolepis, C. izumii sp. nov., C. clariangulatus sp. nov., C. neglectus (Bleeker, 1865), C. nossibe sp. nov. (here placed in the subgenus Cypselurus s.str.) and Cypselurus sp.. Two of these species were found to be polytypic: C. oligolepis (with subspecies C. o. oligolepis, C. o. apus (Valenciennes, 1847), C. o. persicus subsp. nov. and C. o. georgii subsp. nov.) and C. neglectus (with subspecies C. n. neglectus and C. n. shcherbachevi subsp. nov.). Cypselurus poecilopterus (Valenciennes, 1847) is also polytypic and is divided into three subspecies: C. p. poecilopterus, C. p. arabicus subsp. nov. and C. p. crassus subsp. nov. Exocoetus apus Valenciennes (as a subspecies) and E. neglectus Bleeker are reinstated as valid. The morphology of C. starksi Abe, 1953, C. oligolepis, C. izumii, C. clariangulatus, C. neglectus and C. nossibe at different stages of ontogeny is described and maps of their geographical distribution provided. Lists of synonymy and bibliography for these species and C. poecilopterus, C. simus (Valenciennes, 1847) and C. callopterus (Günther, 1866) are compiled. A key for identification of species and subspecies of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 and C. nossibe is provided.

Cypselurus starksi Abe, 1953 Synonymy and bibliography. Cypsilurus agoo (non Temminck & Schlegel). Jordan & Starks 1903: 541–542, fig. 3 (description, distribution; waters of Japan; in part?). Cypselurus starksi Abe, 1953: 969–974, Pl. 192, figs. 525–526 (original description; Japan). Matsubara 1955: 400 (in key). Tomiyama et al. 1958: 244 (short description, figure; Japan). Imai 1958a: 41, Pl. 39 figs. 1–2 (early life history stages; Japan; in part). Parin 1958: 121 (distribution). Imai 1959: 75–81, Pls. 36–37, 38a, c–d (description, distribution, early life history stages; Japan; in part). Tsukahara 1959: 181–183, figs. 37–41 (description, early life history stages; Amakusa Is.). Abe 1960: 149 (listed; Japan: Kuroshio Current). Parin 1960a: 223, 255, 279 (description (after Abe 1953); Japan). Parin 1960b: 156 (distribution; Japan). Parin 1961b: 118, 129, 167 (morphology, systematics). Parin 1962: 224–229 (distribution; Sea of Japan and adjacent waters). Honma 1963: 17 (listed; Sado I., Japan). Shojima & Ueki 1964: 252 (listed as associated with drifting algae; Tsuyazaki, Japan). Lindberg & Legeza 1965: 222, 228–230, fig. 216 (short description (after Abe 1953), distribution; Japan and Yellow seas). Nishimura 1965: 66 (listed; Sea of Japan). Parin 1967: 47, 50–52, 54 (distribution, biology). Shiokawa 1967: 4 (experimental fishery; Japan). Chen 1978: 298–299 (distribution, identification key; Taiwan). Kovalevskaya 1980: 224 (listed). Fedoryako 1982: 111 (juveniles listed as associated with drifting objects; Pacific Ocean). Chen 1987: 15, 18, 23, 25, 52–53, 151, Figs. 3-21, 4-7, 6-9, 6-20, Tabs. 2-1, 3-1, 4-7 (description, distribution, early life history stages; North-West Pacific). Chen 1988: 284–285, 1028 (early life history stages, figures, distribution; Japan). Senou et al. 2006: 431 (listed; Sagami Sea). Ichimaru 2007: 39 (listed; Goto Is., Japan). Nishida et al. 2008: 287, 290 (listed as associated with drifting seaweeds; Northern Kyushu, Japan). Fujiwara et al. 2017: 85–86 (meristic characters; Japan). Iwatsuki et al. 2017: 34 (listed; Hyuga Nada, Southwestern Japan). Fujiwara et al. 2018: 52, 65, 69, 73, fig. 5N (short description; Mi-shima I., Japan). Hata 2020: 160–161 (short description, photos, fishery; Osumi, Japan; in part?). Sonoyama et al. 2020: 40 (Japan (Yamaguchi Pref.)). Cypselurus poecilopterus (non Valenciennes). Chyung 1977: Pl. 169 (1) (Korea, in part). Prognichthys agoo (non Temminck & Schlegel). Chyung 1977: Pl. 170 (3) (Korea; in part). Cypselurus spilonotopterus (non Bleeker). Hata & Motomura 2014: 25–28, fig.1 (description; Kagoshima, Japan; in part: only specimen 89.3 mm SL). Material examined. Twenty-seven specimens 65–200 mm SL. Full morphological study. IORAS 03962 (158 mm SL), probably Vietnam (Danang?), 18.04.1980. IORAS 03963 (179 mm SL), China, Yentai, 30.06.1958. IORAS 03964 ( 172 mm SL), China. IORAS 03965 (168 mm SL), China. IORAS 03966 (155 mm SL), China. CAS 17790 (1, 189 mm SL), Hong Kong, 14.06.1971. NSMT P.19431* (1, 130 mm SL), 34°55’N 139°07’E, 10.10.1980. Partial morphological study. AMS I.27404.001* (1, 171 mm SL), no data. CAS 107329 * (1, 179 mm SL), Honshu I.: Tokyo Bay. CAS 107892 (SU 7892)* (paratypes), (2, 182– 199 mm SL), Kyushu I., Nagasaki. FRSKU 102256 * (1, 176 mm SL), Kanongi, Kagama Pref., 8.07.1970. FRSKU W487 * (5, 65– 120 mm SL), Maizuru Fish Market, 8.09.1978. FRSKU W556 * (3, 126– 142 mm SL), same place, 22.09.1978. FRSKU W564 * (3, 102– 111.5 mm SL), same place, 20.09.1978. FRSKU W840 * (1, 133 mm SL), same place, 17.10.1977. FRSKU W841 * (1, 134 mm SL), same place, 17.10.1977. HUMZ 37296 * (1, 131 mm SL), no data. NSMT P35790 * (1, 200 mm SL), 35°38’N 134°46’E, 30.06.1991. Holotype. The holotype of C. starksi (ZUMT 47821, according to Fricke et al. 2021) was not studied by us. However, Abe (1953) provided a detailed description of the holotype. Paratypes. Paratypes of C. starksi (CAS 107892, 2 specimens) were studied by the second author. Their characters are given below (also included in Tables 1–6 and 10). Length 199 mm SL, D 13, A 8, P I 15, Spred 32, Str 8½. Measurements (in % SL): cV 1 33.9, pV 41.9, Dc 29.1, c 25.1, H 18.3. Length 182 mm SL, D 13, A 9, P I 15, Spred 32, Str 8. Measurements (in % SL): cV 1 34.0, pV 40.3, Dc 28.2, c 23.0. Description. Meristic and morphometric characters are given in Tables 1–6 and 10. D 12–14, A (7)8–9, P I 13–16 (usually I 15), Spred 26–33 (usually 28–29), Str 8–10 (usually 9–9½), Sp.br 20–26 (5–8 + 15–19), Vert 42–44 (27–29 + 14–16). Snout short and blunt, upper jaw not pointed anteriorly (Fig. 2a). With mouth closed lower jaw usually shorter than upper jaw or of equal size. Jaw teeth rather large (usually plainly visible with a naked eye), tricuspid, rarely with additional cusps; arranged in 2–5 rows. Palatine teeth always present, numerous. In fish 130–200 mm SL body elongate to rather deep. Greatest body depth fits 4.9–5.7 times in SL, greatest head depth 5.3–5.7 in SL. Body width 1.25–1.45 and caudal peduncle depth 2.31–2.62 in greatest body depth. Head length 3.95–4.35 in SL and 1.05–1.25 in dorso-caudal distance. Eyes relatively small, eye diameter 12.0– 14.1 in SL, 2.95–3.3 in с, 1.25–1.40 in po and 1.0– 1.3 in io. Pectoral fins long, their length 1.4–1.55 in SL; lP somewhat increasing with growth (from 65.0–67.0% SL in fish 130–142 mm SL to 67.3–70.3% SL in fish 155–179 mm SL). Tip of pectoral fin reaching from end of dorsal-fin base to middle of caudal peduncle (rarely slightly farther). First pectoral-fin ray unbranched, its length 2.4–2.8 in SL and 1.65–1.8 in lP, increasing with growth (35.9–38.6% SL in fish 138–155 mm SL and 39.9–41.6% SL in fish 158–179 mm SL). Pelvic fin base nearer to posterior edge of head than to origin of caudal-fin lower lobe (cV/pV = 0.76–0.88). Pelvic fin length 2.6–3.2 in SL and 1.7–2.2 in lP, notably increasing with growth (35.3–38.6% SL in fish 130–142 mm SL and 30.9–33.0% SL in fish 155–179 mm SL). Tip of pelvic fin reaching from posterior part of anal-fin base to middle of caudal peduncle (rarely slightly farther). Anal-fin origin well behind dorsal-fin origin (1 st anal-fin ray beneath 6 th –7 th dorsal-fin ray). Dorsal fin with 3–6 rays more than anal fin. Height of dorsal and anal fins 8.6–10.6 and 10.3–15.1 in SL, respectively; height of both fins somewhat decreasing with growth. Longest dorsal- and anal-fin ray—the 2 nd or, more rarely, 3 rd. Tip of last dorsal-fin ray reaching middle of caudal peduncle or beyond, but never reaching origin of caudal fin upper lobe. Middle and posterior dorsal-fin rays not elongated. Pigmentation. In fish 130–200 mm SL, body with usual flying fish pigmentation—darker dorsally and paler ventrally (Fig. 2a). Dark specks on gill covers and under eyes absent or very sparse. Pectoral fins (Fig. 2b) black or dark brown to (occasionally to 9 th) 10 th –13 th ray; tip usually pale, posterior pale edging usually absent. Proximal part of pectoral fin often somewhat paler than distal one. Pelvic fins in fish 130–142 mm SL dark between 2 nd –5 th rays. In fish ≥ 155 mm SL, pelvic fins pale (occasionally faint vestigial pigmentation may persist distally). Dorsal fin gray to pale brown. Anal fin pale (in fish 130–140 mm SL with dark spot posteriorly). Caudal fin pale brown, with darker tip of upper lobe and fork margin. Coloration in life. According to Imai (1959), the pectoral fins of adults are dark blue or bluish black; in juveniles the pectoral, pelvic and dorsal fins are purplish red. According to Tsukahara (1959), the body of adults is dark bluish dorsally and silvery white ventrally. The pectoral fins are bluish black with transparent lower part. The dorsal, anal and pelvic fins are grayish (pelvic fins dark in juveniles to at least 150 mm FL). Juveniles 23–98 mm FL with dark bluish pectoral and pelvic fins. Maximum size. The largest specimen of C. starksi studied was 200 mm SL (NSMT P35790). According to Imai (1959) maximum length is 210 mm SL. Intraspecific variation. No data. Comparative remarks. Cypselurus starksi is very similar to C. bosha and C. olpar, differing most prominently in number of precaudal (27–29 vs. 24–26) and caudal (14–16 vs. 16–18) vertebrae (although total number is similar), much longer pelvic fins (> 30 vs. C. starksi vs. conical or with additional cusps teeth in 1–2 rows in C. bosha and C. olpar). This species differs from C. poecilopterus, C. simus and C. callopterus in pectoral-fin pigmentation. The dark morph of C. poecilopterus lacks the distinct spottiness on the pectoral fins (see below) and it is hard to distinguish from C. starksi. Additional characters to separate these species include number of total (42–44, usually 43–44 in C. starksi vs. 39–43, usually 40–42 in C. poecilopterus) and precaudal (27–29, usually 28 vs. 25–28, usually 26–27) vertebrae and predorsal scales (26–33, usually 28 or more vs. 23–32, usually 24–28). Biology. A small collection of C. starksi at our disposal allows us to note only that fish from waters of China (IORAS 03963–03965) were mature or close to maturity, indicating that in this area spawning takes place at least in June–July. According to Imai (1959), spawning takes place off Amakusa Is. and Siganoshima in the first 10–20 days of July in water with temperatures 25–26°C; juveniles appear in coastal waters of Kyushu from 10 th day of July to first 10 days of September. Distribution. The distribution of C. starksi based on specimens studied by us is shown in Figure 3. According to our data and the available literature, this species is distributed in neritic waters of the Japan, Yellow, East China and South China seas and off the Pacific coast of Japan. Its northernmost occurrence is Yentai, China (IORAS 03963) and Tokyo Bay (CAS 107329); the southernmost is Hong Kong (CAS 17790) and, probably, Danang, Vietnam (IORAS 03962). Honma (1963) also listed C. starksi from Sado I., Japan. Kyushin et al. (1977) reported C. starksi from the Andaman Sea, but we regard this occurrence as a misidentification of C. oligolepis., Published as part of Shakhovskoy, Ilia B. & Parin, Nikolay V., 2022, A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker, pp. 1-109 in Zootaxa 5117 (1) on pages 11-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5117.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6378619, {"references":["Abe, T. (1953) 289. Cypselurus starksi, new species (Exocoetidae). In: Tomijama, I. & Abe, T., Figures and descriptions of the fishes of Japan (a continuation of Dr. Shigeho Tanaka's work). Vol. 49. Kazama Shobo, Tokyo, pp. 969 - 974, pl. 192.","Jordan, D. S. & Starks, E. C. (1903) A review of the synentognathous fishes of Japan. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 26 (1319), 525 - 544. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.26 - 1319.525","Matsubara, K. (1955) Fish morphology and hierarchy. Part I. lshizaki-Shoten, Tokyo, 789 pp., 289 figs. [in Japanese]","Tomiyama, I., Abe, T. & Tokioka, T. (1958) Encyclopaedia Zoologica Illustrated in Colours, Volume II. Hokuryu-Kan Publishing Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 478 pp. [in Japanese]","Imai, S. (1958 a) Eggs, larvae and juvenile of Cypselurus starksi Abe (Exocoetidae). In: Uchida, K., Studies of the eggs, larvae and juvenile of Japanese fishes. Series I. Kyushu University, Fukuoka, pp. 41.","Parin, N. V. (1958) Geographic distribution of flying fishes. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, Supplement 1, 120 - 121. [in Russian]","Imai, S. (1959) Studies on the life histories of the flying fishes found in the adjacent waters of Japan - I. Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 7 (Pt. 1), 1 - 85.","Tsukahara, H. (1959) Studies on the flying-fishes of the Amakusa Islands. Part 1. Faunal discussion with the life-historical notes. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 11 (2), 165 - 189. https: // doi. org / 10.5109 / 22682","Abe, T. (1960) Notes on fishes from the path of the \" Kuroshiwo \" with special reference to the adaptation or preference of some flying-fishes for cool water. Records of Oceanographic Works in Japan, Special No. 4, 148 - 150.","Parin, N. V. (1960 a) Flying fishes (Exocoetidae) of North-West Pacific. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 31, 205 - 285. [in Russian]","Parin, N. V. (1960 b) Distribution of flying fishes (family Exocoetidae) in western and central parts of the Pacific Ocean. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 41, 153 - 162. [in Russian]","Parin, N. V. (1961 b) Principles of classification of the flying fishes (families Oxyporhamphidae and Exocoetidae). Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 43, 92 - 183. [in Russian; English translation: National Marine Fisheries Service, Systematics Laboratory Translation 67]","Parin, N. V. (1962) Flying fish (Exocoetidae, Oxyporhamphidae) of the Sea of Japan and adjacent waters. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 2 (23), 224 - 229. [in Russian]","Honma, Y. (1963) Fish-fauna (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes) of Sado Island, Sea of Japan. Publications from the Sado Museum, 5, 12 - 32.","Shojima, Y. & Ueki, K. (1964) Studies on the larvae and juveniles of fishes accompanying floating algae - II. Research in the vicinity of Tsuyazaki, during April, 1958 - Mar., 1959. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 30 (3), 248 - 254. [in Japanese] https: // doi. org / 10.2331 / suisan. 30.248","Lindberg, G. U. & Legeza, M. I. (1965) Fishes of the Sea of Japan and adjacent parts of the Sea of Okhotsk and Yellow Sea. Part 2. Nauka, Leningrad: 391 pp. [in Russian]","Nishimura, S. (1965) The zoogeographical aspects of the Japan Sea. Part I. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 13 (1), 35 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.5134 / 175394","Parin, N. V. (1967) Chapter 2. Beloniform fishes of the open ocean. In: Kort, V. G. & Rass, T. S. (Eds.), Pacific Ocean. Biology of the Pacific Ocean. Book 3. Fishes of open waters. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 43 - 58. [in Russian]","Shiokawa, T. (1967) Study of the swimming habits of flying fish in the spawning season. FAO Conference on fish behaviour in relation to fishing techniques and tactics, Bergen, Norway, 19 - 27 / 10 / 67, 1 - 12.","Chen, C. - H. (1978) Taxonomic studies on the flying fishes (Oxyporhamphidae and Exocoetidae) from the waters around Taiwan. Bulletin of Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute, 30 (Oct. 1978), 291 - 300. [in Chinese with English abstract]","Kovalevskaya, N. V. (1980) The reproduction, development and peculiarities of distribution of the larvae and fry of flyingfishes in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 97, 212 - 275. [in Russian with English abstract]","Fedoryako, B. I. (1982) Annotated list of fishes associated with drifting objects. In: Parin, N. V. (Eds.), Unsufficiently Studied Fishes of the Open Ocean. P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, pp. 110 - 118. [in Russian with English abstract]","Chen, C. - H. (1987) Studies of the early life history of flying fishes (family Exocoetidae) in the northwestern Pacific. Monograph of Taiwan Province Museum, 7, 1 - 202. [in Chinese with English abstract]","Chen, C. - H. (1988) Exocoetidae. In: Okiyama, M. (Eds.), An Atlas of the Early Stage Fishes in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 275 - 301. [in Japanese]","Senou, H., Matsuura, K. & Shinohara, G. (2006) Checklist of fishes in the Sagami Sea with Zoogeographical comments on shallow water fishes occurring along the coastlines under the influence of the Kuroshio Current. Memoirs of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, 41, 389 - 542.","Ichimaru, T. (2007) The life cycle of three species of flying fish in the north western waters of Kyusyu and the recruitment of young flying fish to the fishing ground. Bulletin of Nagasaki Prefectural Institute of Fisheries, 33, 7 - 110. [in Japanese with English abstract]","Nishida, T., Matsunaga, A., Onikura, N., Oikawa, S. & Nakazono, A. (2008) Fish fauna associated with drifting sea weeds in the Chikuzen Sea, Northern Kyushu, Japan. Fisheries Science, 74, 285 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1444 - 2906.2008.01523. x","Fujiwara, K., Itou, M., Iwatsubo, H. & Motomura, H. (2017) First records of Cypselurus furcatus and Cypselurus spilonotopterus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae) from the Kagoshima mainland, southern Japan. Nature of Kagoshima, 43, 81 - 87. [in Japanese]","Iwatsuki, Y., Nagino, H., Tanaka, F., Wada, H., Tanahara, K., Wada, M., Tanaka, H., Hidaka, K. & Kimura, S. (2017) Annotated Checklist of Marine and Freshwater Fishes in the Hyuga Nada Area, Southwestern Japan. The Bulletin of the Graduate School of Bioresources Mie University, 43, 27 - 55.","Fujiwara, K., Tanoue, H., Mohori, M., Kamano, T., Hata, K., Okada, S., Nagai, S. & Motomura, H. (2018) Fishes of the Hibikinada Sea and Mi-shima island, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. Journal of National Fisheries University, 66 (2), 47 - 80. [in Japanese with English abstract]","Hata, H. (2020) Flying fish. Family Exocoetidae. In: Koeda, K., Hata, H., Yamada, M. & Motomura, H. (Eds.), Fishes from markets in Osumi Peninsula, Kagoshima, Japan. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, pp. 154 - 164. [in Japanese]","Sonoyama, T., Ogimoto, K., Hori, S., Uchida, Y. & Kawano, M. (2020) An annotated checklist of marine fishes of the Sea of Japan off Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan, with 74 new records. Bulletin of Kagoshima University Museum, No. 11, 1 - 152. [in Japanese with English abstract]","Chyung, M. - K. (1977) The fishes of Korea. Il Ji Sa Publishing Co., Seoul, 727 pp. [in Korean, reprint of 2002]","Hata, H. & Motomura, H. (2014) First record of Cypselurus spilonotopterus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae) from the Kagoshima mainland, southern Japan. Nature of Kagoshima, 40, 25 - 28. [in Japanese]","Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N. & Van der Laan, R. (Eds.) (2021) Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: genera, species, references. Electronic Version. Available from: http: // researcharchive. calacademy. org / research / ichthyology / catalog / fishcatmain. asp (accessed 15 April 2021)","Kyushin, K., Amaoka, K., Nakaya, K. & Ida, H. (1977) Fishes of Indian Ocean. Japan Marine Fishery Resource Research Center, Tokyo, 392 pp."]}

Cypselurus nossibe sp. nov. Synonymy and bibliography. Exocoetus brachysoma (non Bleeker).? Günther 1866: 296 (listed; in part: Zanzibar). Cypselurus oligolepis (non Bleeker). Parin 1984: EXOC Cyp 11 (description, figures, distribution; Western Indian Ocean; in part).? Smale et al. 1995: 71–72, Pl. 36H (otoliths; Mozambique). Material examined. Twelve specimens 16.5–183 mm SL. Full morphological study. ZMMU 24454 (holotype), (1, 172 mm SL), Nossi-Be I., Madagascar, 13- 14.04.1983. IORAS 04048 (1, 117.5 mm SL), 5°11’S 52°09’E, 9.05.1967. IORAS 04049 (2, 115– 124.5 mm SL), 8°51’S 41°52’E, 13.03.1960. IORAS 04050 (1, 63 mm SL), 5°37’S 39°54’E, 16- 17.03.1960. IORAS 04051 (1, 165 mm SL), 12°28’S 48°29’E, 11- 12.04.1983. IORAS 04052 (1, 47 mm SL), 6°58’S 39°40’E, 14.03.1960. USNM 294610 (paratype), (1, 183 mm SL), Kenya, Shimoni, 3.11.1965. USNM 294611 (paratype), (1, 170 mm SL), Tanzania, Tanga Bay, 11.11.1965. ZMUC P.34942 (paratype), (1, 172 mm SL), 6°59’S 41°38’E, 25.12.1929. Partial morphological study. SIO 63-664 * (1, 161 mm SL), 2°S 53°E, 10.08.1962. SOSC uncat. (1, 16.5 mm SL), 13°24’47”S 48°18’07”E, 3.02.1964. Holotype (Figs. 33f–g, 34e, 35e). ZMMU 24454, R / V “Akademik Kurchatov”, Cruise 36, Sta. unnumbered, Nossi-Be Island (Madagascar), 13–14 April 1983, depth 23 m, captured at surface with dip-net and night-light, time of capture—20.30–01.30. Length 172 mm SL (immature male). D 12, A 8, P I 14, Spred 30, Str 9, Sp.br 22 (6 + 16), Vert 43 (28 + 15). Measurements (in % SL): aA 79.6, aD 72.0, aV 59.8, cV 35.0, pV 38.3, c 25.0, po 10.5, o 9.1, ao 4.5, io 10.0?, Hc 18.4, H 19.7, h 7.5, Dc 26.7, lP 66.2, lP 1 41.2, lV 30.8, lD 18.2, lA 10.9, HD 11.7, HA 8.0, p 15.5. Body brown, ventral side paler (Fig. 33f). Head with small dark specks under eyes and on gill covers (Fig. 33g). Pectoral fins brown to 8 th ray with pale tip and narrow posterior edging (Fig. 34e). Tip of pectoral fin reaching end of dorsal-fin base. Pelvic fins pale with a dark stripe between 3 rd –4 th rays distally (Fig. 35e), their tip reaching penultimate ray of anal fin. Dorsal fin gray (pale brownish anteriorly), tip of its last ray protruding beyond middle of caudal peduncle but not reaching origin of caudal-fin upper lobe. Anal fin translucent, its first ray beneath 5 th dorsal-fin ray. The 2 nd ray of dorsal and anal fins longest. Caudal fin brown (Fig. 33f). Lower jaw shorter than upper jaw (Fig. 33g). Jaw teeth numerous, small, mainly tricuspid; arranged in three rows. Palatine teeth numerous. Paratypes. USNM 294610, 183 mm SL, Shimoni, Kenya, 3 November 1965. USNM 294611, 170 mm SL, Tanga Bay, Tanzania, 11 November 1965. ZMUC P. 34942, 172 mm SL, 6°59’S 41°38’E, 25 December 1929. Description. Meristic and morphometric characters are given in Tables 1–6 and 10. D 11–13 (usually 12), A 8–9 (usually 8), P I 14–16 (usually I 15), Spred 26–30, Str 8½–9 (usually 8½), Sp.br 19–22 (5–7 + 14–16), Vert 41–43 (27–29 + 13–16), usually 42–43 (28 + 14–15). Snout short (especially in juveniles), upper jaw not pointed anteriorly (Fig. 33). Lower jaw shorter than upper jaw or of equal size (in a single fish 117.5 mm SL lower jaw slightly protruding before upper jaw). Chin barbel absent in all but smallest juvenile 47 mm SL, which has very short, barely noticeable flattened barbel (Fig. 33b). Jaw teeth numerous, small to medium (not visible to barely visible with the naked eye), tricuspid and with additional cusps, sometimes with small admixture of conical teeth. Juveniles 47–63 mm SL with only conical teeth. Jaw teeth of fish 47–125 mm SL arranged in two rows, in larger fish (165–183 mm SL) teeth in 3–4 rows. Palatine teeth present, in fish> 115 mm SL rather large and numerous. Body from elongate to rather deep (Fig. 24e–f), greatest body depth not changing with growth (slightly increasing only in fish 165–185 mm SL), 4.9–5.5 in SL. Body width 1.00–1.36 and caudal peduncle depth 2.24–2.64 in greatest body depth. Greatest head depth and head length nearly not changing with growth (Fig. 24d, f), 5.3–5.7 and 3.80–4.05 in SL, respectively. Head length 1.04–1.12 in dorso-caudal distance. Eyes large, eye diameter decreasing strongly as fish grows to about 110 mm SL, and afterwards nearly constant: in juveniles 47–63 mm SL eye diameter 9.25–10.75 in SL, 2.4–2.7 in head length, 1.17–1.35 in interorbital width and 1.16–1.22 in postorbital distance; in fish 115–183 mm SL, 11.00– 11.75 in SL, 2.90–2.95 in с, 1.0– 1.3 in io and 1.14–1.34 in po. Pectoral fins long, their length increasing strongly with growth: in juveniles 47–63 mm SL pectoral fin 1.7 in SL; in fish 115–183 mm SL, 1.4–1.5 in SL. Tip of pectoral fin reaching from end of dorsal-fin base to middle of caudal peduncle (rarely slightly farther), in juveniles 47–63 mm SL reaching only to 7 th –8 th dorsal fin ray. First pectoral-fin ray unbranched, its length increasing with growth: in a 47 mm SL juvenile it fits 3.17 in SL and 1.88 in lP; in fish 115–183 mm SL, 2.3–2.75 in SL and 1.56–1.81 in lP. Pelvic-fin base slightly closer to posterior edge of head than to origin of caudal-fin lower lobe or about midway (cV / pV = 0.83–0.99); pelvic-fin base shifting slightly posteriorly with growth (Fig. 24c). Pelvic-fin length decreasing as fish grows: in juveniles 47–63 mm SL pelvic fin 2.49–2.52 in SL and 1.47–1.49 in lP; in fish 115–183 mm SL, 2.6–3.4 in SL and 1.80–2.33 in lP. Tip of pelvic fin in juveniles 47–115 mm SL slightly protruding beyond origin of caudal-fin lower lobe, in fish 117.5–124.5 mm SL nearly reaching origin of caudal-fin lower lobe; in fish 165–183 mm SL reaching penultimate or last anal-fin ray or slightly protruding beyond end of anal-fin base. Anal-fin origin far posterior to dorsal-fin origin: 1 st anal-fin ray under 5 th –6 th (occasionally 7 th) dorsal-fin ray. Dorsal fin with 2–5 rays more than anal fin. Dorsal and anal fin height slightly decreasing with growth: in juveniles 47–63 mm SL, HD 6.45–6.85 and HA 10.5 in SL; in fish 115–183 mm SL, 7.3–9.1 and 10.55–15.4, respectively. In juveniles 47–117.5 mm SL, longest dorsal fin ray 7 th or 8 th (in a 115 mm SL juvenile—3 rd ray longest); in fish 124.5–183 mm SL—2 nd or 3 rd ray longest. The 2 nd or 3 rd anal-fin ray longest (in a 63 mm SL juvenile—4 th ray longest). Tip of last dorsal-fin ray in fish 47–165 mm SL reaching or nearly reaching origin of caudal-fin upper lobe (rarely slightly beyond); in fish 170–183 mm SL, the tip protruding beyond middle of caudal peduncle, never reaching origin of caudal-fin upper lobe. Middle and posterior dorsal-fin rays elongated in juveniles 47–117.5 mm SL, tips of penultimate rays protruding backwards beyond tip of last ray. In a fish 124.5 mm SL tip of penultimate ray at the same level with tip of last ray, and in larger fish (165–183 mm SL) tip of penultimate ray always well ahead of last ray tip. Pigmentation. Body of juveniles 47–115 mm SL (Fig. 33a–c) pale brown to brown, ventral side darker (dark brown). A 47 mm SL juvenile with caudal peduncle somewhat paler. Body bands always absent. In fish 115–124.5 mm SL ventral side of body becoming appreciably paler, with golden brown pigmentation (Fig. 33d–e). Larger fishes (165–183 mm SL) with usual “pelagic” pigmentation. Lower surface of head in juveniles 47–115 mm SL dark brown, “lips” and distal parts of branchiostegal rays pale. A single chin barbel in a 47 mm SL juvenile with dark brown pigmentation on both sides (Fig. 33b). Fish 165–183 mm SL with small, usually numerous, dark specks on gill covers and under eyes (Fig. 33g). Pectoral fins in juveniles 47–63 mm SL (Fig. 34a–b) brown or dark brown with pale tip and a row of 8–10 pale spots across the fin proximally, and with a small pale area near tip of 2 nd ray. In fish 115–124.5 mm SL (Fig. 34c–d) fins dark brown to 11 th –12 th ray with small pale tip. In fish 165–183 mm SL (Fig. 34e–f) fins brown or, more often, dark brown to 8 th –9 th ray with small pale tip and very narrow posterior edging (sometimes absent). Pelvic fins in juveniles 47–124.5 mm SL (Fig. 35a–c) brown to dark brown (with paler 1 st and 6 th rays in fish 117–124.5 mm SL). In fish 165–183 mm SL (Fig. 35d–f) fins pale with dark spot or stripe (or dense aggregation of dots) between 2 nd –3 rd and 4 th rays distally. Dorsal fin in juveniles 47–63 mm SL sparsely covered with brown melanophores. In fish 115–124.5 mm SL dorsal fin pale-brown to brown, its anterior part usually somewhat paler than posterior one. In fish 165–183 mm SL dorsal fin gray, sometimes pale brownish anteriorly. Anal fin in juveniles 47–124.5 mm SL brown posteriorly and pale anteriorly (with pigmentation usually only near fin base); in fish 117.5–124.5 pigmentation along last ray nearly disappears. In fish 165–183 mm SL anal fin translucent (a fish 172 mm SL likely with pigment dots at tips of some rays). Caudal fin in juveniles 47–63 mm SL (Fig. 33a, c) pale with pale brown to brown base and faint pigmentation along rays of lower lobe. Fish 115–124.5 mm SL with 1–2 dark bands on upper and lower lobes (Fig. 33d–e). In fish 165–183 mm SL caudal fin pale brown to dark brown, sometimes upper lobe slightly darker distally. Coloration in life. No data. Maximum size. The largest specimen of C. nossibe was 183 mm SL (USNM 294610 (paratype), Kenya, Shimoni); it was not dissected for sex and maturity. The length of the only (immature) female was 124.5 mm SL, the largest male was 172 mm SL. Early life history stages. A single small juvenile 16.5 mm SL (Fig. 36) of this species differs from larger fishes in shorter pectoral fins (2.2 in SL), larger head (c 3.6 in SL and 0.97 in Dc) and eyes (7.35 in SL), more anterior pelvic-fin origin (cV / pV = 0.78). There is a tiny (perhaps with damaged tip), wide brown chin barbel (Fig. 36b). Jaw teeth conical, palatine teeth absent. Pigmentation of body and fins generally similar to larger juveniles, but pectoral fins without a row of pale spots and caudal fin with few dark dots on upper lobe. Tip of last dorsal-fin ray reaching origin of caudal-fin upper lobe, tip of penultimate ray slightly further. Intraspecific variation. No data. Comparative remarks. Cypselurus nossibe differs from all species of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus in presence of a chin barbel in juveniles and pigmented pelvic fins in adults (except C. callopterus, C. simus and C. poecilopterus). Cypselurus nossibe differs also from C. poecilopterus, C. simus and C. callopterus in absence of spots on pectoral fins; from C. bosha and C. olpar in longer pelvic and shorter pectoral fins (index lP/lV in juveniles 1.13–1.49 vs. usually> 1.80; in large fish 1.80–2.33 vs.> 2.40), fewer caudal vertebrae (13–16 vs. 16–18) and rays in dorsal (usually 12 vs. usually 13–14) and anal (8–9 vs. usually 10–11) fins, in pectoral fin pigmentation (in adults dark to 8 th –9 th vs. 10 th –13 th ray) and morphology of jaw teeth (in adults mainly tricuspid vs. mainly conical); from C. starksi in fewer dorsal-fin rays (usually 12 vs. usually 13–14), transverse scales (usually 8½ vs. usually ≥ 9) and gill rakers on lower limb (h.br usually 15 vs. usually ≥ 16), in more posterior dorsal-fin origin (Dc usually 1.10; in fish> 110 mm SL aD usually> 71 vs. aV usually> 59.5 vs. pV usually 39.5% SL; in fish> 110 mm SL index cV/pV > 0.86 vs. usually p ≥ 14.8 vs. usually c ≥ 24.8 vs. usually 110 mm SL, o ≥ 8.5 vs. ≤ 8.1% SL), shorter pelvic fins (in fish> 150 mm SL, lV ≤ 30.8 vs.> 30.8% SL) and dorsal-fin base (usually 19.2% SL). Cypselurus nossibe differs also from C. oligolepis, C. izumii and C. clariangulatus in more predorsal scales (usually> 26 vs. usually 24–26), more posterior pelvic-fin origin (aV usually> 59.5 vs. usually cV usually> 32.5 vs. usually pV usually 40% SL, index cV/pV usually> 0.85 vs. ≤ 0.85, see Fig. 24a–c), slightly more elongate body (H usually 20% SL), shorter snout in juveniles (≤ 3 vs. usually> 3% SL), smaller pale tip in pectoral fins of adults and in some other features (see Tables 1–10); from C. clariangulatus also in pectoral and pelvic fin pigmentation of juveniles. Cypselurus nossibe is most similar to C. neglectus (and especially to C. n. shcherbachevi), differing only (besides presence of chin barbel in juveniles and pelvic fin pigmentation of adults) in presence of a row of pale spots on pectoral fins of juveniles, more vertebrae (Vert. usually 42–43 vs. usually ≤ 41, Vert.pc usually 28 vs. usually 26-27) and slightly larger eyes in adults (≥ 8.5 vs. usually C. nossibe may easily be confused with three species of the subgenus Cypselurus s. str. — C. opisthopus (Bleeker), C. naresii and C. angusticeps (these species will be described in detail in the third part of this review). However, C. opisthopus differs most prominently from C. nossibe in more posterior pelvic-fin origin (index cV/pV > 1), C. naresii differs in more intense pigmentation of pelvic fins, fewer pectoral-fin rays and lower values of Dc, lD, o and p, and C. angusticeps differs in tooth morphology and arrangement (palatine teeth usually absent, jaw teeth mainly with additional cusps and conical, rarely tricuspid), lower values of Str, P, io, ao, p and h, and higher values of D, lD, lA and Dc. Cypselurus nossibe is intermediate in external morphology between C. neglectus and C. opisthopus, thus bridging the two subgenera of Cypselurus. Based on presence of a chin barbel in small juveniles, we place C. nossibe into the subgenus Cypselurus s. str. However, ontogeny of this species should be thoroughly studied with more representative material including a developmental series. Etymology. The species is named after Nossi-Be Island, Madagascar, near which several specimens (including the holotype) were collected. Common names. The name “ Madagascar flying fish” (Russian: “мадагаскарский стрижехвост”) is proposed here. Biology. All dissected specimens of this species were immature. The smallest juvenile (16.5 mm SL, SOSC uncat.) was captured on 3 February 1964 at 13°24’47”S 48°18’07”E; a larger 47 mm SL juvenile (IORAS 04052) was captured on 14 March 1960 at 6°58’S 39°40’E. With such limited information, we can only suggest that C. nossibe likely spawns in January. Distribution. Cypselurus nossibe is distributed (Fig. 28) in neritic waters of the Western Indian Ocean from Kenya to Tanzania and from Madagascar to the Amirante Islands. A specimen of 223 mm TL from the deck of a ship in Mozambique Channel was identified by the first author as this species, based on a photograph kindly provided by Elaine Heemstra (SAIAB). This species was probably listed as Exocoetus brachysoma for Zanzibar by Günther (1866). Thus, C. nossibe is distributed mainly in the region influenced by Northeast Madagascar Current—East African Coast Current system (see Schott & McCreary 2001 and Painter 2020; but see also Lutjeharms et al. 2000 for an alternative nomenclature of currents in the region)., Published as part of Shakhovskoy, Ilia B. & Parin, Nikolay V., 2022, A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker, pp. 1-109 in Zootaxa 5117 (1) on pages 83-89, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5117.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6378619, {"references":["Gunther, A. (1866) Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Vol. 6. British Museum (Natural History), London, 368 pp.","Parin, N. V. (1984) Exocoetidae. In: Fischer, W. & Bianchi, G. (Eds.), FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean. Fishing area 51. Vol. II. FAO, Rome, pp. Var.","Smale, M. J., Watson, G. & Hecht, T. (1995) Otolith atlas of southern African marine fishes. Ichthyological Monographs. No. 1. J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, xiv + 253 pp., 149 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 141860","Schott, F. A. & McCreary, J. P. (2001) The monsoon circulation of the Indian Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 51, 1 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0079 - 6611 (01) 00083 - 0","Painter, S. C. (2020) The biogeochemistry and oceanography of the East African Coastal Current. Progress in Oceanography, 186 (2020), 102374, 1 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. pocean. 2020.102374","Lutjeharms, J. R. E., Wedepohl, P. M. & Meeuwis, J. M. (2000) On the surface drift of the East Madagascar and Mozambique Currents. South African Journal of Science, 96 (3), 141 - 147."]}

Genus Cypselurus Subgenus Poecilocypselurus Cypselurus bosha Cypselurus olpar Cypselurus poecilopterus C. poecilopterus poecilopterus C. poecilopterus arabicus C. poecilopterus crassus Cypselurus simus Cypselurus callopterus Cypselurus starksi Cypselurus oligolepis C. oligolepis oligolepis C. oligolepis apus C. oligolepis georgii C. oligolepis persicus Cypselurus clariangulatus Cypselurus izumii Cypselurus neglectus C. neglectus neglectus C. neglectus shcherbachevi Subgenus Cypselurus s. str. Cypselurus nossibe Cypselurus opisthopus Cypselurus naresii Cypselurus comatus (Mitchill) Cypselurus angusticeps Cypselurus hiraii Abe The genus Cypselurus includes two subgenera, sixteen species and nine subspecies. Some subspecies, such as C. oligolepis apus and C. neglectus shcherbachevi, might merit full species rank, but we refrain from such a taxonomical decision until a more comprehensive study of ontogeny of C. o. apus and finding more reliable distinguishing features or other corroborating evidence that these taxa are distinct species. We agree with statement of Hillis et al. (2021: 898): “Taxonomic change without solid supporting evidence is a disservice to science and society because it causes confusion and taxonomic instability”. Further study is needed. Cypselurus nossibe sp. nov. is intermediate in external morphology between C. neglectus and C. opisthopus. We place C. nossibe into the subgenus Cypselurus s.str. based on presence of a chin barbel in small juveniles. For identification of species and subspecies of Poecilocypselurus and C. nossibe the following provisional key is provided. 1. Pelvic fins of adults pigmented distally. Juveniles with a short chin barbel.............. Cypselurus (Cypselurus) nossibe - Pelvic fins of adults usually unpigmented. Juveniles without a chin barbel............... subgenus Poecilocypselurus (2) 2. Anal fin rays usually 10 or more. In adults pelvic fin length usually lP/lV > 2.35. Jaw teeth usually unicuspid................................................................................................. 3 - Anal fin rays usually 9 or fewer. In adults pelvic fin length usually> 28% SL and index lP/lV usually 4 3. Palatine teeth usually present. Transverse scales usually 8 or fewer. Pelvic fins short (in fish ≥ 130 mm SL index lP/lV usually> 2.75). Juveniles (45–55 mm SL) without an oblique pale stripe on pectoral fins............................ С. olpar - Palatine teeth usually absent. Transverse scales usually 8½ or more. Pelvic fins long (in fish ≥ 130 mm SL index lP/lV usually C. bosha 4. Pectoral fins spotted................................................................................... 5 - Pectoral fins not spotted................................................................................ 9 5. Greatest body depth in juveniles (C. callopterus - Greatest body depth of juveniles (6 6. Predorsal scales 27–35 (usually 29 or more). Pectoral fins usually with relatively small black spots not arranged in oblique transverse rows (occasionally without spots)........................................................ C. simus - Predorsal scales 23–32 (usually 24–28). Pectoral fins with large black spots arranged in oblique transverse rows................................................................................................ C. poecilopterus 7. Pelvic fins in adults with dark background pigmentation distally. Predorsal scales 27–32, vertebrae 41–44, usually 42–43.................................................................................. C. poecilopterus arabicus - Pelvic fins in adults usually without dark background pigmentation distally. Predorsal scales 23–32, usually 24–28, vertebrae 40–43, usually 41–42.................................................................................. 8 8. Juveniles (25–80 mm SL) with body width 20.0–22.4% SL, interorbital width 12.8–16.6, usually> 14.5% SL............................................................................................. C. poecilopterus crassus - Juveniles (25–80 mm SL) with body width 17.2–21.0, usually C. poecilopterus poecilopterus 9. Pectoral fins of adults pigmented to (9 th)10 th –13 th ray. Precaudal vertebrae 27–29, usually 28–29. Dorsal-fin rays 12–14, usually 13. Predorsal scales 26–33, usually 28 or more...................................................... C. starksi - Pectoral fins of adults pigmented to 7 th –11 th, usually to 7 th –9 th ray. Precaudal vertebrae 24–28, usually 27 or fewer. Dorsal-fin rays 10–14, usually 11–12. Predorsal scales 21–30, usually 24–28.............................................. 10 10. Pelvic-fin origin slightly closer to posterior margin of head than to origin of caudal-fin lower lobe (cV/pV 0.71–0.96, usually> 0.80). Body elongate (H 16.6–21.9, usually Hc 16.4–19.7, usually C. neglectus (11) - Pelvic-fin origin much closer to posterior margin of head than to origin of caudal-fin lower lobe (cV/pV, 0.49–0.88 usually H 16.1–25.0, usually> 20% SL, Hc 16.9–22.2, usually> 19% SL)......................... 12 11. Middle and posterior dorsal-fin rays of juveniles not elongated. Pelvic-fin origin more anterior (index cV/pV 0.71–0.91, usually C. neglectus neglectus - Middle and posterior dorsal-fin rays of juveniles elongated. Pelvic-fin origin more posterior (index cV/pV 0.80–0.96, usually> 0.85).......................................................................... C. neglectus shcherbachevi 12. Pelvic-fin length in adults (> 145 mm SL) 32.9–37.1% SL............................................... C. izumii - Pelvic-fin length in adults (> 145 mm SL) 27.8–32.8% SL.................................................... 13 13. In juveniles ≤ 80 mm SL pelvic fins with pale inner corner. Gill rakers 22–25, usually 24–25............ C. clariangulatus - In juveniles ≤ 80 mm SL pelvic fins without pale inner corner. Gill rakers 19–26, usually C. oligolepis (14) 14. Pectoral fins of adults pigmented to 9 th –11 th ray. Transverse scales 8½–10½, usually 9½ or more; predorsal scales 26–30, usually 27 or more....................................................................... C. oligolepis persicus - Pectoral fins of adults pigmented to 7 th –11 th, usually to 7 th –9 th ray. Transverse scales 6½–9½, usually 8½ or fewer; predorsal scales 21–28, usually 26 or fewer........................................................................ 15 15. Pelvic-fin length in adults 25.7–31.4, usually C. oligolepis apus - Pelvic-fin length in adults 29.2–35.7, usually> 30% SL. In juveniles pectoral and pelvic fins usually with pale band or a row of pale spots........................................................................................ 16 16. Vertebrae 39–41, usually 40; dorsal-fin rays 11–12, usually 11. In adults index po/o 1.36–1.61; greatest body depth 17.5–20.7, usually C. oligolepis georgii - Vertebrae 39–43, usually 41; dorsal-fin rays 10–13, usually 12–13. In adults index po/o 1.13–1.45, usually 19.7% SL................................................... C. oligolepis oligolepis, Published as part of Shakhovskoy, Ilia B. & Parin, Nikolay V., 2022, A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker, pp. 1-109 in Zootaxa 5117 (1) on pages 99-100, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5117.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6378619, {"references":["Hillis D. M., Chambers E. A. & Devitt T. J. (2021) Contemporary methods and evidence for species delimitation. Ichthyology & Herpetology, 109 (3), 895 - 903. https: // doi. org / 10.1643 / h 2021082"]}

Subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 Type species Exocoetus callopterus Günther, 1866. Diagnosis of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus is given in Parin 1961b. The subgenus differs from Cypselurus s.str. in a more anterior pelvic fin origin (it is closer to the posterior end of head than to the origin of caudal fin lower lobe) and in absence of a chin barbel in juveniles (Parin 1961b; Parin & Bogorodsky 2011). Prior to this study the subgenus Poecilocypselurus included seven species: Cypselurus poecilopterus (Valenciennes), C. simus (Valenciennes), C. callopterus (Günther), C. starksi Abe, C. oligolepis (Bleeker), C. bosha Shakhovskoy & Parin and C. olpar Shakhovskoy & Parin., Published as part of Shakhovskoy, Ilia B. & Parin, Nikolay V., 2022, A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker, pp. 1-109 in Zootaxa 5117 (1) on page 5, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5117.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6378619, {"references":["Bruun, A. F. (1935) Flying-fishes (Exocoetidae) of the Atlantic. Systematic and biological studies. Dana-Report 6. Bianco Luno, Copenhagen, 108 pp.","Gunther, A. (1866) Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Vol. 6. British Museum (Natural History), London, 368 pp.","Parin, N. V. (1961 b) Principles of classification of the flying fishes (families Oxyporhamphidae and Exocoetidae). Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 43, 92 - 183. [in Russian; English translation: National Marine Fisheries Service, Systematics Laboratory Translation 67]","Parin, N. V. & Bogorodsky, S. V. (2011) Distribution and morphology of flying fish Cypselurus hexazona placed into a separate subgenus Zonocypselurus subgen. nov. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 51 (5), 683 - 686. [in Russian, English translation in Journal of Ichthyology, 51 (8), 658 - 661 (second author misspelled as Bogorodskiy)] https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0032945211050110"]}

Cypselurus oligolepis (Bleeker, 1865) This highly polymorphic species includes at least 4 subspecies. Only those publications in which synonymy with C. oligolepis was quite evident, but we were uncertain (because of insufficient data provided) about subspecies identification are listed below. Synonymy and bibliography. Cypselurus oligolepis. Fowler 1928: 84 (short description (after Weber & de Beaufort 1922); Oceania; in part). Fowler 1934: 394 (listed; Oceania). Martin 1938: 178 (fishery; Cebu, Philippines). Herre 1953: 162 (listed; Philippines). Parin 1960b: 156 (distribution; western Pacific; in part). Parin 1961b: 112, 118, 129, 167, fig. 8g (morphology, systematics). Parin 1967: 45–46, 52 (distribution, biology). Kovalevskaya 1980: 224 (listed). Hutomo & Burhanuddin 1985: 28 (listed; Indonesia). Heemstra & Parin 1986: 393 (in key; probable in South Africa). Fedoryako 1989a: 234 (listed as associated with drifting objects; in part). Fedoryako 1989b: 567 (listed). Jinadasa 1991: 109 (fishery; Sri Lanka). Gillett & Ianelli 1993: 178 (listed; Pacific Islands). Randall 1995: 90 (short description; Gulf of Oman; in part). Parin 1996: 302, 306 [359, 363] (distribution; West Pacific). Sommer et al. 1996: 164 (short description; Somalia; in part). Collette et al. 1997: 27 (Mauritius). Parin 1999: 2165, 2174 (distribution, diagnostic characters; Western Pacific; in part). Parin 2000: 600 (listed; South China Sea). Syahailatua 2004: 3 (listed; Indonesia). Paxton et al. 2006: 728 (distribution; Australia). Syahailatua et al. 2009: 42 (listed; Ambon). Fricke et al. 2011: 370 (listed; New Caledonia).? Novikov et al. 2011: 205 (sighting observations; Arabian Sea). Sathianandan et al. 2011: 7 (listed as species contributing to fishery; India). Larson et al. 2013: 67 (listed; Northern Territory, Australia). Gordeeva & Shakhovskoy 2017: 215–216, fig. 1 [289, 293] (DNA-barcoding). Cypsilurus oligolepis. Fowler 1949: 58 (listed; Oceania). Cheilopogon unicolor (non Valenciennes). Gonzales 2013: 40 (listed, photo; Palawan, Philippines). Cypselurus naresii (non Günther). Tashiro 2017: 65 (in part: KAUM-I.62958; Panay I., Philippines). Cheilopogon arcticeps (non Günther). Tashiro 2017: 64 (in part: KAUM-I.63030; Panay I., Philippines). Cheilopogon katoptron (non Bleeker). Tashiro 2017: 65 (in part: UPVMI 345; Panay I., Philippines). See further bibliography below in accounts for subspecies of C. oligolepis. Probable misidentifications. Pajot & Prabhakaradu (1993: 2) reported C. oligolepis from Coromandel Coast of India; however, their fish were too large (23–35 cm) for this species. Siu et al. (2017: 257) listed C. oligolepis among the fishes of French Polynesia, but this is probably based on misidentification of some other species (likely C. angusticeps). Material examined. Two hundred and ninety-three specimens 11–182 mm SL (see details below in the subspecies descriptions). Types. See types description in the C. o. oligolepis account. Description. Meristic and morphometric characters are given in Tables 1–6 and 10. D 10 –13 (usually 11–13), A 7–10 (usually 8–9), P I 12–16 (usually I 13–15), Spred 21–30 (usually 24–26), Str 6½–10½ (usually 8–8½), Sp.br 19–26 (4–8 + 14–19), usually 21–24 (5–7 + 16–18), Vert 38–43 (24–28 + 13–17), usually 40–41 (25–26 + 14–16). Snout short, upper jaw not pointed anteriorly; lower jaw shorter than upper jaw or of equal length (sometimes lower jaw slightly longer). Jaw teeth small to medium (not visible to barely visible with naked eyes), mostly tricuspid and with additional cusps (some fish also with conical teeth). Juveniles Intraspecific variation. Cypselurus oligolepis is a highly polymorphic, polytypic species. We recognise at least four subspecies within C. oligolepis, which differ in pelvic-fin length, number of dorsal-fin rays, predorsal scales, transverse scales and vertebrae, pigmentation, and other characters (see below). Comparative remarks. Cypselurus oligolepis differs from C. bosha and C. olpar in longer pelvic and shorter pectoral fins (index lP/lV in juveniles usually 1.80, in large fish usually 2.40), fewer vertebrae (Vert.c 13–17, usually 14–16 vs. 16–18) and anal-fin rays (usually ≤ 9 vs. usually 10–11), in pectoral fins pigmentation (in adults dark to 7 th –9 th (but to 9 th –11 th in C. o. persicus) vs. 10 th –13 th ray) and morphology of jaw teeth (in adults mainly tricuspid vs. mainly conical). Cypselurus oligolepis most notably differs from C. poecilopterus, C. simus and C. callopterus in the absence of dark spots on the pectoral fins (however, see below for pigmentation patterns in juveniles of Cypselurus sp. (poecilopterus ?)). Cypselurus oligolepis differs from C. starksi in pigmentation of pectoral fins (pigmented usually to 7 th –9 th ray (but to 9 th –11 th in C. o. persicus) vs. to 10 th –13 th ray), and pelvic and anal fins (in C. oligolepis 130–140 mm SL these fins are usually pale vs. pigmented in C. starksi). Cypselurus oligolepis also has fewer dorsal-fin rays (usually 11–12 vs. usually 13), predorsal (usually 24–28 vs. usually ≥ 28) and transverse (usually ≤ 8½ vs. usually ≥ 9) scales, total (usually ≤ 42 vs. usually ≥ 43) and precaudal (usually ≤ 27 vs. usually 28–29) vertebrae. Distribution. This species occurs in neritic waters from the Red Sea and Persian Gulf to eastern Australia and Melanesia, and from Macao to northwestern Australia (see details below in the subspecies descriptions)., Published as part of Shakhovskoy, Ilia B. & Parin, Nikolay V., 2022, A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker, pp. 1-109 in Zootaxa 5117 (1) on pages 14-16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5117.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6378619, {"references":["Bleeker, P. (1865) Sur les especes d'exocet de l'Inde Archipelagique. Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde, 3, 105 - 129.","Fowler, H. W. (1928) The fishes of Oceania. Memoirs of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 10, 1 - 540.","Weber, M. & de Beaufort, L. F. (1922) The fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Vol. 4. E. J. Brill Ltd., Leiden, 410 pp.","Fowler, H. W. (1934) The fishes of Oceania - Supplement 2. Memoirs of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 11 (6), 386 - 466.","Martin, C. (1938) The flying-fish industry of the northwestern and southwestern coasts of Cebu. The Philippine Journal of Science, 67 (2), 177 - 187, pls. 1 - 4.","Herre, A. W. (1953) Check list of Philippine fishes. Research Report 20. Fish and Wildlife Service. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 977 pp.","Parin, N. V. (1960 b) Distribution of flying fishes (family Exocoetidae) in western and central parts of the Pacific Ocean. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 41, 153 - 162. [in Russian]","Parin, N. V. (1961 b) Principles of classification of the flying fishes (families Oxyporhamphidae and Exocoetidae). Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 43, 92 - 183. [in Russian; English translation: National Marine Fisheries Service, Systematics Laboratory Translation 67]","Parin, N. V. (1967) Chapter 2. Beloniform fishes of the open ocean. In: Kort, V. G. & Rass, T. S. (Eds.), Pacific Ocean. Biology of the Pacific Ocean. Book 3. Fishes of open waters. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 43 - 58. [in Russian]","Kovalevskaya, N. V. (1980) The reproduction, development and peculiarities of distribution of the larvae and fry of flyingfishes in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 97, 212 - 275. [in Russian with English abstract]","Hutomo, M. & Burhanuddin (1985) Sebaran dan potensi ikan terbang di Indonesia (Distribution and potential of flying fish in Indonesia). Buletin Perikanan, 2 (1), 25 - 31. [in Indonesian]","Heemstra, P. C. & Parin, N. V. (1986) Family No. 116: Exocoetidae. In: Smith, M. & Heemstra, P. (Eds.), Smiths' Sea Fishes. Springer, Berlin, pp. 391 - 396.","Fedoryako, B. I. (1989 a) A comparative characteristic of oceanic fish assemblages associated with floating debris. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 29 (2), 229 - 238. [in Russian, English translation in Journal of Ichthyology, 29 (3), 128 - 137]","Fedoryako, B. I. (1989 b) The influence of the vicinity of islands and continental shelf on the ichthyofauna of the upper epipelagial in the equatorial zones of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 29 (4), 564 - 569. [in Russian, English translation in Journal of Ichthyology, 29 (6), 30 - 35]","Jinadasa, J. (1991) Fishing ground for the flying fish Hirundichthys coromandelensis (Hornell) off the East coast of Sri Lanka and India. Journal of the National Science Council of Sri Lanka, 19 (2), 107 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.4038 / jnsfsr. v 19 i 2.8158","Gillett, R. & Ianelli, J. (1993) Chapter 7. Flyingfish. In: Wright, A. & Hill, L. (Eds.), Nearshore marine resources of the South Pacific. Information for fisheries development and management. Institute of Pacific Studies, Suva, pp. 177 - 201.","Randall, J. E. (1995) Coastal fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 439 pp.","Parin, N. V. (1996) On the species composition of flying fishes (Exocoetidae) in the west-central part of the tropical Pacific. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 36 (3), 300 - 307. [in Russian, English translation in Journal of Ichthyology, 36 (5), 357 - 364]","Sommer, C., Schneider, W. & Poutiers, J. - M. (1996) FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of Somalia. FAO, Rome, 376 pp.","Collette, B. B., Parin, N. V., Bauchot, M. - L. & Beaunier, M. (1997) Catalogue critique des types de poissons du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Cybium, 21 (1), 5 - 35.","Parin, N. V. (1999) Exocoetidae. Flyingfishes. In: Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (Eds.), FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the WCP. Vol. 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae). FAO, Rome, pp. 2162 - 2179.","Parin, N. V. (2000) Family Exocoetidae (flyingfishes). In: Randall, J. E. & Lim, K. K. P. (Eds.), A checklist of the fishes of the South China Sea. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 8, pp. 600.","Syahailatua, A. (2004) Flyingfishes: between genus of Cypselurus and Cheilopogon. Oseana, 29 (4), 1 - 7. [in Indonesian with English abstract]","Paxton, J. R., Gates, J. E., Hoese, D. F. & Bray, D. J. (2006) Exocoetidae. In: Hoese, D. F. et al., Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 35. Pt. 2. ABRS & CSIRO Publishing, Australia, pp. 723 - 731.","Syahailatua, A., Hutubessy, B., Rijoly, F. & Tuanaya, H. (2009) Species composition and size structure of flyingfish at Ambon waters, Maluku. Jurnal Oseanologi, 2 (1 / 2), 37 - 44. [in Indonesian with English abstract]","Fricke, R., Kulbicki, M. & Wantiez, L. (2011) Checklist of the fishes of New Caledonia, and their distribution in the Southwest Pacific Ocean (Pisces). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie 4, 341 - 463.","Novikov, N. P., Rebik, S. T. & Timokhin, I. G. (2011) Some data on quantitative distribution of flying fish of Exocoetidae family in the Arabian Sea and adjacent waters. Trudy YugNIRO, 49, 203 - 207. [in Russian]","Sathianandan, T. V., Jayasankar, J., Kuriakose, S., Mini, K. G. & Mathew, W. T. (2011) Indian marine fishery resources: optimistic present, challenging future. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 58 (4), 1 - 15.","Larson, H. K., Williams, R. S. & Hammer, M. P. (2013) An annotated checklist of the fishes of the Northern Territory, Australia. Zootaxa, 3696 (1), 1 - 293. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3696.1.1","Gordeeva, N. V. & Shakhovskoy, I. B. (2017) Efficiency of DNA barcoding for phylogenetic analysis and species identification in flying fish (Exocoetidae). Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 57 (2), 212 - 221. [in Russian, English translation in Journal of Ichthyology, 57 (2), 287 - 296] https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0032945217020096","Fowler, H. W. (1949) The fishes of Oceania - Supplement 3. Memoirs of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 12 (2), 37 - 186.","Gonzales, B. J. (2013) Field Guide to Coastal Fishes of Palawan. Coral triangle Initiative, Manila, 208 pp.","Tashiro, S. (2017) Family Exocoetidae. In: Motomura, H., Alama, U. B., Muto, N., Babaran, R. P. & Ishikawa, S. (Eds.), Commercial and bycatch market fishes of Panay Island, Republic of Philippines. The Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, University of Philippines Visayas, Iloilo, and Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, pp. 64 - 66.","Pajot, O. & Prabhakaradu, C. R. (1993) Flyingfish fishing on the Coromandel Coast, 1988 - 1991. Bay of Bengal programme, Madras, IV + 20 pp.","Siu, G., Bacchet, P., Bernardi, G., Brooks, A. J., Carlot, J., Causse, R., Claudet, J., Clua, E., Delrieu-Trottin, E., Espiau, B., Harmelin-Vivien, M., Keith, P., Lecchini, D., Madi-Moussa, R., Parravicini, V., Planes, S., Ponsonnet, C., Randall, J. E., Sasal, P., Taquet, M., Williams, J. T. & Galzin, R. (2017) Shore fishes of French Polynesia. Cybium, 41 (3), 245 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.26028 / cybium / 2017 - 413 - 003","Bleeker, P. (1866 - 1872). Exocoetiformes. In: Bleeker, P., Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Neerlandaises. Tom. 6. Frederic Muller, Amsterdam, pp. 67 - 78, pls. Scombres I - V."]}

Cypselurus oligolepis apus (Valenciennes, 1847) Synonymy and bibliography. Exocoetus apus Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1847: 107–108 (original description; near Macao, China). Bruun 1937: 183 (description of type). Collette et al. 1997: 10 (description of type; synonym of C. oligolepis). Exocoetus brachysoma Bleeker, 1865: 107, 111–112 (original description; Indonesia; in part?). Günther 1866: 295–296 (description; Indo-Pacific; in part). Bleeker 1866 –1872: 68, 70–71, Tab. CCXLVII, Pl. Scombres I, fig. 3 (description; Indonesia; in part?). Weber 1913: 125 (Laiwui, Obi major). Weber & de Beaufort 1922: 189–190 (synonym of C. oligolepis). Parin 1960a: 254 (listed as synonym of C. oligolepis). Exocoetus nigripennis (non Valenciennes). Bleeker 1865: 108, 120–121 (description; Amboina (Ambon), New Guinea; in part). Bleeker 1866 –1872: 67, 70 (description; Amboina (Ambon), New Guinea; in part). Cypselurus oligolepis.? Seale 1906: 15 (listed; Shortland I.).? Seale 1935: 348 (short description; Bellona I.).? Munro 1958: 137 (New Guinea; listed). Parin 1960a: 222, 254, 255, 279 (description (after Weber & de Beaufort 1922 and Woods & Schultz 1953); western Pacific; in part). Munro 1967: 117, 121, Pl. 13 fig. 193 (New Guinea; short description; in part).? Gillett & Ianelli 1991: 3 (listed; New Guinea).? Belyanina 1993: 118–120, fig. 4 (early life history stages; Eastern Australia (Lizard I.); in part?). Cypsilurus oligolepis.? Jordan & Seale 1906: 211 (listed; Shortland I., Solomon Is.). Weber & de Beaufort 1922: 180, 189–190 (description; Indo-Australian Archipelago; in part). Material examined. Sixty-nine specimens 20–155 mm SL Philippines. Full morphological study. ZMUC uncat (2, 127– 131 mm SL), 9°36’N 125°46’E, 30- 31.07.1951. Partial morphological study. USNM 135803 * # (5, 119– 139.5 mm SL), Catbalogan, Samar I., 15.04.1908. USNM 135805 * # (2, 125.5– 128 mm SL), Catanduanes I., Agoho Pt., 10.06.1909. USNM 135806 * # (1, 129 mm SL), San Miguel Bay, Luzon I., 5.07.1909. ZMH 12773 * (1, 120.5 mm SL), Cebu I., 16.06.1913. Indonesia. Full morphological study. SOSC Acc. No. 56 (1, 94.5 mm SL), 1°53’N 127°39’E, 25.09.1963. SOSC uncat (2, 85– 92 mm SL), 1°53’N 127°39’E, 25.09.1963. SOSC uncat (1, 92.5 mm SL), 1°00’N 127°56’E, 21.09.1978. SOSC uncat (5, 116.5– 145 mm SL), 1°20’N 128°01–06’E, 24- 25.09.1963. ZIN 4781 * (1, 137 mm SL), Amboina, 1858. Partial morphological study. CAS 129104 (SU 29104)* (4, adults), Maluku Prov., Ternate, 11.06.1929. RMNH 9950 * (1, 148 mm SL), Laiwui, Obi, 27.07.1917. SIO 73-178 * (1, 142 mm SL), 1°31’S 130°34’E, 17.12.1972. USNM prereg. No. 5210* (1, 137 mm SL), ~ Indonesia – Oceania. Melanesia. Full morphological study. IORAS 04005 (1, 113 mm SL), Rabaul, 11- 12.05.1971. IORAS 04006 (8, 110– 144 mm SL), Rabaul, 11- 12.05.1971. AMS uncat. (1, 127.5 mm SL), Kimbe, 4.11.1971. ZMUC uncat. (8, 113– 131 mm SL), 4°25’S 160°00’E, 6- 7.10.1951. Partial morphological study. CSIRO C.1481* (1, 122 mm SL), Möwe Harbour, New Britain, 2.01.1949. USNM 312909 * # (1, 124.5 mm SL), 1°39’S 150°38’E, 21.01.1990. USNM 312910 * (1, 118 mm SL), Fullerborn Harbour, New Britain, 20.02.1990. USNM 312911 * (2, 119 mm SL), Matupit Bay, Simpson Hr., Rabaul, 23.02.1990. New Guinea. Full morphological study. AMS uncat. (1, 32 mm SL), Sek Harbour, 21.09.1971. AMS uncat. (1, 42 mm SL), Madang, 12.08.1971. CAS 128237 (SU 28237) (3, 38– 43 mm SL), Madang, 6.05.1929. SOSC uncat (1, 39 mm SL), 08°03’S 148°07’E, 17.06.1979. SOSC uncat (1, 41 mm SL), 00°51S 135°35’E, 30.06.1979. Partial morphological study. AMS IB.1439* (1, 136 mm SL), off Japen Is., Schouten Is, NE of Geelvink Bay. AMS IB.1440* (1, 135 mm SL), off Japen I. (Schouten Is.), NE of Geelvink Bay. AMS uncat. (3, 20– 34 mm SL), Sek Harbour, 21.09.1971. USNM 294789 * (2, 80– 90 mm SL), Trobriand Is., Off NW corner of Kiriwina I., 8- 9.06.1970. Type material. BMNH 1866.5.2.33* (1, 155 mm SL), no data. MNHN B834* (1, 122 mm SL), Macao (China). RMNH 6972* (2, 102– 140 mm SL), no data. Exocoetus apus is a senior synonym of C. oligolepis, but as the name has not been used as valid since the original description while C. oligolepis was widely used (Collette et al. 1997), the former should be regarded as nomen oblitum and the latter as nomen protectum. However, splitting Cypselurus oligolepis into several subspecies permit us to use apus as valid name for a subspecies. Types. Type of Exocoetus apus (Fig. 15) and syntypes of Exocoetus brachysoma Bleeker were examined by the second author. Their characters are given below. MNHN B834, Macao (Chine), Eydox et Souleyet. Length 122 mm SL. D 11, A 9, P I 14, Spred 24, Str 7½, Sp.br 23 (7 + 16), Vert 39 (24 + 15). Measurements (in % SL): aA 78.6, aD 67.2, aV 55.7, cV 1 32.3, pV 42.7, c 25.3, o 8.9, ao 1 6.3, io 1 10.0, H ~20.7, h 7.9, Dc 28.7, lP 59.8+, lP 1 38.9, lV 29.3, p 15.2. Pectoral fins black to 10 th ray with pale tip. Pelvic fins pale (one of the fins with dark pigmentation near outer margin distally), their tip reaching middle of anal-fin base. First anal-fin ray beneath 6 th dorsal-fin ray. Jaw teeth numerous, tricuspid, arranged in many rows. Palatine teeth present. Description of the type of E. apus by Bruun (1937) differs somewhat from our one in: aV 58.4, lP 66.0, and palatine teeth absent. Syntype of E. brachysoma (BMNH 1866.5.2.33, no label data). Length 155 mm SL (female). D 104, A 8, P I 15, Spred 27, Str 9, Sp.br 18 (3 + 15), Vert 41 (26 + 15). Measurements (in % SL): aA 80.8, aD 72.7, aV 58.0, cV 1 34.5, pV 41.1, c 25.0, o 8.3, ao 1 6.7, io 1 8.2, H 22.1, Dc 25.7, lP 63.0, lV 29.6, lD 17.1, lA 9.8, HD -, HA -. Pectoral fins gray to 9 th ray with pale tip. First anal-fin ray beneath 4 th dorsal-fin ray. Lower jaw shorter than upper jaw. Jaw teeth with additional cusps (but true tricuspid teeth absent). Palatine teeth present. Two presumed syntypes of E. brachysoma (RMNH 6972, no label data) probably belong to C. o. apus; however, we are not entirely certain, as the larger specimen (140 mm SL) might be C. neglectus and the smaller (102 mm SL) C. oligolepis oligolepis. Length 140 mm SL. D 12, A 8, P I 13, Spred 25, Str 8, Sp.br 22 (5 + 17). Measurements (in % SL): cV 1 34.6, pV 40.7, c 24.4, o 9.2, io 1 8.9, H 18.8, h 7.9, Dc 28.7, lP -, lV -, p 14.0. Pigmentation vanished. First anal-fin ray beneath 6 th dorsal-fin ray. Jaw teeth pulled out. Palatine teeth present, arranged in 3 rows. Length 102 mm SL. D 12, A 8, P I 13, Spred 26, Str 8½. Measurements (in % SL): cV 1 33.7, pV 42.7, c 23.8, o 9.2, io 1 8.3, H 17.9, Dc 25.9, lP -, lV -, p 14.1. First anal-fin ray beneath 6 th dorsal-fin ray. 4 Specimen might have 11 rays as there are signs of one ray having been torn away in the x-ray and there are 11 interneural bones. Description. Meristic and morphometric characters are given in Tables 1–5, 8 and 10. D 11–13 (usually 12–13), A 7–9 (usually 8–9), P I 12–15 (usually I 14), Spred 21–28 (usually 23–26), Str 6½–8½ (usually 8–8½), Sp.br 20–26 (4–8 + 15–19), usually 21–24 (5–7 + 16–18), Vert 38–41 (24–26 + 13–16), usually 40 (25–26 + 14–15). Snout short (Fig. 16), jaws usually of equal size or upper jaw longer, but 17% of fish with lower jaw longer. Jaw teeth small to medium-sized (not visible or barely visible to the naked eye), tricuspid, conical and with additional cusps. In larger fish teeth with additional cusps and tricuspid teeth prevailing, and in smaller fish conical teeth prevailing. Juveniles с, 0.97–1.19 in io and 1.03–1.28 in po. Pectoral fins relatively long, their length increasing with growth up to about 100 mm SL, and afterwards nearly constant (Fig. 6c): in juveniles 30–95 mm SL pectoral fin 1.55–1.85 in SL and in fish 110–150 mm SL, 1.48–1.65 in SL. Tip of pectoral fin reaching the posterior half of dorsal-fin base or slightly beyond, never protruding past middle of caudal peduncle; in juveniles under 45 mm SL to about middle of dorsal-fin base. First pectoral-fin ray unbranched, its length hardly increasing with growth, 2.43–2.94 in SL and 1.56–1.87 in lP. Pelvic-fin base much closer to posterior edge of head than to origin of caudal-fin lower lobe (cV / pV = 0.67–0.85); pelvic fins not changing position as fish grows. Pelvic-fin length decreasing strongly from juveniles to adults (Fig. 6d): in juveniles 30–95 mm SL pelvic fin 2.3–3.5 in SL and 1.29–2.13 in lP (Fig. 6f); in fish 110–150 mm SL, 3.2–3.9 in SL and 2.02–2.44 in lP. Tip of pelvic fin in small juveniles HD 6.6–8.0 and HA 8.5–11.9 in SL; in fish 110–150 mm SL, HD 7.6–10.1 and HA 11.35–14.9 in SL. Longest ray in dorsal and anal fins—2 nd or 3 rd. Tip of last dorsal-fin ray reaching from middle of caudal peduncle to the origin of caudal-fin upper lobe (rarely slightly beyond in juveniles Pigmentation. Body of juveniles (Fig. 16a–b) pale brown to dark brown, ventral side usually darker than dorsal. Body bands absent (except a juvenile 34 mm SL with a faint dark band between pectoral and pelvic fins). The head usually darker than body, its lower surface in juveniles 30–80 mm SL brown with chin and distal parts of branchiostegal rays paler, or in some fish rather pale with pigmentation mainly under the eye. Later the pigment on the lower surface of head begins to disappear, and in fish> 110 mm SL lower surface of head pale, sometimes with few dots near the lower jaw symphysis and under the eye. Adults with a few small dark specks on gill covers and under eyes. Pectoral fins in juveniles 20–45 mm SL brown or dark brown with pale ray tips (especially conspicuous in rays 1 st –3 rd); pale transverse band or a row of spots always absent (Fig. 17a). In fish> 80 mm SL pectoral fin pale brown to dark brown to 7 th –9 th (to 10 th in the holotype) ray distally (to 6 th –8 th ray proximally, sometimes a small flat “mirror” present), with a broad pale tip and, sometimes, with a very narrow pale posterior edging (Fig. 17b–c). Pelvic fins in juveniles 20–90 mm SL (Fig. 17d–e) entirely brown or dark brown (sometimes slightly paler proximally). In fish 85–95 mm SL pelvic fins pale with vestigial pigmentation as faint dots or streaks along some rays. In fish ≥ 95 mm SL, pelvic fins pale (Fig. 17f). Dorsal fin in juveniles 20–45 mm SL sparsely covered with melanophores (more densely in upper and posterior parts). In fish 85–95 mm SL dorsal fin gray or pale brown, sometimes with blackish upper margin. In fish ≥ 110 mm SL, dorsal fin gray, usually with pale brownish or yellowish tinge basally. Anal fin in a 20 mm SL juvenile pale with few brown dots near fin base. In juveniles 30–80 mm SL, anal fin pale with brown dots near fin base anteriorly and in the posterior part distally (usually aggregated in a brown spot between 4–5 posterior rays). In fish ≥ 85 mm SL anal fin pale. Caudal fin in fish 20–45 mm SL pale with pale brown base and brown pigmentation between lower lobe rays (except uppermost ones); dark bands absent (Fig. 16a–b). In fish ≥ 85 mm SL, caudal fin pale brown or brown, usually with darker upper lobe and fork distally (Fig. 16c–e). Some fish from Melanesia also with darker caudal-fin base. Coloration in life. No data. Maximum size. The maximum length of C. o. apus in our material was 155 mm SL (syntype of E. brachysoma, BMNH 1866.5.2.33). The largest female and male were 144 and 131 mm SL, respectively. Common names. The name “chunky largescale flying fish” (Russian: “короткотелый малочеШуйный стрижехвост”) is proposed here for the subspecies C. o. apus. Comparative remarks. Cypselurus o. apus differs from C. o. oligolepis and C. o. persicus in shorter pelvic fins (in adults usually 30% SL, see Fig. 6c, f), fewer vertebrae and fewer rays in dorsal and anal fins (see Tables 1–5); it also differs from C. o. oligolepis in the pigmentation of pectoral and pelvic fins in juveniles, from C. o. persicus in shorter pectoral fins (usually 66% SL, see Fig. 6c) and fewer predorsal and transverse scales (Tables 2–3). From C. o. georgii in larger eye (Fig. 6a) and smaller postorbital distance (index po/o in adults 1.03–1.28 vs. 1.36–1.61, see Fig. 6e), deeper body and head of adults (H usually> 20 vs. usually Hc usually> 19 vs. usually Cypselurus o. apus probably can hybridize with C. neglectus (see below for description of C. neglectus). Thus, we were not able to ascribe a specimen (ZMUC uncat. 4°25’S 160°00’E, 6–7 October 1951) to either of these taxa with certainty. The specimen has a deep body and short pelvic fins like C.o. apus, but the pelvic-fin origin is shifted posteriorly as in C. neglectus. Its characters are: 143 mm SL (mature female), D 12, A 8, P I14, Spred 25, Str 8½, Sp.br 20? (5? + 15). Measurements (in % SL): aA 79.7, aD 71.3, aV 59.4, cV 34.1, pV 37.6, c 25.2, po 10.5, o 8.6, ao 4.8, io 10.4, Hc 19.5, H 22.3, h 7.8, Dc 27.2, lP 64.2, lP 1 40.6, lV 28.6, lD 19.5, lA 9.8, HD 11.2, HA 7.3, p 15.3. Pectoral fins dark brown to 8 th ray with pale tip. One of pectoral fins is devoid of pigmentation in its proximal half. Pelvic fins pale. Dorsal fin gray, anal fin pale. Caudal fin pale brown, its base dark brown. Lower jaw slightly longer than upper jaw. Jaw teeth numerous, mainly conical, some with additional cusps and only a few tricuspid; arranged in 3–4 rows. Palatine teeth present, numerous. The 3 rd dorsal-fin ray and 2 nd anal-fin ray longest. First anal-fin ray beneath 7 th dorsal-fin ray. Tip of last dorsal-fin ray nearly reaching origin of caudal-fin upper lobe. This presumed hybrid, capable of reaching sexual maturity, might indicate that subspecies of C. oligolepis and C. neglectus are (or have formerly been) components of a single, highly polymorphic species. However, this should be a matter of further research. Interspecific and even intergeneric natural hybrids are common in different fish groups (e.g. sturgeons, cichlids, chaetodontids, and many others), and in some cases reach maturity (e.g. Oxyporhamphus convexus x O. micropterus, see Parin et al. 1980: 153). Intrasubspecies variation. There are minor variations in frequencies of some counts and in values of some measurements between specimens of Cypselurus o. apus from different regions (see Tables 1–5, 8, 10). For example, fish from Melanesia have fewer dorsal-fin rays and Indonesian fish have fewer vertebrae and transverse scales. Fish from Melanesia have, on average, a larger eye and longer head, and fish from Indonesia a shallower head (in adults) and a shorter postventral distance. However, we consider these differences to have no taxonomical significance. Biology. Males mature at 120 mm SL, females at 128 mm SL. Close to mature or mature fishes were captured at Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, in May (IORAS 04006), at Samar I. in April (USNM 135803), near Halmahera I. in September (SOSC uncat.). Small juveniles 20–34 mm SL were captured at Sek Harbour in September (AMS uncat.), juveniles 38–43 mm SL were captured at Madang in May (CAS 128237) and August (AMS uncat.), and juveniles 39–41 mm SL were captured in June at 08°03’S 148°07’E and 00°51S 135°35’E (both SOSC uncat.). These data suggest C. o. apus spawns at least from April to September. Distribution. Cypselurus o. apus is d, Published as part of Shakhovskoy, Ilia B. & Parin, Nikolay V., 2022, A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker, pp. 1-109 in Zootaxa 5117 (1) on pages 38-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5117.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6378619, {"references":["Valenciennes, A. (1847) Chapitre X. Des Exocets (Exocoetus, Linn.). In: Cuvier, G. & Valenciennes, A., Histoire naturelle des poissons. Vol. 19. Bertrand, Strasbourg, pp. 64 - 144.","Bruun, A. F. (1937) Notes sur les types des Exocets decrits par Cuvier et Valenciennes. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Serie 2, 9 (3), 180 - 187.","Collette, B. B., Parin, N. V., Bauchot, M. - L. & Beaunier, M. (1997) Catalogue critique des types de poissons du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Cybium, 21 (1), 5 - 35.","Bleeker, P. (1865) Sur les especes d'exocet de l'Inde Archipelagique. Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde, 3, 105 - 129.","Gunther, A. (1866) Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Vol. 6. British Museum (Natural History), London, 368 pp.","Bleeker, P. (1866 - 1872). Exocoetiformes. In: Bleeker, P., Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Neerlandaises. Tom. 6. Frederic Muller, Amsterdam, pp. 67 - 78, pls. Scombres I - V.","Weber, M. (1913) Die Fische der Siboga-Expedition. E. J. Brill, Leiden, xii + 710 pp., 12 pls.","Weber, M. & de Beaufort, L. F. (1922) The fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Vol. 4. E. J. Brill Ltd., Leiden, 410 pp.","Parin, N. V. (1960 a) Flying fishes (Exocoetidae) of North-West Pacific. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 31, 205 - 285. [in Russian]","Seale, A. (1906) Fishes of the South Pacific. Occasional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 4 (1), 1 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 18504","Seale, A. (1935) The Templeton Crocker expedition to western Polynesian and Melanesian islands, 1933. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 21 (27), 337 - 378, pls. 20 - 23.","Munro, I. S. R. (1958) The fishes of the New Guinea region. Territory of Papua and New Guinea Fisheries Bulletin No. 1. Reprinted with the same pagination from the Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal, 10 (4), 97 - 369.","Woods, L. P. & Schultz, L. P. (1953) Family Exocoetidae: Flyingfishes. In: Schultz, L. P., Herald, E. S., Lachner, E. Z., Welander, A. D. & Woods, L. P., Fishes of the Marshall and Mariana Islands. Vol. I. Families from Asymmetrontidae through Siganidae. Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum Bulletin, 202, pp. 175 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.202.1","Munro, I. S. R. (1967) The fishes of New Guinea. Department of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries, Port Moresby, 650 pp.","Gillett, R. & Ianelli, J. (1991) Aspects of the biology and fisheries of flyingfish in the Pacific islands. FAO / UNDP Regional Fisheries Support Programme. Field Document 91 / 7. Printed by Quality Print Ltd, Suva, 35 pp.","Belyanina, T. N. (1993) Early stages of development of the East Australian flying fishes (family Exocoetidae). Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 128, 108 - 146. [in Russian with English abstract]","Jordan, D. S. & Seale, A. (1906) The Fishes of Samoa. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, 25, 173 - 455.","Parin, N. V., Collette, B. B. & Shcherbachev, Y. N. (1980) Preliminary review of the marine halfbeaks (Hemiramphidae, Beloniformes) of the tropical Indo-West Pacific. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 97, 7 - 173. [in Russian with English abstract]","Fleminger, A. (1986) The Pleistocene equatorial barrier between the Indian and Pacific oceans and a likely cause for Wallace's line. In: Pierrot-Bults, A. C., van der Spoel, S., Zahuranec, B. J. & Johnson, R. K. (Eds.), Pelagic biogeography. Proceedings of an international conference. The Netherlands, 29 May - 5 June 1985. Unesco technical papers in marine science 49. UNESCO, Paris, pp. 84 - 97.","Woodland, D. J. (1986) Wallace's Line and the distribution of marine inshore fishes. In: Uyeno, T., Arai, R., Taniuchi, T. & Matsuura, K. (Eds.), Indo-Pacific fish biology. Proceedings of the second international conference on Indo-Pacific fishes. The Ichthyological Society of Japan, Tokyo, pp. 453 - 460."]}

Cypselurus neglectus neglectus (Bleeker, 1865) Material examined. Seventy-one specimens 24–160.5 mm SL. Tonkin Bay. Full morphological study. IORAS 04007 (1, 160.5 mm SL), Tonkin Bay, 22.04.1960. IORAS 04008 (1, 154 mm SL), Tonkin Bay. IORAS 04009 (1, 157 mm SL), Tonkin Bay. IORAS 04010 (1, 147 mm SL), 20°20’N 108°46’E, 7.07.1961. IORAS 04011 (1, 152 mm SL), Tonkin Bay. IORAS 04012 (2, 128– 160.5 mm SL), Tonkin Bay. IORAS 04013 (6, 83– 117 mm SL), 20°00’N 107°40’E, 12.08.1961. IORAS 04014 (3, 145– 152 mm SL), Tonkin Bay. IORAS 04015 (1, 149 mm SL), Tonkin Bay, 6.08.1961. IORAS 04016 (2, 112– 152 mm SL), Tonkin Bay. IORAS 04017 (2, 113– 145 mm SL), 19°00’N 106°30’E, 13.08.1961. IORAS 04018 (1, 149 mm SL), Tonkin Bay. Partial morphological study. IORAS 04018 (1, 64 mm SL), Tonkin Bay. IORAS 04019 (1, ~ 24 mm SL), 20°20’N 108°46’E, 7.07.1961. IORAS uncat.* (2, 74– 135 mm SL), 20°10’N 108°47’E, 14.08.1961. Other areas. Full morphological study. IORAS 04020 (1, 157 mm SL), Danang, Vietnam, 18.04.1980. IORAS 04021 (1, 143.5 mm SL), Singapore. IORAS 04022 (1, 147 mm SL), 2°04’N 106°15’E, 6.03.1975. IORAS 04023 (1, 39 mm SL), 1°58’N 105°53’E, 13.07.1971. IORAS 04024 (1, 33.5 mm SL), 3°04’N 109°28’E, 13.06.1971. IORAS 04025 (1, 133 mm SL), 1°58’N 105°53’E, 13.06.1971. IORAS 04026 (1, 141 mm SL), 2°09’N 106°09’E, 6- 7.03.1975. IORAS 04027 (1, 109 mm SL), 0°00’ 135°10’E, 3.04.1966. IORAS 04028 (2, 37– 52 mm SL), Kieta Harbour, Bougainville, 9- 10.01.1966. IORAS 04029 (2, 35–47.5), Surabaya, 13– 15.10.1959. AMS uncat. (2, 33– 34 mm SL), Sek Harbour, 21.09.1971. AMS uncat. (1, 43 mm SL), Madang, 11.08.1971. CAS 81124 * (1, 137.5 mm SL), 12°33’N 101°16’E, 27.10.1957. CAS 81190 (1, 83 mm SL), 10°02’N 109°48’E, 24.09.1960. FRSKU 44256 (1, 135 mm SL), Gulf of Thailand, 30.10.1970. SIO 61-634 (1, 65 mm SL), 12°04’N 101°59’E, 11.02.1961. SOSC Ref.No. 190 (9, 125–149), 6°30’N 118°45’E, 27.01.1965. SIO 65-40 (1, 142 mm SL), Gulf of Thailand. ZMUC P341008 (1, 148 mm SL), 9°59’N 107°23’E, 11.04.1929. ZMUC uncat (1, 142 mm SL), 4°25’S 160°00’E, 6- 7.10.1951. ZMUC uncat. (1, 156 mm SL), 7°00’N 103°18’E, 8.06.1951. Partial morphological study. IORAS 04030 (1, 74 mm SL), 7°44’S 120°05’E, 15.03.1975. IORAS uncat.* (1, 143 mm SL), 2°05’N 106°12’E, 6.08.1975. AMS I.16747-010* (1, 50 mm SL), Madang Harbour, PNG, 30.09.1969. CAS 81114 * (1, 129 mm SL), 9°N 103°E, 22.08.1959. CAS 81119 * (1, 141 mm SL), 5°59’N 105°23’E, 23.06.1960. CSIRO C.3096* (1, 145 mm SL), Möwe Harbour, New Britain, 2.01.1949. HUMZ 90194 * (1, 160 mm SL), no data. ISH 5-1993 * (1, 100 mm SL), off Chumpon, Gulf of Thailand, 6.12.1993. Institute of Marine Research (Vietnam) No. 51789* (1, 117 mm SL), Can Bong, 1.08.1976. USNM 135803 * # (1, 132.5 mm SL), Catbalogan, Samar I., 15.04.1908. Type material. BMNH 1866.5.2.34* (1, 165 mm SL), no data. RMNH 6975 * (2, 143– 187 mm SL), no data. Description. Meristic and morphometric characters are given in Tables 1–5 and 9–10. D 10 –13 (usually 11–12), A 7–9 (usually 8), P I 13–15 (usually I 14), Spred 23–29 (usually 25–28), Str 8–9½ (usually 8½), Sp.br 21–25 (5–8 + 15–19), usually 22–24 (6–7 + 16–17), Vert 40–42 (25–28 + 14–17), usually 41 (26–27 + 14–15). Snout short (Figs. 23, 25), lower jaw shorter than upper or of equal size (rarely lower jaw slightly longer). Upper jaw not pointed anteriorly. Jaw teeth small to medium-sized (not visible or barely visible to the naked eye), mainly tricuspid and (or) with additional cusps (some specimens also have conical teeth). Juveniles с, 1.0–1.3 times in io and 1.15–1.5 in po. Pectoral fins relatively long, their length increasing with growth to about 100 mm SL, and afterwards nearly constant: in juveniles 33–100 mm SL pectoral fin 1.50–1.85 in SL; in fish 110–160 mm SL, 1.4–1.6 in SL. Tip of pectoral fin reaching from posterior half of dorsal-fin base to middle of caudal peduncle; in juveniles lP; in fish 110–160 mm SL, 2.3–2.9 in SL and 1.53–1.85 in lP. Pelvic-fin base closer to posterior edge of head than to origin of caudal-fin lower lobe (cV / pV = 0.71–0.91); pelvic fins shifted slightly posteriorly as fish grows (Fig. 26e). Pelvic-fin length decreasing strongly from juveniles to adults (Fig. 26c): in juveniles 33–100 mm SL pelvic fin 2.3–2.8 in SL and 1.30–1.72 in lP; in fish 110–160 mm SL, 2.7–3.5 in SL and 1.74–2.21 in lP. Tip of pelvic fin of small juveniles 30–95 mm SL reaching (nearly reaching) origin of caudal-fin lower lobe or slightly beyond; in juveniles 95–135 mm SL reaching from end of anal-fin base to middle of caudal peduncle; in fish> 135 mm SL reaching from 1 st –3 rd posterior anal-fin ray to slightly beyond anal-fin base. Anal-fin origin far behind dorsal-fin origin, 1st anal-fin ray beneath 4 th –7 th dorsal-fin ray (usually beneath 5 th –6 th). Dorsal fin with 2–5 rays more than anal fin. Height of dorsal and anal fins decreasing with growth (Fig. 26d): in juveniles 33–100 mm SL, HD 8.1–8.2 and HA 8.8–12.0 in SL; in fish 110–160 mm SL, HD 7.95–11.2 and HA 11.2–14.9 in SL. The 2 nd or 3 rd ray in dorsal and anal fins longest. Tip of last dorsal-fin ray reaching from middle of caudal peduncle to origin of caudal-fin upper lobe (rarely slightly further). Middle and posterior rays of dorsal fin not elongate, penultimate rays not protruding beyond tip of last ray (occasionally slightly protruding in juveniles). Pigmentation. Body of juveniles (Fig. 25a–d) pale brown to dark brown, the ventral side usually darker than dorsal. Body bands usually absent (juveniles occasionally with 1–2 indistinct dark bands posteriorly). Adults with typical “pelagic” pigmentation. Lower surface of head in juveniles 33–55 mm SL brown to dark brown with paler chin and distal parts of branchiostegal rays (in a single juvenile 39 mm SL rather pale with wide dark band under eyes). In fish> 60 mm SL, lower surface of head mainly pale; in juveniles 60–110 mm SL usually with weak aggregation of melanophores under eyes (on bases of branchiostegal rays). Adults with a few small dark specks (Fig. 25f) on gill covers and (or) under eyes. Pectoral fins in juveniles 24–80 mm SL (Fig. 27a–b) brown or dark brown with pale tip (sometimes also with small pale spots near tips of 2 nd and 3 rd rays); without pale transverse band or a row of pale spots. In fish 80–115 mm SL, pigmentation disappearing at lower edge of the fin (below 9–12 th ray). In fish> 115 mm SL (Figs. 23a, 27c), pectoral fins dark gray to dark brown to 8 th ray (rarely to 7 th or 9 th) with broad pale tip and very narrow posterior pale edging; distally pectoral-fin pigmentation usually spreading one ray lower than proximally. Pelvic fins in juveniles 24–80 mm SL (Fig. 27d–e) entirely brown or dark brown. In fish 80–100 mm SL, pigmentation begins to disappear starting with proximal part of the fin, along 1 st ray and between 5 th –6 th rays. In fish 100–120 mm SL, pelvic fins pale with a large dark spot between 2 nd –4 th rays distally. In fish ≥ 120 mm SL, pelvic fins pale (Figs. 23a, 27f), occasionally with few dots or a dark streak between some rays. Dorsal fin in juveniles 33–80 mm SL covered with melanophores, more densely near bases of anterior rays and along upper margin of fin; posterior edge devoid of pigmentation. In fish 80–115 mm SL dorsal fin pale brownish with darker upper margin. In fish> 115 mm SL, dorsal fin gray, sometimes with yellowish or brownish tinge near fin base. Anal fin in juveniles 33–85 mm SL covered with melanophores, mainly near fin base anteriorly and on posterior part of fin (sometimes aggregated there in a brown spot, see Fig. 23b). In fish 85–90 mm SL (65 mm SL from Tonkin Bay) anal fin pale with weak pigmentation near tips of posterior rays. In fish> 110 mm SL, anal fin pale or translucent. Caudal fin of fish 33–45 mm SL (Fig. 25a) pale, with pale brown to brown base and dots along lower lobe rays (except uppermost rays). In fish 45–100 mm SL (Figs. 23b, 25b–d), caudal fin usually with 1–3 dark bands on lower lobe and, in some fish, also with 1–2 bands on upper lobe. In fish> 100 mm SL, caudal fin gray to brown, usually with darker fin base and distal part of upper lobe (Fig. 25e–f). Coloration in life. No data. Maximum size. The maximum length of C. n. neglectus in our material was 160.5 mm SL (IORAS 04007, Tonkin Bay, female). The largest male was 157 mm SL. Intrasubspecies variation. Fish from Tonkin Bay differ slightly from others in having more predorsal scales (usually 26–29 vs. usually 26–27), a smaller interorbital space (see Table 9) and paler pigmentation of anal fin in juveniles (the fin is mainly pale starting with 65 mm SL vs. 85 mm SL). We regard these differences to have no taxonomic significance. Common names. The name “common neglected flying fish” (Russian: “обыкновенный ПриЗрачный стрижехвост”) is proposed here. Biology. Males mature at 133 mm SL, females at 141 mm SL. Close to mature or mature fish were captured near Singapore in March (IORAS 04026) and June (IORAS 04025), in Gulf of Thailand in June (ZMUC uncat.), in Tonkin Bay in April (IORAS 04007) and August (IORAS 04015). The smallest juveniles, 24–35 mm SL, were captured east of Singapore in June (IORAS 04024), at Surabaya in October (IORAS 04029), in Tonkin Bay in July (IORAS 04019), in Sek Harbour in September (AMS uncat.). These data suggest C. n. neglectus spawns at least from March to August-September. Distribution. The subspecies is distributed (Fig. 28) from Singapore (IORAS 04021), Gulf of Thailand (ISH 5- 1993, off Chumpon) and Tonkin Bay (IORAS 04010, 20°20’N 108°46’E), through Indonesia (southernmost occurrences at Surabaya (IORAS 04029) and 7°44’S 120°05’E (IORAS 04030)), Philippines and New Guinea eastward to Melanesia (ZMUC uncat., 4°25’S 160°00’E)., Published as part of Shakhovskoy, Ilia B. & Parin, Nikolay V., 2022, A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker, pp. 1-109 in Zootaxa 5117 (1) on pages 67-72, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5117.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6378619, {"references":["Bleeker, P. (1865) Sur les especes d'exocet de l'Inde Archipelagique. Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde, 3, 105 - 129."]}

Cypselurus poecilopterus crassus subsp. nov. Synonymy and bibliography. Exocoetus poecilopterus. Günther 1866: 291–292 (description; Taiwan). Cypsilurus poecilopterus. Jordan & Starks 1903: 542 (short description; Hakodate, Japan). Cypselurus poecilopterus. Lindberg 1947: 144 (listed; Japan, Korea). Woods & Schultz 1953: 184–185, 187 (morphometry; in part: Japan). Abe 1954: 984–990, Pl. 196 (description, distribution; West Pacific; in part). Tomiyama et al. 1958: 243 (short description, figure; Japan). Imai 1958b: 42, Pl. 40 figs. 1–4 (early life history stages; Japan). Imai 1959: 81–85, Pls. 39–41 (description, distribution, early life history stages; Japan, north to Hokkaido). Tsukahara 1959: 183–184, figs. 42–43 (juveniles; Amakusa Is., Japan). Abe 1960: 149 (listed; Japan, Kuroshio Current). Parin 1960a: 228–231, 278–279, 281, fig. 9 (description; North-West Pacific; in part). Parin 1962: 225–229 (distribution; Sea of Japan and adjacent waters; in part). Lindberg & Legeza 1965: 221, 228, 230–231, fig. 217 (short description (after Abe 1954), distribution; Japan). Nishimura 1965: 66 (listed; Sea of Japan). Ueno 1971: 77 (listed; Hokkaido and adjacent waters). Gushiken 1973: 60, fig. 318 (Okinawa). Masuda et al. 1975: 180 (short description; southern Japan). Yoshino et al. 1975: 71 (listed; Ryukyu Is.). Chen 1978: 291–294, 298–299 (osteology, distribution, identification key; Taiwan). Parin 1984: EXOC Cyp 12 (in part: figure (after Abe 1954)). Chen 1987: 13, 19, 23, 25, 52, 151, Figs. 3-12, 3-33G, 3-34E, 4-6, 6-9, 6-20, Tabs. 2-1, 3-1, 4-6 (description, distribution, early life history stages; North-West Pacific; in part). Chen 1988: 282–283 (early life history stages, figures, distribution; Japan). Nagasawa & Torisawa 1991: 365 (listed; Hokkaido). Shao et al. 1992: 34, figs. E–F (Taiwan (Ken-Ting National Park)). Chen 1993: 191–192, Pl. 43 fig. 2 (short description; Taiwan). Senou et al. 2006: 431 (listed; Sagami Sea). Ichimaru 2007: 39 (listed; Goto Is.). Mok 2008: 24 (listed; Eastern Taiwan). Nishida et al. 2008: 287, 290 (listed as associated with drifting seaweeds; Northern Kyushu, Japan). Nagase et al. 2009: 812 (listed; Tanegashima, Japan). Motomura et al. 2010: 82, fig. 55 (listed; Yaku-shima I.). Shakhovskoy & Parin 2010: 581–602 [559–579], figs. 1–2 (description, morphometry, distribution; in part: waters of Japan and Taiwan). Chang et al. 2012: 542–545, 547 (distribution, fishery; Taiwan). Huang & Ou, 2012: 513, fig. 1 (fishing grounds; Taiwan). Iwatsuki et al. 2017: 34 (listed; Hyuga Nada, Southwestern Japan). Motomura & Harazaki 2017: 15 (listed; Yaku-shima I., Japan). Ueda et al. 2017: 2 (karyotype; Iejima, Japan). Koeda & Akita 2018: 2, 4, fig.1D (listed, photo; northeast of Kubura, Japan). Nakae et al. 2018: 229 (listed; Amami-oshima I., Ryukyu Is., Japan). Shakhovskoy 2018: 56–59, 64–67, 78, figs. 14–15, 18, S4 (distribution according to oceanographic factors; in part: north-western Pacific). Chang 2020: 8 (listed; Orchid I., Taiwan). Hata 2020: 159 (short description, photos, fishery; Osumi, Japan). ? Cypselurus oligolepis (non Bleeker). Chen 1993: Pl. 43 fig. 1 (Taiwan; in part). Holotype (Fig. 1c). ZMMU P-24450, R / V Vityaz, Cruise 46, Sta. 6165, sample 19, 37°28’N 146°36’E, 20 August 1969, captured with dip-net. Length 80 mm SL (juvenile). D 12, A 9, P I 14, Spred 26, Str 10, Sp.br 25 (7 + 18), Vert 42 (26 + 16). Measurements (in % SL): aA 77.5, aD 68.7, aV 55.2, cV 33.8, pV 41.5, c 22.8, po 11.3, o 8.7, ao 2.1, io 12.8, Hc 22.3, H 23.7, h 9.3, Dc 30.0, lP 69.8, lP 1 36.3, lV 39.7, lD 21.8, lA 11.1, HD 13.7 ?, HA 9.5, p 20.3. Body robust, snout very short, jaws of equal size. Jaw teeth small, unicuspid. Palatine teeth present. Body pale brown to brown. Pectoral fins with large elongated dark brown spots arranged in oblique rows upon paler background. Tip of pectoral fin protruding slightly beyond end of dorsal-fin base. Pelvic fins pigmented similar to pectoral fins, their tips almost reaching origin of caudal-fin lower lobe. Dorsal fin brown with a row of paler spots near base. Tip of last dorsal-fin ray protruding slightly beyond origin of caudal-fin upper lobe, tip of penultimate ray still a little further back. Anal fin pale brown except for pale area between first three rays. First anal-fin ray beneath 6 th dorsal-fin ray. Caudal fin pale with brown base and two faint dark bands (aggregations of melanophores) on lower lobe. Paratypes. IORAS 04001, 3 specimens 53, 71 and 119 mm SL, 30°05’N 142°43’E, 6–7 October 1955. Differential diagnosis. Cypselurus poecilopterus crassus differs from other subspecies of C. poecilopterus in wider body and head in juveniles: in fish 25–80 mm SL p usually> 20 vs. usually io usually> 14.5 vs. usually p > 18 vs. usually io ≥ 12 vs. usually Cypselurus p. crassus also differs from other subspecies ecologically, occurring in colder waters of North-West Pacific (see Shakhovskoy 2018: fig. S4). Coloration in life. According to Abe (1954), the body of adults prior to preservation is dark blue dorsally and whitish ventrally. The inner side of the pectoral fin is bluish and has (to the 8th ray) several irregular rows of rounded, brownish-black spots and several irregular rows of rounded, yellow spots between the former. The lower part of the pectoral fin (below the 8 th ray) is pale bluish. The upper side of the first rays of pelvic fins is blue and the remainder is hyaline. In some smaller specimens the membranes of pelvic fins have a few rows of rounded, brownish-black spots. Chen (1993) described the coloration of the paired fins in fish from waters of Taiwan as: pectoral fins yellowish-green (except in the lower part) with brown, slightly reddish, spots; pelvic fins with yellowish-brown spots. According to Imai (1959), the body of some specimens are violet in color while others have coloration usual for flying fishes. In juveniles about 35 mm SL, the dorsal, pelvic and pectoral fins are greenish-yellow, and the black spots on the pectoral fins are fringed with red. Such pectoral fin coloration is retained to a certain extent in adults. Tsukahara (1959) reported that juveniles 60–70 mm FL are brownish-black in life, their pectoral and pelvic fins dark brownish with brownish-black spots, the dorsal and anal fins dark brownish. Biology. According to Imai (1958b, 1959), the spawning season in Kagoshima Prefecture is July–August. Small juveniles (6.0– 20.5 mm SL) are captured in July–August near Yakushima and Tanegashima Is. Near Kyushu, juveniles are found in July–September. Tsukahara (1959) suggested that spawning takes place considerably south of Amakusa Is. According to Chen (1987) spawning occurs from late May to July in coastal areas between Taiwan and Kagoshima I. Larvae appeared in the waters off Taiwan in June and in Japanese waters in June–September at temperatures 24.0–28.8°C (greatest number occurred in 25–27°C). Etymology. The subspecies name reflects extremely wide and deep body in juveniles (from Latin crassus — stout, nourished). Common names. The name“Japanese spotwing flying fish”(Russian:“ЯПонский ПЯтнокрылый стрижехвост”) is proposed here for C. p. crassus.

Cypselurus clariangulatus sp. nov. Synonymy and bibliography. Cypselurus oligolepis (non Bleeker). Fedoryako 1982: 111 (juveniles listed as associated with drifting objects; Pacific Ocean; in part: only fish captured at Station 5028).? Dalzell 1993: 22, 27 (fishery; Camotes Sea, Philippines). Material examined. Thirty-seven specimens 29.5–153 mm SL. Full morphological study. ZMMU P-24452 (holotype) (1, 50 mm SL), 8°18’N 120°25’E, 21- 22.06.1971. IORAS 03999 (1, 128.5 mm SL), Philippines (Camotes Sea?). IORAS 04000 (2, 51– 55.5 mm SL), 7°45’N 120°25’E, 4- 5.04.1961. IORAS 04002 (paratype) (1, 56 mm SL), 8°18’N 120°25’E, 21- 22.06.1971. IORAS 04003 (1, 44 mm SL), ~ 7°N 135°31’E, 30.05.1971. IORAS 04004 (1, 76 mm SL), 8°18’N 120°25’E, 26.06.1971. CAS 81823 (2, 29.5–32 mm SL), 8°43’N 122°40’E, 17.06.1948. CAS 81829 (16, 48.5–151 mm SL), 6°56’N 121°45’E, 6.05.1948. CAS 81904 (2, 128– 129 mm SL), Zamboanga Del Sur, Pilas Group, Minis I., 7.05.1948. CAS 81916 (1, 34 mm SL), Zamboanga del Sur, Sibugney Bay, 7.04.1948. SOSC Ref.No. 190 (4, 133.5– 153 mm SL), 6°30’N 118°45’E, 27.01.1965. ZMUC uncat (1, 61 mm SL), 2°54’N 120°04’E, 20.08.1951. Partial morphological study. CAS 81884 * (1, 71 mm SL), 6°44’N 125°37’E, 13.05.1948. CAS 81920 * (1, 33 mm SL), 7°18’N 122°30’E, 9.05.1948. CAS B-89* (1, 137 mm SL), 6°37’N 121°33’E, 13.01.1948. USNM 435571 # (1, 108.5 mm SL), near Dauis, Panglao, 1.08.2016. As juveniles, Cypselurus clariangulatus is easily distinguished from C. oligolepis, but we did not find reliable diagnostic characters for adults. Thus, only juveniles are included in the type series. Holotype (Fig. 20). ZMMU P-24452, R / V Vityaz Cruise 50, Sta. 6490, sample 534, 8°18’N 120°25’E, 21–22 June 1971, dip-net, with night-light. Length 50 mm SL (juvenile). D 11, A 7, P I 14, Spred 24, Str 8½, Sp.br 23 (6 + 17), Vert 40(?). Measurements (in % SL): aA 76.4, aD 70.4, aV 54.6, cV 29.8, pV 42.6, c 25.4, po 11.8, o 10.4, ao 3.6, io 14.2, Hc 19.8, H 21.4, h 9.4, Dc 28.4, lP 58.0, lP 1 36.6, lV 46.2, lD 20.8, lA 11.4, HD 13.6?, HA 10.2, p 20.4. Body brown, ventral side somewhat darker than dorsal (Fig. 20a). Head dark brown, “lips” (mouth margin) and chin pale. Pectoral fins brown with three small pale areas near tips of 1 st –3 rd rays and pale lower edging (Fig. 20b). Tip of pectoral fin slightly protruding beyond 5 th dorsal-fin ray. Pelvic fins brown, their 1 st ray somewhat paler; inner fin corner without pigmentation (Fig. 20c). Tip of pelvic fin nearly reaching origin of middle rays of caudal fin. Dorsal fin pale with dark dots anteriorly and on upper part of fin to 7 th ray, and scarce dots near bases of rays. Tip of last dorsal-fin ray nearly reaching origin of caudal-fin upper lobe, penultimate rays shorter than last ray. Anal fin pale, with only solitary dots present near bases of rays. First anal-fin ray beneath 5 th dorsal-fin ray. The 2 nd ray of dorsal and anal fins longest. Caudal fin pale with brown base and large brown band on lower lobe distally. Lower and upper jaws equal. Jaw teeth very small, conical. Palatine teeth present (arranged in a row). Paratypes. IORAS 04002, 56 mm SL, 8°18’N 120°25’E, 21–22 June 1971. CAS 81884, 71 mm SL, 6°44’N 125°37’E, 13 May 1948. Description. Meristic and morphometric characters are given in Tables 1–6 and 10. D 11–12, A 7–9 (usually 8), P I 13–16 (usually I 14–15), Spred 23–27 (usually 24–26), Str 7½–9½ (usually 8½), Sp.br 22–25 (6–8 + 16–19), usually 24–25 (6–7 + 17–18), Vert 39–42 (25–27 + 14–15), usually 40–41 (25–26 +14–15). Snout short and blunt, upper jaw not pointed anteriorly (Fig. 21), lower jaw shorter than upper or of equal length (rarely lower jaw may be slightly longer, especially in juveniles). Jaw teeth small (usually not visible with naked eyes), mainly tricuspid (some specimens also have conical teeth or teeth with additional cusps). Juveniles с, 1.08–1.26 times in io and 1.27–1.53 in po. Pectoral fins relatively short, their length increasing with growth (Fig. 6c): in juveniles 30–95 mm SL it fits 1.5–2.0 in SL and in fish 128–153 mm SL, 1.55–1.65 in SL. Tip of pectoral fin reaching from middle to end of dorsal-fin base, occasionally extending beyond it; in juveniles lP; in fish 128–153 mm SL, 2.60–2.95 in SL and 1.59–1.77 in lP. Pelvic fin base much closer to posterior edge of head than to origin of caudal-fin lower lobe (cV / pV = 0.48–0.85); pelvic fins shift slightly posteriorly as fish grows. Pelvic-fin length decreasing strongly from juveniles to adults (Fig. 6d): in juveniles 30–95 mm SL it fits 2.1–2.9 in SL and 1.01–1.67 in lP (Fig. 6f); in fish 128–153 mm SL, 3.3–3.6 in SL and 1.99–2.26 in lP. Tip of pelvic fin in small juveniles 30–60 mm SL reaching (or nearly reaching) origin of caudal-fin lower lobe or protruding slightly beyond; in juveniles 60–80 mm SL, protruding beyond middle of caudal peduncle but not reaching origin of caudal-fin lower lobe; in fish 80–92 mm SL, reaching from end of anal-fin base to middle of caudal peduncle, and in fish> 128 mm SL, from middle (or nearly so) to end of anal-fin base. Anal-fin origin far behind dorsal-fin origin, 1st anal-fin ray beneath 5 th –7 th (very rarely 4 th) dorsal-fin ray. Dorsal fin with 2–4 rays more than anal fin. Height of dorsal and, especially, anal fins decreasing with growth. In juveniles 30–95 mm SL, HD 7.1–8.7 and HA 9.2–12.65 in SL; in fish 128–153 mm SL, HD 9.7–10.85 and HA 13.9–15.15 in SL. Longest ray of dorsal and anal fins 2 nd or 3 rd. Tip of last dorsal-fin ray protruding behind middle of caudal peduncle but never reaching origin of caudal-fin lower lobe. Middle and posterior rays of dorsal fin not elongate, penultimate rays not extending behind tip of last ray. Pigmentation. Body of juveniles 30–80 mm SL (Fig. 21a–b) pale brown to dark brown, usually darker ventrally and paler dorsally. Body bands usually absent, but a dark band between origins of pectoral and pelvic fins present in occasional specimens. Body of fish ≥ 80 mm SL pale brown or brown, dorsally darker than ventrally. Lower surface of head in juveniles 30–80 mm SL brown or dark brown with pale chin and distal parts of branchiostegal rays (in few fish rather pale with pigmentation mainly under eyes). In fish 80–90 mm SL, lower surface of head pale with weak dotted pigmentation on bases of branchiostegal rays and near lower jaw symphysis. Fish> 125 mm SL with a few small dark specks on gill covers and (or) under eyes (Fig. 21e) or without specks. Pectoral fins (Figs. 20b, 22a) of juveniles 30–80 mm SL brown or dark brown with pale tip and lower edging and, in some fish, with two small pale areas near tips of 1 st –2 nd rays; pale transverse band or spots always absent. In fish 80–110 mm SL, a small “mirror” reaching 8 th ray appears. In fish 128–153 mm SL, pectoral fins pale brown to dark brown to 8 th –9 th ray with broad pale tip and very narrow posterior pale edging. Distally fin pigmentation usually extends one ray lower than proximally (Fig. 22b) or a small “mirror” present. Pelvic fins of juveniles 30–80 mm SL (Figs. 20c, 22c) brown or dark brown (1 st and 2 nd rays sometimes paler) with unpigmented inner corner. In fish 80 mm SL pigmentation begins to disappear, and in fish 85–95 mm SL pelvic fin pale with residual pigmentation (dots and streaks) along some rays in central and posterior parts (Fig. 22d). In fish ≥ 105 mm SL pelvic fins pale (Fig. 22e). Dorsal fin of juveniles 30–95 mm SL covered with brown melanophores, denser near bases of anterior rays and along upper margin, sparser posteriorly (or entirely pale). In fish 128–153 mm SL, dorsal fin gray or pale brownish. Anal fin of juveniles 30–90 mm SL transparent, sometimes with few dots near base of some rays. Occasionally, pigmentation also present distally between penultimate rays. In fish ≥ 90 mm SL, anal fin translucent (rarely grayish near base). Caudal fin of fish 30–35 mm SL pale with dots on fin base, along lower lobe rays (sometimes aggregated in a dark band distally) and, in some cases, on tip of upper lobe (Fig. 21a). In fish 40–55 mm SL, caudal fin pale, but fin base and distal half of lower lobe densely covered with brown melanophores. In fish 55–75 mm SL, fin base and lower lobe brown or dark brown (sometimes with a paler zone on lower lobe proximally), upper lobe (except pigmented tip) and fork pale (Fig. 21b). In fish 75–95 mm SL, caudal fin brown or dark brown with a pale band passing through upper lobe and fork (Fig. 21c). In fish 125–155 mm SL (Fig. 21d–e), caudal fin brown or pale brown, sometimes upper lobe darker distally. Coloration in life. The holotype and a paratype (IORAS 04002, 56 mm SL) of C. clariangulatus exhibited much yellow and red pigmentation: lower surface of body blackish-yellow; pectoral fins dark brown, nearly black, anteriorly and orange-red posteriorly; pelvic fins with yellow, red and black pigmentation; band on lower lobe of caudal fin red. Maximum size. The maximum length of adults of C. clariangulatus was 153 mm SL (SOSC Ref.No. 190, 6°30’N 118°45’E, not dissected for sex). The largest female was 151 mm SL, and the only male was 128 mm SL. Intraspecific variation. No data. Etymology. The species name reflects its main diagnostic character—unpigmented inner corner of pelvic fins in juveniles (from Latin clarus —clear and angulus —corner). Common names. The name “Clear-corner flying fish” (Russian: “уголковый стрижехвост”) is proposed here for C. clariangulatus. Comparative remarks. Cypselurus clariangulatus is very similar to C. oligolepis, differing most noticeably in pigmentation of pelvic and anal fins of juveniles (up to 80 mm SL). The juveniles of C. clariangulatus also have a wider interorbital space (12.5–16.3 vs. 10.0–14.0, see Fig. 6b). However, we did not find reliable diagnostic characters for adults. The only differences noted were that the adults of C. clariangulatus tend to have more gill rakers (usually 24–25 vs. usually C. o. persicus) fins (HD 9.2–10.3 vs. 9.2–13.8, usually> 10.5% SL; HA 6.6–7.2 vs. 6.8–9.3, usually> 7.5% SL), shorter pectoral fins and their first ray (lP 60.2–64.1 vs. 60.3–71.2% SL, lP 1 34.0–37.9 vs. 32.0–45.3% SL) and smaller eye (except persicus and georgii) (7.6–8.5 vs. 7.0–10.7% SL) (see Tables 4, 6–8); also, pelvic fins are shorter than in C. o. oligolepis and C. o. persicus (Fig. 6d). However, nearly all these differences have much overlap. Thus, further research is needed to find reliable characters for identification of adults of this species. Cypselurus clariangulatus differs from C. izumii in shorter pelvic (≤ 32.2 vs. ≥ 32.9% SL) and pectoral (lP ≤ 63.8 vs. ≥ 66.0% SL, lP 1 ≤ 37.9 vs. ≥40.1% SL) fins, lower dorsal and anal fins (HD ≤ 10.3 vs. ≥10.6% SL, HA ≤ 7.2 vs. ≥ 7.3% SL), larger head (≥ 24.5 vs. ≤ 24.4% SL), fewer vertebrae (39–42, usually C. izumii 176.3 12 23.4 10.2 7.3 4.6 – 9.7 156.5–188.0 22.3–24.4 9.7–10.7 6.8–7.8 4.1–5.1 9.1–10.5 C. clariangulatus 60.2 24 24.4 10.5 9.8 3.6 (n=23) – 13.3 29.5–92.0 21.7–26.7 9.7–11.8 7.7–13.2 2.7–4.5 10.7–16.3 137.3 11 25.1 (n=10) 11.0 (n=9) 8.2 4.7 (n=9) – 9.5 (n=9) 108.5–153.0 24.5–25.7 10.6–11.6 7.6–8.5 4.5–5.1 8.7–10.6 C. neglectus 69.0 64 23.9 (n=55) 10.8 (n=49) 9.3 (n=52) 3.5 (n=46) – 11.4 (n=48) 33.0–100.0 22.1–26.3 9.3–12.0 8.1–11.7 2.7–4.9 10.0–12.9 139.1 70 24.5 (n=61) 10.8 (n=52) 8.3 (n=56) 4.6 (n=47) 7.2 (n=1) 9.8 (n=52) 105.0–186.0 22.8–26.7 9.9–11.5 7.0–9.4 3.6–5.8 8.8–11.0 C. nossibe 42.2 3 26.3 (n=19) 11.9 (n=2) 11.2 2.6 (n=2) – 12.6 (n=2) 16.5–63.0 25.2–27.8 11.4–12.5 9.3–13.6 2.3–3.0 12.6–12.7 153.3 9 25.3 10.9 (n=8) 8.9 (n=8) 4.7 (n=8) – 10.0 (n=8) 115.0–183.0 24.8–26.1 10.4–11.8 8.5–9.1 4.1–5.3 9.2–11.3 Cypselurus sp. (poecilopterus ?) 49.4 42 24.8 (n=38) 11.6 (n=38) 11.3 (n=40) 2.5 (n=37) – 13.5 (n=41) 23.0–77.5 23.1–26.7 10.6–12.9 9.2–13.4 1.9–3.4 12.1–15.4 ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page Note: Here and elsewhere the mean is given above the line, the range of variation—under the line. ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page Biology. Females mature at 128 mm SL. Close to mature or mature fish were captured near Pilas Is. in May (CAS 81829) and in Camotes Sea (IORAS 03999, date unknown). Small juveniles of 30–35 mm SL were captured on 7 April 1948 in Sibugney Bay (CAS 81916), on 9 May 1948 at 7°18’N 122°30’E (CAS 81920), and on 17 June 1948 at 8°43’N 122°40’E (CAS 81823). These data suggest that C. clariangulatus spawns in waters of the Philippines at least from March to May. Distribution. Cypselurus clariangulatus occurs (Fig. 18) mainly in the Sulu Sea, but has also been collected in the Celebes (ZMUC uncat, 2°54’N 120°04’E) and Camotes (IORAS 03999) seas, Davao Gulf (CAS 81884) and, its easternmost occurrence, the Caroline Islands (IORAS 04003, ~ 7°N 135°31’E). This species is sympatric with C. oligolepis and, probably, with C. neglectus., Published as part of Shakhovskoy, Ilia B. & Parin, Nikolay V., 2022, A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker, pp. 1-109 in Zootaxa 5117 (1) on pages 47-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5117.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6378619, {"references":["Fedoryako, B. I. (1982) Annotated list of fishes associated with drifting objects. In: Parin, N. V. (Eds.), Unsufficiently Studied Fishes of the Open Ocean. P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, pp. 110 - 118. [in Russian with English abstract]","Dalzell, P. (1993) The fisheries biology of flying fishes (Families: Exocoetidae and Hemiramphidae) from the Camotes Sea, Central Philippines. Journal of Fish Biology, 43, 19 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1993. tb 00407. x"]}

Cypselurus callopterus (Günther, 1866) Synonymy and bibliography. Exocoetus callopterus Günther, 1866: 292 (original description; Pacific coast of Panama). Günther 1868: 479–480, Pl. 83 (short description; Panama). Lütken 1876: 393, 401 (listed; Panama). Jordan & Meek 1885: 53, 65–67 (short description; Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America). Jordan & Evermann 1896a: 740 (short description; Panama; in part?). Cypsilurus callopterus. Jordan & Evermann 1896b: 323 (listed; Panama). Fowler 1944: 393, 408, 491, fig. 117 (Panama, Mexico, Galapagos Is.). Cypselurus callopterus. Meek & Hildebrand 1923: 246–247 (description; Panama). Breder 1928: 23 (listed; Eastern Pacific). Fowler 1932b: 7 (short description; 90 mi S of Panama). Seale 1940: 9 (pigmentation of fins; Galapagos Is.). Woods & Schultz 1953: 184–185, 187 (morphometry; Panama). Parin 1958: 121 (distribution). Parin 1961b: 102, 117–118, 129, 166, 180, fig. 17g (morphology, systematics). Parin 1967: 52, 54 (distribution). Chirichigno & Parin 1974: 143 (in key; Ecuador, probable in Peru). Kovalevskaya 1980: 224 (listed). Parin & Astakhov 1982: 284 (lateral line system). Parin et al. 1990: 206 (distribution; Eastern Pacific). Franke & Acero 1992: 118–119 (morphometry; Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona, Colombian Pacific). Parin 1995: 1093, 1100, fig. 9a (distribution, diagnostic characters; Eastern Pacific). Grove & Lavenberg 1997: 254, fig. 122e (short description; Galapagos Is.). Olson et al. 2001a: 15 (sighting observations; Eastern Pacific). Olson et al. 2001b: 15 (sighting observations; Eastern Pacific). Love et al. 2005: 65 (listed; Eastern Pacific). Shakhovskoy & Shtaut 2008: 408–412 [395–398], figs. 3–4 (early life history stages; Eastern Pacific). Shakhovskoy & Parin 2010: 581–602 [559–579], figs. 1, 3–4, 6b (description, osteology, morphometry, distribution; Eastern Pacific). Lewallen et al. 2011: 164, figs. 2–3, 5 (molecular systematics). Kobelkowsky 2012: 1354 (morphology of ovaries; Mexico). Tripp-Valdez et al. 2015: 583, 588 (listed as prey of dolphin fish; Cabo San Lucas, Mexico).? Betancur-R et al. 2017: 6, fig. 2 (molecular phylogeny). Lewallen et al. 2018: 1758–1761, fig. 3 (habitat models; Eastern Pacific). Shakhovskoy 2018: 56–59, 64–67, 78, figs. 14–15, 18, S4 (distribution according to oceanographic factors). Cypselurus calopterus. Olson et al. 2000: 17 (sighting observations; Eastern Pacific). Probable misidentifications. Emperua et al. (2017) reported that C. callopterus comprises 1.7% of flying fish catch in Philippines. However, it is undoubtedly a misidentification, probably of a species of Cheilopogon (subgenus Maculocoetus). Holotype. The holotype of C. callopterus (BMNH 1867.9.23.15 according to Fricke et al. 2021) was not studied by us. Description. For the species description see Shakhovskoy & Parin 2010. Comparative remarks. Cypselurus callopterus is most readily distinguished from all other species of Cypselurus (except C. simus and C. poecilopterus) in its characteristic spotted pigmentation of the pectoral fins. Two species of the genus Cheilopogon (Ch. atrisignis and Ch. rapanouiensis), distributed in Eastern Pacific, also have spots on the pectoral fins and may be confused with C. callopterus. These species may be distinguished from C. callopterus by longer lower jaw, usually projecting ahead of upper jaw (which is usually pointed anteriorly vs. roundish in C. callopterus), the absence of true tricuspid jaw teeth and more anal-fin rays and vertebrae. Pectoral fin spots in these species are usually not as large and numerous as in C. callopterus and rather randomly spaced instead of being arranged in oblique rows. Juveniles of Ch. atrisignis and Ch. rapanouiensis differ in having a pair of chin barbels., Published as part of Shakhovskoy, Ilia B. & Parin, Nikolay V., 2022, A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker, pp. 1-109 in Zootaxa 5117 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5117.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6378619, {"references":["Gunther, A. (1866) Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Vol. 6. British Museum (Natural History), London, 368 pp.","Gunther, A. (1868) An account of the fishes of the States of Central America, based on collections made by Capt. J. M. Dow, F. Godman, Esq., and O. Salvin, Esq. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 6 (7), 377 - 494, pls. 63 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1868. tb 00582. x","Lutken, C. F. (1876) Ichthyographiske Bidrag. VI. Bidrag til flyvefiskes (Exocoeternes) Diagnostik. Videnskabelige meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistoriske forening i Kjobenhavn, 12, 389 - 408. [with French translation: Contributions ichthyographiques. VI. Contributions a la diagnostique des poissons volants ou Exocets, Videnskabelige meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistoriske forening i Kjobenhavn, 12, 99 - 114]","Jordan, D. S. & Meek, S. E. (1885) A review of the American species of flying fishes (Exocoetus). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 8, 44 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.8 - 483.44","Jordan, D. S. & Evermann, B. W. (1896 a) The Fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalog of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters on North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 47 (1), 1 - 1240. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46755","Jordan, D. S. & Evermann, B. W. (1896 b) A check-list of the fishes and fish-like vertebrates of North and Middle America. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner for 1895, Appendix 5, 207 - 584.","Fowler, H. W. (1944) Results of the fifth George Vanderbilt expedition (1941) (Bahamas, Caribbean Sea, Panama, Galapagos Archipelago and Mexican Pacific islands). The fishes. Monographs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, No. 6, 57 - 529, pls. 1 - 20.","Meek, S. E. & Hildebrand, S. F. (1923) The marine fishes of Panama. Field Museum of Natural History. Zoology, 15 (1), 1 - 330.","Breder, C. M. (1928) Scientific results of the second oceanographic expedition of the \" Pawnee \" 1926. Nematognathii, Apodes, Isospondyli, Synentognathi, and Thoracostraci from Panama to Lower California with a generic analysis of the Exocoetidae. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, Yale University, 2 (2), 1 - 25.","Fowler, H. W. (1932 b) The fishes obtained by the Pinchot South Sea Expedition of 1929, with description of one new genus and three new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 80 (Art. 6), 1 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.80 - 2906.1","Seale, A. (1940) Report on fishes from Allan Hancock expeditions in the California Academy of Sciences. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 9 (1), 1 - 46, pls. 1 - 5.","Woods, L. P. & Schultz, L. P. (1953) Family Exocoetidae: Flyingfishes. In: Schultz, L. P., Herald, E. S., Lachner, E. Z., Welander, A. D. & Woods, L. P., Fishes of the Marshall and Mariana Islands. Vol. I. Families from Asymmetrontidae through Siganidae. Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum Bulletin, 202, pp. 175 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.202.1","Parin, N. V. (1958) Geographic distribution of flying fishes. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, Supplement 1, 120 - 121. [in Russian]","Parin, N. V. (1961 b) Principles of classification of the flying fishes (families Oxyporhamphidae and Exocoetidae). Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 43, 92 - 183. [in Russian; English translation: National Marine Fisheries Service, Systematics Laboratory Translation 67]","Parin, N. V. (1967) Chapter 2. Beloniform fishes of the open ocean. In: Kort, V. G. & Rass, T. S. (Eds.), Pacific Ocean. Biology of the Pacific Ocean. Book 3. Fishes of open waters. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 43 - 58. [in Russian]","Chirichigno, N. F. & Parin, N. V. (1974) Family Exocoetidae. In: Chirichigno, N. F., Clave par identificar los peces marinos del Peru. Informe Instituto del Mar del Peru - Callao. No. 44. Instituto del Mar del Peru, Callao, pp. 141 - 145.","Kovalevskaya, N. V. (1980) The reproduction, development and peculiarities of distribution of the larvae and fry of flyingfishes in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 97, 212 - 275. [in Russian with English abstract]","Parin, N. V. & Astakhov, D. A. (1982) Studies on acustico-lateralis system of Beloniform fishes in connection with their systematics. Copeia, 1982 (No. 2), 276 - 291. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1444606","Parin, N. V., Borodulina, O. D., Konovalenko, I. I. & Kotlyar A. N. (1990) Oceanic pelagic fishes of the southeastern Pacific Ocean (composition of fauna and geographic distribution). Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 125, 192 - 222. [in Russian with English abstract]","Franke, R. & Acero, A. P. (1992) Peces oseos comerciales del Parque Gorgona, Pacifico colombiano (Osteichthyes: Elopidae, Chanidae, Exocoetidae, Belonidae y Scombridae). Revista de Biologia Tropical, 40 (1), 117 - 124.","Parin, N. V. (1995) Exocoetidae. Peces voladores. In: Fischer, W. (Eds.), Guia FAO Identif. Especes Fines Pesco. Pacifico Centro-orient. Vol. 2. FAO, Roma, pp. 1091 - 1103.","Grove, J. S. & Lavenberg, R. J. (1997) The fishes of the Galapagos Islands. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 936 pp.","Olson, P. A., Pitman, R. L., Balance, L. T., Hough, K. R., Dutton, P. & Reilly, S. B. (2001 a) Summary of seabird, marine turtle, and surface fauna data collected during a survey in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean July 28 - December 9, 1999. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS, March 2001, NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC- 301, i - iii + 1 - 54.","Olson, P. A., Pitman, R. L., Balance, L. T., Hough, K. R., Dutton, P. H. & Reilly, S. B. (2001 b) Summary of seabird, marine turtle, and surface fauna data collected during a survey in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, July 28 - December 9, 2000. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS, May 2001, NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC- 304, i - iii + 1 - 58.","Love, M. S., Mecklenburg, C. W., Mecklenburg, T. A. & Thorsteinson, L. K. (2005) Resource Inventory of marine and estuarine fishes of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of north Pacific and Arctic Ocean species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon Border. OCS Study MMS 2005 - 030 and USGS / NBII 2005 - 001. U. S. Department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Seattle, Washington, ix + 276 pp.","Shakhovskoy, I. B. & Shtaut, M. I. (2008) The early life history stages of flying fishes Cypselurus simus and C. callopterus (Beloniformes, Exocoetidae). Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 48 (3), 404 - 414. [in Russian, English translation in Journal of Ichthyology, 48 (5), 391 - 401] https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0032945208050032","Shakhovskoy, I. B. & Parin, N. V. (2010) A comparative description and distribution of the flying fishes - Cypselurus poecilopterus, C. simus, and C. callopterus, sorted out into the species group of spotwing species of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 50 (5), 581 - 602. [in Russian, English translation in Journal of Ichthyology, 50 (8), 559 - 579] https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0032945210080011","Lewallen, E. A., Pitman, R. L., Kjartanson, S. L. & Lovejoy, N. R. (2011) Molecular systematics of flyingfishes (Teleostei, Exocoetidae): evolution in the epipelagic zone. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 102, 161 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2010.01550. x","Kobelkowsky, A. (2012) Morphological diversity of the ovaries of the Mexican teleost fishes. International Journal of Morphology, 30 (4), 1353 - 1362. https: // doi. org / 10.4067 / S 0717 - 95022012000400017","Tripp-Valdez, A., Galvan-Magana, F. & Ortega-Garcia, S. (2015) Food sources of common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) based on stomach content and stable isotopes analyses. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 95 (3), 579 - 591. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315414001842","Betancur-R, R., Wiley, E. O., Arratia, G., Acero, A., Bailly, N., Miya, M., Lecointre, G. & Orti, G. (2017) Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 17 (162), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 017 - 0958 - 3","Lewallen, E. A., van Wijnen, A. J., Bonin, C. A. & Lovejoy, N. R. (2018) Flyingfish (Exocoetidae) species diversity and habitats in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Marine Biodiversity, 48, 1755 - 1765. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 017 - 0666 - 7","Shakhovskoy, I. B. (2018) Specific features of distribution in the World Ocean of some flying fishes of the genera Exocoetus, Hirundichthys and Cypselurus (Exocoetidae). FishTaxa, 3 (4), 40 - 80.","Olson, P. A., Pitman, R. L., Balance, L. T. & Reilly, S. B. (2000) Summary of seabird, marine turtle, and surface fauna data collected during a survey in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean July 30 - December 9, 1998. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS, August 2000. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC- 298, i - iv + 1 - 69.","Emperua, L. L., Muallil, R. N., Donia, E. A., Pautong, A. T., Pechon, R. R. & Balonos, T. A. (2017) Relative abundance of flying fish gillnet fisheries in Maitum, Sarangani province. International Journal of Fisheries and aquatic studies, 5 (5), 438 - 442.","Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N. & Van der Laan, R. (Eds.) (2021) Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: genera, species, references. Electronic Version. Available from: http: // researcharchive. calacademy. org / research / ichthyology / catalog / fishcatmain. asp (accessed 15 April 2021)"]}

Cypselurus izumii sp. nov. Synonymy and bibliography. No data. Material examined. Twelve specimens 156.5–188 mm SL. Full morphological study. IORAS 03994 (8, 156.5– 187 mm SL), 20°01’S 115°00’E, 12.01.1988. IORAS 03995 (holotype) (1, 187 mm SL), 20°01’S 115°00’E, 12.01.1988. IORAS 03996 (paratype) (1, 188 mm SL), 20°01’S 115°00’E, 12.01.1988. IORAS 03997 (ex FRSKU 112220) (paratype) (1, 174 mm SL), 26°27’S 112°44’E, 8.01.1988. IORAS 03998 (ex FRSKU 112303) (paratype), (1, 171 mm SL), 24°00’S 112°45’E, 16.12.1987. Holotype (Fig. 19a). IORAS 03995, R / V Shoyo Maru Sta. 16, 20°01’S 115°00’E, 12 January 1988, water temperature 27°С. Length 187 mm SL (female). D 12, A 9, P I 15, Spred 25, Str 8½?, Sp.br 23 (6 + 17), Vert 43 (27 + 16). Measurements (in % SL): aA 80.7, aD 69.2, aV 56.7, cV 35.9, pV 41.7, c 22.3, po 10.1, o 6.8, ao 4.8, io 10.1, Hc 18.0, H 18.7?, h 7.9, Dc 27.7, lP 70.9, lP 1 41.4, lV 37.1, lD 18.8, lA 10.2, HD -, HA 7.5, p 13.8. Body dark dorsally, silvery ventrally. Pectoral fins brown to 9 th ray with pale tip. Tip of pectoral fin reaching middle of caudal peduncle. Pelvic fins pale, their tip protrudes beyond end of anal-fin base. Dorsal fin gray, tip of its last ray slightly protruding beyond middle of caudal peduncle. Anal fin pale, its first ray beneath 6 th dorsal-fin ray. The 2 nd anal-fin ray longest. Caudal fin pale brown, slightly darker near fork. Lower and upper jaws about equal. Jaw teeth are rather large (clearly visible with the naked eye), numerous, tricuspid (a few conical teeth also present), and arranged in 3 rows. Palatine teeth numerous. Paratypes. IORAS 03996, 188 mm SL, R / V Shoyo Maru Sta. 16, 20°01’S 115°00’E, 12 January 1988. IORAS 03997 (ex FRSKU 112220), 174 mm SL, R / V Shoyo Maru, 26°27’S 112°44’E, 8 January 1988. IORAS 03998 (ex FRSKU 112303), 171 mm SL, R / V Shoyo Maru, 24°00’S 112°45’E, 16 December 1987. Description. Meristic and morphometric characters are given in Tables 1–6 and 10. D 11–14 (usually 12–13), A 8–10, P I 14–16, Spred 25–30 (usually 25–28), Str 8½–10 (usually 8½), Sp.br 22–24 (6–7 + 16–17), Vert 42–44 (26–28 + 15–16). Snout short and deep, upper jaw rounded at tip. Lower jaw usually shorter than upper or of equal size, rarely slightly longer. Jaw teeth numerous, rather large (usually clearly visible with the naked eye) and tricuspid, some fish also with few conical teeth; arranged in 3–4 rows. Palatine teeth always present, numerous. In fish 155–190 mm SL, body from elongate to quite deep; greatest body depth 4.5–5.45 in SL. Body width 1.31–1.56 in SL and depth of caudal peduncle 2.35–2.73 in SL. Greatest head depth 5.3–5.65 in SL. Head length 4.1–4.5 in SL and 1.06–1.30 in dorso-caudal distance. Eyes relatively small (Fig. 6a), eye diameter 12.8–14.7 in SL, 3.1–3.3 in с, 1.2–1.5 in io and 1.29–1.48 in po (Fig. 6e). Pectoral fins very long (Fig. 6c), their length 1.4–1.5 in SL. Tip of pectoral fin always protruding beyond end of dorsal-fin base, usually reaching middle of caudal peduncle or slightly further. First pectoral-fin ray unbranched, its length 2.25–2.5 in SL and 1.6–1.7 in lP. Pelvic-fin origin closer to posterior margin of head than to origin of caudal-fin lower lobe (cV/pV = 0.72–0.87). Pelvic fins extremely large (Fig. 6d), their length 2.7–3.05 in SL and 1.91–2.05 in lP (Fig. 6f). Tip of pelvic fin usually protruding beyond end of anal-fin base (occasionally reaching only penultimate or last anal-fin ray). Anal-fin origin far behind dorsal-fin origin (1 st anal-fin ray beneath 6 th –7 th dorsal-fin ray). Dorsal fin with 2–5 rays more than anal fin. Height of dorsal and anal fins 7.75–9.4 and 11.75–13.7 in SL, respectively. The 2 nd ray in dorsal and anal fins longest. Tip of last dorsal-fin ray reaching middle of caudal peduncle or further, but never reaching origin of caudal-fin upper lobe. Middle and posterior rays of dorsal fin not elongated (tips of penultimate rays not extending beyond tip of last ray). Pigmentation. Body of fish 155–190 mm SL with typical flying fish “pelagic” pigmentation. Dark specks on gill covers and under eyes absent or very sparse. Pectoral fins (Fig. 19b) pale brown to dark brown (sometimes with violet tinge) to 9 th –10 th (rarely to 8 th) ray, with very small, flat “mirror” in some fish. Proximal part of pectoral fin sometimes slightly paler than distal one. Pectoral fins always with clear-cut broad pale tip, posterior pale edging usually absent. Pelvic fins pale, but occasionally with vestigial pigmentation distally. Dorsal fin gray or, rarely, pale brown. Anal fin pale. Caudal fin pale brown, tip of upper lobe and fork margin usually slightly darker. Coloration in life. No data. Maximum size. The largest specimen of C. izumii in our material was 188 mm SL (IORAS 03996, paratype). Intraspecific variation. No data. Comparative remarks. Cypselurus izumii differs from C. oligolepis (and from all species of the genus Cypselurus) in considerably longer pelvic fins in fish> 155 mm SL (lV usually> 33 vs. usually lP/lV (Fig. 6d, f); it also differs from all subspecies of C. oligolepis, except C. o. persicus, in higher number of vertebrae (42–44 vs. 38–43, usually 40–42). Besides pelvic-fin length, C. izumi differs from C. poecilopterus, C. simus and C. callopterus in absence of spots on pectoral fins. Cypselurus izumii is very similar to C. starksi, but differs from this species in longer pelvic fins (see above), lower index lP/lV (1.91–2.05 vs. 2.07–2.21), higher dorsal fin (10.6–12.9 vs. 9.4–11.6% SL), fewer Str (usually 8½–9 vs. usually 9–9½), and in pectoral fin pigmentation (pigmented to (8 th)9 th –10 th vs. to (9 th)10 th –13 th ray). Etymology. The species is named after famous Japanese ichthyologist—Izumi Nakamura, who, while participating in cruises of R/V Shoyo Maru, collected all specimens of this species examined in this work. Common names. The name “Nakamura’s flying fish” (Russian: “стрижехвост Накамуры”) is proposed here for C. izumii. Biology. The small collection studied does not allow us to infer anything about biology of this species with any certainty. Females of C. izumii 179–188 mm SL, captured on 12 January 1988 at 20°01’S 115°00’E were close to maturity. Juveniles of C. izumii are unknown. Distribution. Cypselurus izumii is endemic to neritic waters of South-West Australia, where it is found from 20°S to 27°S (Fig. 3)., Published as part of Shakhovskoy, Ilia B. & Parin, Nikolay V., 2022, A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker, pp. 1-109 in Zootaxa 5117 (1) on pages 45-47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5117.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6378619

Cypselurus oligolepis georgii subsp. nov. Synonymy and bibliography. Cypselurus oligolepis (non Bleeker). Parin 1984: EXOC Cyp 11 (description, figures, distribution; western Indian Ocean; in part). Material examined. Fifteen specimens 39–145 mm SL. Full morphological study. ZMMU P-24451 (holotype), (1, 145 mm SL), road of Suez, 5.06.1957. IORAS 03986 (2, 117– 139 mm SL), 13°03’N 42°58’E, 6.11.1963. IORAS 03987 (1, 95 mm SL), 19°19’N 38°35’E, 21.10.1963. IORAS 03988 IORAS (paratypes), (2, 111– 123.5 mm SL), 13°14’N 42°59’E, 16.10.1960. IORAS 03989 (3, 76.5– 113 mm SL), 14°05’N 42°20’E, 15.10.1960. IORAS 03990 (paratypes), (3, 39– 76 mm SL), 14°05’N 42°20’E, 15.10.1960. IORAS 03991 (1, 71.5 mm SL), Gulf of Aden, late 1962. IORAS 03992 (1, 111.5 mm SL), 12°35’N 44°45’E, 31.08.1964. Partial morphological study. IORAS uncat.* (1, 56 mm SL), 19°40’N 38°41’E, 13- 14.10.1960. Holotype (Fig. 10) ZMMU P-24451, diesel-electric ship “ Ob ”, Cruise 2, Suez road, 5 June 1957, depth 12 m, silt bottom, captured with dip-net at surface, collectors: Barsukov and Permitin. Length 145 mm SL (male), D 12, A 9, P I 15, Spred 25, Str 8½, Sp.br 24 (6 + 18), Vert 41 (25 + 16). Measurements (in % SL): aA 78.5, aD 70.4, aV 56.0, cV 31.5, pV 41.3, c 24.7, po 10.9, o 7.6, ao 5.2, io 9.5, Hc 17.7, H 18.7, h 7.5, Dc 27.9, lP 62.8, lP 1 37.1, lV 31.4, lD 19.3, lA 10.1, HD -, HA 7.6 ?, p 15.3. Body dark dorsally, silvery ventrally. Head with small dark specks on gill covers and under eyes (Fig. 10b). Pectoral fins brown to 8 th ray with large pale tip, small “mirror” to 5 th –6 th ray and very narrow pale posterior edging (Fig. 10c). Tip of pectoral fin reaching 10 th dorsal-fin ray. Pelvic fins pale, their tip reaching the last anal-fin ray. Dorsal fin gray (pale brownish anteriorly), tip of last dorsal-fin ray behind middle of caudal peduncle but not reaching origin of caudal-fin upper lobe. Anal fin pale, 1 st anal-fin ray beneath 6 th dorsal-fin ray; second anal-fin ray longest. Caudal fin pale brown, slightly darker near base, with two large dark specks on lower lobe proximally. Lower jaw shorter than upper jaw; teeth small, numerous, tricuspid and conical, arranged in 2–3 rows on lower jaw and in 2–4 rows on upper jaw. Palatine teeth numerous. Paratypes. IORAS 03988, two specimens 111 and 123.5 mm SL, 13°14’N 42°59’E, 16 October 1960. IORAS 03990, three specimens 39, 56 and 76 mm SL, 14°05’N 42°20’E, 15 October 1960. Description. Meristic and morphometric characters are given in Tables 1–5, 8 and 10. D 11–12, A 7–8 (rarely 9), P I 14–15, Spred 24–26 (usually 25), Str 8½–9 (usually 8½), Sp.br 20–25 (5–7 + 15–19), Vert 39–41 (24–26 + 14–16). Snout relatively short, upper jaw not pointed anteriorly. Lower jaw usually shorter than upper jaw or of equal size; in juveniles occasionally lower jaw slightly longer. Jaw teeth numerous, small (usually not visible with the naked eye), tricuspid and with additional cusps, sometimes with small admixture of conical teeth. In juveniles с, 1.2–1.3 in io and 1.1–1.5 in po; in fish 100–145 mm SL, eye 11.75–13.9 in SL, 3.0– 3.5 in с, 1.2–1.3 in io and 1.35–1.6 in po. Pectoral fins relatively short, their length increasing noticeably with growth (Fig. 6c): in juveniles 39–95 mm SL pectoral fin fits 1.6–1.85 in SL and in fish 100–145 mm SL— 1.55–1.6 in SL. Tip of pectoral fin reaching end of dorsal-fin base or slightly beyond (in juveniles lP. Base of pelvic fins much closer to posterior margin of head than to origin of caudal-fin lower lobe (cV/pV = 0.68–0.80). Pelvic fin length strongly decreasing with growth (Fig. 6d): in juveniles 39–95 mm SL pelvic fin 2.5–3.1 in SL and 1.34–1.87 in lP; in fish 100–145 mm SL, 2.92–3.32 in SL and 1.86–2.08 in lP. Tip of pelvic fin in juveniles 39–71.5 mm SL protruding beyond middle of caudal peduncle (reaching origin of caudal-fin lower lobe in smaller fish); in fish 76–111.5 (117) mm SL protruding beyond end of anal-fin base but not reaching middle of caudal peduncle; in larger fish (113–145 mm SL) reaching last or penultimate anal-fin ray. Anal-fin origin far behind dorsal-fin origin—1 st anal-fin ray beneath 5 th –6 th (very rarely 7 th) dorsal-fin ray. Dorsal fin with 3–5 rays more than anal fin. Height of dorsal fin in fish 55–125 mm SL fits 7.41–9.34 in SL. Height of anal fin in a juvenile 39 mm SL fits 9.52 in SL, in fish 75–145 mm SL, 12.34–14.49 in SL. The 2 nd ray of dorsal and anal fins longest (in juveniles Pigmentation. Body of juveniles 39–95 mm SL brown or pale brown, somewhat paler ventrally (Fig. 11a–d). Body bands usually absent, but occasional specimens 39–76 mm SL with 2–3 dark bands on ventral side of body: near pectoral-fin base, between pectoral and pelvic fins and near pelvic-fin base. Larger fish (≥ 100 mm SL) with typical flying fish “pelagic” pigmentation of body. Underside of head pale in juveniles. Only fish ≤ 71.5 mm SL with rather numerous melanophores on bases of branchiostegal rays. Fish ≥ 103.5 mm SL with sparse small dark specks on gill covers and under eyes. Pectoral fins in juveniles 39–71.5 mm SL dark brown with pale tip and a row of 2–8 pale spots proximally (Fig. 12a–c). Pectoral fins in fish 76–111.5 mm SL dark brown (sometimes brown) to 9 th –11 th ray with very broad pale tip and pale “mirror” reaching 1 st –2 nd (in fish> 100 mm SL usually reaching 3 rd –4 th) ray (Fig. 12d–e). In fish 113–145 mm SL (Fig. 12f) pectoral fins brown or dark brown to 8 th –9 th ray with pale tip (the tip narrower than in smaller fish), small barely discernible “mirror” (in some fish the “mirror” is quite clear-cut and reaching 5 th –7 th ray) and very narrow pale posterior edging. Pelvic fins in juveniles 39–71.5 mm SL dark brown with two pale spots (Fig. 13a) and usually with pale area near proximal part of 6 th ray. In juveniles 76–76.5 mm SL pigmentation begins to disappear proximally and along inner margin of the fin (Fig. 13b). In fish 95–113 mm SL pelvic fins only with dark spot distally between 3 rd –5 th rays (Fig. 13c). In fish 117–145 mm SL pelvic fins pale (Fig. 13d). Dorsal fin of juveniles 39–76 mm SL covered with brown melanophores, especially densely in upper and posterior portions; last dorsal-fin ray pale. In fish ≥ 76.5 mm SL dorsal fin gray (in fish 76.5–90 mm SL tips of middle rays brown), usually with pale brown tinge. Anal fin of juveniles 39–76.5 mm SL with large brown spot posteriorly, anterior part of the fin paler or entirely unpigmented. In fish ≥ 95 mm SL anal fin pale. Caudal fin of a 39 mm SL juvenile pale with pigmented base and dots along rays of lower lobe (both lobes broken). In juveniles 56–95 mm SL two dark bands (sometimes fused into a single very wide band) on lower lobe and 1–2 dark bands on upper lobe appear (Fig. 11b–d). In fish ≥ 103.5 mm SL (Fig. 11e) caudal fin brown to grayish brown or pale brown, usually with darker posterior margin of the fin and tip of upper lobe and paler area near fork. Coloration in life. No data. Maximum size. The largest specimen of C. o. georgii examined was 145 mm SL (ZMMU P-24451, holotype, male); the largest female was 139 mm SL. Intrasubspecies variation. No data. Comparative remarks. Cypselurus o. georgii differs from all other subspecies of C. oligolepis (except C. o. persicus) in larger postorbital distance and smaller eye diameter (and, consequently, in higher index po/o, see Fig. 6e), a somewhat slimmer caudal peduncle and higher number of pectoral-fin rays (usually 16 vs. usually 15). It differs most strikingly from C. o. persicus in shorter pectoral and pelvic fins (Fig. 6c–d) and fewer vertebrae and predorsal and transverse scales (Vert 39–41, Spred 24–26 and Str usually 8½ vs. Vert 42–43, Spred 26–30 and Str usually ≥ 9). In pelvic-fin length C. o. georgii is intermediate between C. o. oligolepis and C. o. apus; in the number of rays in dorsal and anal fins C. o. georgii is closer to the latter subspecies and in pigmentation of juveniles closer to the former, though slightly differing in some details. Etymology. The subspecies named after Georgy B. Shakhovskoy—a brother of the first author of this review, who was very helpful with figure preparation. Common names. The name “Red Sea largescale flying fish” (Russian: “красноморский малочеШуйный стрижехвост”) is proposed here for C. o. georgii. Biology. The only mature (running ripe) female of this subspecies examined (IORAS 03986, 139 mm SL) was captured on 6 November 1963 at 13°03’N 42°58’E; a maturing male 117 mm SL was also captured at this locality. The smallest juvenile of 39 mm SL (IORAS 03990) was captured on 15 October 1960 at 14°05’N 42°20’E. These data suggest that spawning takes place at least from September to November. Five of 15 fishes studied were heavily infested with isopods (Cymothoa), in the buccal cavity. The infestation deformed the head and such infested specimens usually had higher values of H and Hc. Distribution. Cypselurus o. georgii is distributed (Fig. 3) in the Red Sea from Suez (ZMMU P-24451) to Babal-Mandeb Strait, also entering the Gulf of Aden (IORAS 03991–03992)., Published as part of Shakhovskoy, Ilia B. & Parin, Nikolay V., 2022, A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker, pp. 1-109 in Zootaxa 5117 (1) on pages 32-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5117.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6378619, {"references":["Parin, N. V. (1984) Exocoetidae. In: Fischer, W. & Bianchi, G. (Eds.), FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean. Fishing area 51. Vol. II. FAO, Rome, pp. Var."]}

Cypselurus neglectus (Bleeker, 1865) This species (Fig. 23) is very similar to Cypselurus oligolepis and has been considered synonymous with it for a long time (since Weber & de Beaufort 1922). Here we resurrect C. neglectus based mainly on differences in position of pelvic-fin origin, length of head, depth of body (Fig. 24) and pigmentation of juveniles. Synonymy and bibliography. Exocoetus neglectus Bleeker, 1865: 107, 112–113 (original description; Indonesia, Singapore; in part?). Günther 1866: 296 (listed as a probable synonym of Exocoetus brachysoma). Bleeker 1866 –1872: 68, 71, Tab. CCXLVII Pl. Scombres I fig. 2 (description; Indonesia, Singapore; in part?). Weber 1913: 125 (conspecific with E. brachysoma). Weber & de Beaufort 1922: 189–190 (synonym of C. oligolepis). Fowler & Steinitz 1956: 271–272 (mentioned as a synonym of Exocoetus oligolepis Bleeker). Parin 1960a: 254 (listed as synonym of C. oligolepis). Cypsilurus oligolepis (non Bleeker). Weber & de Beaufort 1922: 180, 189–190 (description; Indo-Australian Archipelago; in part). Cypselurus oligolepis (non Bleeker).? Woods & Schultz 1953: 184–185, 187 (morphometry; Siam; in part: USNM 103338). Parin 1960a: 222, 254, 255, 279 (description (after Weber & de Beaufort 1922 and Woods & Schultz 1953); western Pacific; in part). Parin 1960b: 156 (distribution; western Pacific; in part).? Kovalevskaya 1965: 124, 143, 145 (a juvenile listed; Tonkin Bay). Parin & Besednov 1965: 106–109, fig. 1 (description; Tonkin Bay; in part: except specimen 107 mm SL). Shuntov 1965: 119–122 (distribution; Tonkin Bay; in part?).? Mai & Bui 1978: 251, 261 (listed; Vietnam; in part?). Parin 1984: EXOC Cyp 11 (in part: figure).? Nguyen & Nguyen 1994: 150 (Tonkin Bay). Sommer et al. 1996: 164 (in part: figure (from Parin & Besednov 1965)). Parin 1999: 2165, 2174 (distribution, diagnostic characters, figure; western Pacific; in part). Barman & Mishra 2006: 14 (in part: figure (after Parin & Besednov 1965)). Matsunuma 2018: 67 (short description; Vietnam, Ha Long Bay; in part). Cypselurus neglectus. Parin 1967: 52, 54 (distribution). ? Cheilopogon katoptron (non Bleeker). Matsunuma 2011: 53 (in part: only specimen KAUM-I. 17095 161 mm SL; Terengganu (Malaysia)). See further bibliography below in the account for C. neglectus shcherbachevi. Material examined. One hundred and thirty-nine specimens 24–187 mm SL (see details below in the subspecies descriptions). Types. The three syntypes of Exocoetus neglectus Bleeker were examined by the second author; the type status of two of them (from Bleeker’s collection in RMNH) is doubtful. In this work we designate the syntype BMNH 1866.5.2.34 as the lectotype to clarify the application of the name to the taxon. Lectotype (ex syntype) of Exocoetus neglectus Bleeker (BMNH 1866.5.2.34, no label data). Length 165 mm SL (female). D 11, A 8, P I 14, Spred 28, Str 8, Sp.br 21 (4 + 17), Vert 40 (25 + 15). Measurements (in % SL): aA 81.2, aD 72.0, aV 58.6, cV 1 36.0, pV 39.6, c 24.5, o 8.4, ao 1 5.9, H 17.8, Dc 24.6, lP 62.7, lV 28.8, lD 16.9, lA 8.7, HD 11.9, HA -, p 15.2. Pectoral fins gray to the membrane between 7 th and 8 th rays. First anal-fin ray beneath 5 th dorsal-fin ray. The 2 nd ray in dorsal fin longest. Lower jaw shorter than upper jaw; teeth rather large (visible with a naked eye), tricuspid teeth not found. Palatine teeth present. Paralectotype (ex syntype?) of Exocoetus neglectus Bleeker (RMNH 6975, no label data). Length 187 mm SL. D 12, A 8, P I 14, Spred 30, Str 9, Sp.br 21 (5 + 16). Measurements (in % SL): cV 1 35.5, pV 38.7, c 23.4, o 8.0, io 1 8.0, H 17.5, h 7.0, Dc 27.8, lP 59.8+, lV 28.6(+?), HD -, p 12.9. Fins discoloured, probably as a result of poor preservation (anal fin black anteriorly?). First anal-fin ray beneath 6 th dorsal-fin ray. Jaw teeth tricuspid (unicuspid teeth present only in posterior part of upper jaw). Palatine teeth present (arranged in 2–3 rows?). Paralectotype (ex syntype?) of Exocoetus neglectus Bleeker (RMNH 6975, no label data). Length 143 mm SL. D 12, A 9, P I 14, Spred 28, Str 8, Sp.br 21 (5 + 16). Measurements (in % SL): cV 1 37.4, pV 39.7, c 23.9, o 8.5, io 1 8.5, H 18.3, h 6.4, Dc 25.8, lP -, lV 26.9, HD -, p 14.6. A discoloured specimen with fins cut off. Palatine teeth present. We identify this specimen as C. neglectus, but with some reservation, as it may also be C. oligolepis apus. Description. Meristic and morphometric characters are given in Tables 1–6, 9–10. D 10 –13 (usually 11–12), A 7–9 (usually 8), P I 13–15 (usually I 14), Spred 23–29 (usually 26–28), Str 7½–9½ (usually 8½), Sp.br 20–25 (5–8 + 14–19), usually 22–24 (6–7 + 16–17), Vert 39–42 (25–28 + 13–15), usually 41–42 (26–27+14–15). Snout short (Fig. 23), lower jaw shorter than upper jaw or of equal size (some fish with lower jaw slightly longer). Upper jaw not pointed anteriorly. Jaw teeth small to medium-sized (not visible or barely visible to the naked eye), mainly tricuspid and (or) with additional cusps (some fish also with conical teeth). Juveniles under 90 mm with mainly conical teeth. Teeth arranged in 2–5 rows, in juveniles in 1–3 rows. Palatine teeth always present, usually numerous (sparse in juveniles Intraspecific variation. We discern two subspecies within C. neglectus, which differ mainly in morphology of dorsal fin in juveniles, position of pelvic-fin origin and pigmentation of juveniles. Common names. The name “neglected flying fish” (Russian: “ПриЗрачный стрижехвост”) is proposed here. Comparative remarks. Cypselurus neglectus differs most notably from C. poecilopterus, C. simus and C. callopterus in the absence of dark spots on pectoral fins (however, see below for various patterns among juveniles of C. poecilopterus). From C. bosha and C. olpar, it differs in longer pelvic and shorter pectoral fins (index lP/lV in juveniles 1.29–1.76 vs. usually> 1.80, in large fish 1.74–2.21 vs.> 2.40), fewer vertebrae (Vert.c 13–15 vs. 16–18) and rays in dorsal (usually 11–12 vs. usually 13–14) and anal (7–9 vs. usually 10–11) fins, in pectoral fin pigmentation (in adults dark to 7 th –9 th vs. 10 th –13 th ray) and morphology of jaw teeth (in adults mainly tricuspid vs. mainly conical). From C. starksi it differs in fewer dorsal (usually 11–12 vs. usually 13–14) and pectoral (usually 15 vs. usually 16) fin rays, vertebrae (39–42 vs. 42–44, usually 43–44), transverse (usually ≤ 8½ vs. usually ≥ 9) and predorsal (23–29 vs. 26–33) scales, in more posterior pelvic-fin origin (pV usually 40% SL, see Fig. 24b), shorter pelvic fins (in fish> 130 mm SL pelvic-fin length usually 32% SL) and dorsal-fin base (usually 19% SL), smaller Dc (usually 27% SL) and larger aD (usually> 71 vs. Cypselurus neglectus differs from C. oligolepis, C. izumii and C. clariangulatus in more posterior pelvic-fin origin (index cV/pV usually> 0.80 vs. usually C. izumii) and more elongate body (Fig. 24), slightly more predorsal scales (usually 26–28 vs. usually 24–26) and, from C. oligolepis (except C. o. apus) and C. clariangulatus, in pigmentation of juveniles (pectoral and pelvic fins uniformly pigmented vs. pectoral and pelvic fins with pale band or a row of pale spots in C. oligolepis and pelvic fins with a pale inner corner in C. clariangulatus). Also, C. neglectus differs from C. izumii in shorter pelvic fins (usually 33% SL), smaller predorsal distance (usually 71% SL) and fewer vertebrae (39–42, usually ≤ 41 vs. 42–44) and from C. clariangulatus in longer pectoral fins of adults (usually> 64 vs. usually 12.5% SL) and some other characters (see Tables 5–6). Cypselurus neglectus is most similar to C. o. apus and their differentiation is challenging, especially as juveniles. However, C. neglectus has slightly more predorsal scales (23–29, usually 26–28 vs. 21–28, usually 24–26) and vertebrae (Vert. 39–42, usually 41–42 vs. 38–41, usually 40; Vert.pc 25–28, usually 27 vs. 24–26, usually 25), more posterior pelvic-fin origin (cV usually> 32.3 vs. usually cV/pV usually> 0.80 vs. usually H usually 18.3% SL and in fish> 110 mm SL H usually 19.5% SL; in fish> 110 mm SL Hc usually 18.5% SL), longer pelvic fins (in fish> 110 mm SL lV usually> 30 vs. usually 110 mm SL c usually 25.5 % SL), eyes (in fish> 110–140 mm SL o usually 9% SL and index po/o usually 1.20) and snout (in juveniles 30-50 mm SL ao usually C. neglectus neglectus and C. o. apus may interbreed, binding C. neglectus and C. oligolepis into a single complex species (see above), thus further research is needed. Distribution. This species occurs in neritic waters from western coast of India to Melanesia and from Tonkin Bay to southern Indonesia. It has sympatric distribution with C. oligolepis. See the below subspecies accounts for more details., Published as part of Shakhovskoy, Ilia B. & Parin, Nikolay V., 2022, A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker, pp. 1-109 in Zootaxa 5117 (1) on pages 64-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5117.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6378619, {"references":["Bleeker, P. (1865) Sur les especes d'exocet de l'Inde Archipelagique. Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde, 3, 105 - 129.","Weber, M. & de Beaufort, L. F. (1922) The fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Vol. 4. E. J. Brill Ltd., Leiden, 410 pp.","Gunther, A. (1866) Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Vol. 6. British Museum (Natural History), London, 368 pp.","Bleeker, P. (1866 - 1872). Exocoetiformes. In: Bleeker, P., Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Neerlandaises. Tom. 6. Frederic Muller, Amsterdam, pp. 67 - 78, pls. Scombres I - V.","Weber, M. (1913) Die Fische der Siboga-Expedition. E. J. Brill, Leiden, xii + 710 pp., 12 pls.","Fowler, H. W. & Steinitz, H. (1956) Fishes from Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel and Oman. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel. Section B. Biology and Geology, 5 B (3 - 4), 260 - 292.","Parin, N. V. (1960 a) Flying fishes (Exocoetidae) of North-West Pacific. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 31, 205 - 285. [in Russian]","Woods, L. P. & Schultz, L. P. (1953) Family Exocoetidae: Flyingfishes. In: Schultz, L. P., Herald, E. S., Lachner, E. Z., Welander, A. D. & Woods, L. P., Fishes of the Marshall and Mariana Islands. Vol. I. Families from Asymmetrontidae through Siganidae. Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum Bulletin, 202, pp. 175 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.202.1","Parin, N. V. (1960 b) Distribution of flying fishes (family Exocoetidae) in western and central parts of the Pacific Ocean. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 41, 153 - 162. [in Russian]","Kovalevskaya, N. V. (1965) Eggs and juveniles of beloniform fishes (Beloniformes, Pisces) from Tonkin Bay. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 80, 124 - 146. [in Russian with English summary]","Parin, N. V. & Besednov, L. N. (1965) Flying fishes (Oxyporhamphidae and Exocoetidae) of the Gulf of Tonkin. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii, 80, 104 - 117. [in Russian with English summary]","Shuntov, V. P. (1965) Distribution of Flying Fishes in the Gulf of Tonkin in Accordance to Oceanographic Factors. Trudy Instituta Oceanologii, 80, 118 - 123. [in Russian with English summary]","Mai Dinh Phong & Bui Van Duong (1978) Taxonomic studies and morphology of fishes of the family Exocoetidae in Phukhanh marine waters. Tuyen Tap Nghien Cuu Bien, 1 (1), 249 - 265. [in Vietnamese with French abstract]","Parin, N. V. (1984) Exocoetidae. In: Fischer, W. & Bianchi, G. (Eds.), FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean. Fishing area 51. Vol. II. FAO, Rome, pp. Var.","Nguyen Huu Phung & Nguyen Nhat Thi (1994) Check list of marine fishes in Viet Nam. Vol. II. Osteichthyes - from Elopiformes to Mugiliformes. Nha Xuat Ban Khoa Hoc Va Ky Thuat, Ha Noi, 269 pp. [in Vietnamese]","Sommer, C., Schneider, W. & Poutiers, J. - M. (1996) FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of Somalia. FAO, Rome, 376 pp.","Parin, N. V. (1999) Exocoetidae. Flyingfishes. In: Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (Eds.), FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the WCP. Vol. 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae). FAO, Rome, pp. 2162 - 2179.","Barman, R. P. & Mishra, S. S. (2006) Review of the flying fish family Exocoetidae in the Indian waters. Records of the Zoological Survey of India Occasional Papers, No. 256, 1 - 29. [published by the Director, The Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata]","Matsunuma, M. (2018) Cypselurus oligolepis (Bleeker, 1865). In: Kimura, S., Imamura, H., Nguyen, V. Q. & Pham, T. D. (Eds.), Fishes of Ha Long Bay, the natural heritage site in northern Vietnam. Fisheries Research Laboratory, Mie University, Shima, pp. 67.","Parin, N. V. (1967) Chapter 2. Beloniform fishes of the open ocean. In: Kort, V. G. & Rass, T. S. (Eds.), Pacific Ocean. Biology of the Pacific Ocean. Book 3. Fishes of open waters. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 43 - 58. [in Russian]","Matsunuma, M. (2011) Exocoetidae. Flyingfishes. In: Matsunuma, M., Motomura, H., Matsuura, K., Shazili, N. A. M. & Ambak, M. A. (Eds.), Fishes of Terengganu - east coast of Malay Peninsula, Malaysia. National Museum of Nature and Science, University Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, and Kagoshima University Museum, Kagoshima, pp. 53 - 64."]}

Cypselurus oligolepis oligolepis (Bleeker, 1865) Synonymy and bibliography. Exocoetus unicolor (non Valenciennes). Bleeker 1852: 11, 21 (description; Batavia (Java)). Exocoetus oligolepis Bleeker, 1865: 107, 109–111 (original description; Indonesia, Singapore; in part?). Günther 1866: 296–297 (description of type; East-Indian Archipelago). Bleeker 1866 –1872: 67, 69–70, Tab. CCXLVIII Pl.Scombres II fig. 3 (description; Indonesia, Singapore; in part?). Günther 1910: 370 (short description; West Pacific; in part). Cypsilurus oligolepis. Weber & de Beaufort 1922: 180, 189–190 (description; Indo-Australian Archipelago; in part). Cypselurus oligolepis. Woods & Schultz 1953: 184–185, 187 (morphometry; Siam; in part: USNM 103337).? Chandy 1954: 177, 179–180, fig. 1c (short description; India (Bombay, Ratnagiri)). Parin 1960a: 222, 254, 255, 279 (description (after Weber & de Beaufort 1922 and Woods & Schultz 1953); western Pacific; in part). Parin & Gorbunova 1964: 232–233, fig. 4a (eggs; Singapore). Jones & Kumaran 1965: 111–112, fig. 5 (short description; Laccadive Archipelago: Androth, Chetlat, Kadamat). Parin & Besednov 1965: 107–108 (description of a juvenile; Tonkin Bay; in part: only specimen 107 mm SL). Munro 1967: 117, 121 (New Guinea; short description; in part). Jinadasa 1971: 15 (short description; Sri Lanka; in part). Hyodo & Tsukahara 1977: 9, 13 (description; north Arabian Sea).? Mai & Bui 1978: 251, 261 (listed; Vietnam; in part?). Jones & Kumaran 1980: 146–147, fig. 124 (short description; Laccadive Archipelago: Androth, Chetlat, Kadamat). Parin 1984: EXOC Cyp 11 (description, figures, distribution; Western Indian Ocean; in part). Talwar & Kacker 1984: 298, 300–301, text-fig. 122 (short description, fishery; India). Chen 1987: 15, Fig. 3-20, Tab. 3-1, (short description; North-West Pacific; in part). Chen 1993: 191 (short description, figure; Taiwan; in part). Lakshminaraina 1993: 26–27, Fig. 4a (short description, distribution; “Indian seas”; in part). Parin & Lakshminaraina 1993: 55 (description, distribution; South-East India). Rao et al. 2000: 86–87 (short description; Andaman Is., Mayabunder). Barman & Mishra 2006: 3, 11, 13–14 (description; India; in part). Matsunuma 2018: 67 (short description, photo; Vietnam, Ha Long Bay; in part). Cypselurus starksi (non Abe).? Imai 1958a: 41, Pl. 39 fig. 3 (juvenile; Makurazaki).? Imai 1959: 75–81, Pl. 38b (juveniles; Japan; in part: only juveniles with bands on body and stripes on pectoral and pelvic fins). Kyushin et al. 1977: 40–41 (description, photo; Andaman Sea). Cypselurus bruuni Kotthaus, 1969: 15–17, figs. 167, 174 (original description; off Goa, India). Shakhovskoy & Parin 2019: 67–68 (description of the holotype and paratype). Cypselurus naresii (non Günther).? Yoshida et al. 2013: 60 (photos; Thailand (Chantha Buri); in part: KAUM-I.33236). Material examined. Two hundred specimens 11–175 mm SL. South China Sea. Full morphological study. IORAS 03967 (1, 166 mm SL), Nha Trang Bay, 20.06.2003. IORAS 03968 (1, 44 mm), 3°11’N 109°06’E, 19.03.1977. IORAS 03969 (1, 139 mm SL), Tonkin Bay, 30.07.1960. IORAS 03970 (1, 106 mm SL), 20°20’N 106°47’E. CAS 81098 * (4, 135– 144 mm SL), 9°31’N 99°55’E, 6- 8.11.1957. CAS 81124 * (3, 141– 150.5 mm SL), 12°33’N 101°16’E, 27.10.1957. CAS 81179 (1, 50 mm SL), 11°55’N 102°13’E, 20.11.1960. CAS 81204 * (1, 148.3), Gulf of Thailand, Market at Chol Buri, 1.12.1957. CAS 81943 (1, 64 mm SL), 10°13’N 103°55’E, 10.02.1961. ZMUC uncatalogued (8, 43– 111 mm SL), 4°30’N 103°28’E, 6- 7.06.1951. Partial morphological study. IORAS uncat* (1, 111 mm SL), 18°35’N 106°20’E, 14.07.1961. CAS 81121 * (3, 136– 160 mm SL), 7°22’N 100°43’E, 2.04.1968. CAS 81170 * (1, 154 mm SL), 10°27’N 99°15’E, 27.05.1960. Institute of Marine Research (Vietnam) No. 51789* (6, 108– 164 mm SL), Can Bong, 1.08.1976. ISH 4-1993 * (1, 130 mm SL), off Chumpon, Gulf of Thailand, 6.12.1993. ISH 5-1993 * (1, 115 mm SL), off Chumpon, Gulf of Thailand, 6.12.1993. SMF 28116 * (1, 109 mm SL), Gulf of Thailand, December 1974. ZMUC uncat. (1, 63 mm SL), 4°30’N 103°28’E, 6- 7.06.1951. Unknown collection. No. 1673* (1, 167 mm SL), Thailand, Songhla Lake, 1982. Singapore. Full morphological study. IORAS 03971 (1, 46.5 mm SL), 1°58’N 105°53’E, 13.07.1971. IORAS 03972 (11, 124– 142.5 mm SL), Singapore, 3- 4.11.1962. IORAS 03973 (11, 118.5– 146 mm SL), Singapore, 8- 9.03.1975. IORAS 03974 (1, 128 mm SL), Singapore, 23– 26.02.1973. CAS 130720 (SU 30722)* (1, 143 mm SL), Singapore, 18.03.1934. ZMUC uncat. (5, 43– 143 mm SL), 1°35’N 103°01’E, 11.05.1951. Partial morphological study. T. Abe collection No. 10660* (1,128 mm SL), Singapore. ZMUC uncat. (2, 117– 130 mm SL), 1°46’N 104°25’E, 21.06.1951. Indonesia and Australia. Full morphological study. IORAS 03975 (1, 76 mm SL), 12°28’S 128°05’E, 3- 4.04.1973. AMS I.16937-002 (1, 50.5 mm SL), Australia, NT, Darwin, 1970. AMS I.22137-015 (1, 61 mm SL), 18°46’S 146°26’E, 6.12.1980. FRSKU 112656 (1, 141 mm SL), 20°30’S 114°51’E, 11.01.1988. FRSKU 112657 (1, 147.5 mm SL), 20°30’S 114°51’E, 11.01.1988. FRSKU 112658 (1, 166 mm SL), 20°30’S 114°51’E, 11.01.1988. FRSKU 112835 (1, 143 mm SL), 15°11’S 122°47’E, 12.01.1989. FRSKU 112836 (1, 136 mm SL), 15°11’S 122°47’E, 12.01.1989. FRSKU 112837 (1, 148 mm SL), 15°11’S 122°47’E. FRSKU 112838 (1, 150 mm SL), no data. NTM S.11951-003 (1, 51 mm SL), N of Table Head, Port Essington, N. T., 17.09.1985. Partial morphological study. IORAS 03976 (1, 32 mm SL), Surabaya, 24.12.1959. IORAS 03977 (1, 78 mm SL), 6°59’S 104°49’E, 24.03.1961. AMS I.33759-008* (1, 31.5 mm SL), 10°11’S 142°56’E, 30.01.1993. AMS I.23423-004* (2, 126– 127 mm SL), 18°01’S 118°23’E, 1.08.1982. CSIRO C.726* (1, 170 mm SL), Maret Island, W.A., 17.09.1949. CSIRO CA.1805* (1, 144 mm SL), Passage Islands, 9.12.1979. FRSKU 112891 * (1, 146 mm SL), 18°29’S 118°59’E. FRSKU 113560 * (1, 147.5 mm SL), 20°00’S 116°59’E, 9.01.1989. FRSKU 113896 * (1, 142 mm SL), 20°00’S 117°04’E, 27.11.1989. NTM S.10593.002* (2, 137– 147 mm SL), West side of Mc Cluer, N. T., 17.10.1982. NTM S.11661-001* (1, 120 mm SL), Jensen Is., Wessel Is. Group, 4.02.1985. QM I.6728–6729* (2, 130 mm SL), Thursday Id., N.Q., 26.05.1939. QM I.16068* (1, 141 mm SL), Haggerstone Id., 19.02.1979. QM I.17171* (1, 140 mm SL), Torres Strait, 8.11.1974. SIO 61-56 * (4, 133– 138 mm SL), 10°11’S 139°31’E, 12.10.1960. USNM 072565 * (1, 147 mm SL), Java, Batavia, 2.04.1909. WAM 29667.005 * (6, 157– 170 mm SL), 20°29’S 114°54’E, 11.01.1988. Andaman Sea and Padang Harbour. Full morphological study. IORAS 03978 (4, 71.5–94 mm SL), 5°37’N 94°46’E, 9.03.1961. IORAS 03979 (1, 99 mm SL), Andaman Sea, 17.03.1964. SOSC Ref. No. 360 (1, 55.5 mm SL), 7°11’N 99°22’E, 9.02.1966. SOSC uncat. (1, 145 mm SL), 7°11’N 99°22’E, 9.02.1966. ZMUC P34931 (1, 134 mm SL), Padang Harbour, 26.09– 5.10.1929. Partial morphological study. ISH 10-1993 * (10, 130– 148 mm SL), Ranong, Thailand, 10.12.1993. Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. Full morphological study. IORAS 03980 (1, 156 mm SL), Yendi, Karwar, 5.10.1979. IORAS 03981 (1, 149 mm SL), Yendi, Karwar, 5.10.1979. IORAS 03982 (1, 170 mm SL), Vizinjam, December 1979. IORAS 03983 (1, 144 mm SL), 5°20’N 80°01’E, 10- 11.11.1964. IORAS 03984 (1, 157 mm SL), Thirumullaivasal, July 1991. CAS 141378 (SU 41378), (1, 158.5 mm SL), Gulf of Mannar, Crusadai I., 22.01.1941. Partial morphological study. CMFRI uncat** (4, 150– 175 mm SL), Elathur Estuary, Calicut 2.11.1979. CMFRI uncat** (2, 153– 154 mm SL), Karwar, 3.12.1979. CMFRI uncat** (1, 160 mm SL), Veraval, Chamad, 11.10.1979. ZMH 4983 * (1, 80 mm SL), off Goa, India, 15.02.1965. ZMH 4984 * (1, 78.5 mm SL), off Goa, India, 15.02.1965. Philippines. Full morphological study. IORAS 03985 (2, 31.5–37 mm SL), 15°47’N 123°28’E, 10.09.1957. CAS 81829 (11, 36– 99 mm SL), 6°56’N 121°45’E, 6.05.1948. CAS 81864 (1, 70.5 mm SL), Palawan Prov., Linapacan I., San Miguel, 25.09.1949. CAS 81904 (1, 69 mm SL), Zamboanga Del Sur, Pilas Group, Minis I., 7.05.1948. SOSC Ref.No. 190 (3, 107– 136 mm SL), 6°30’N 118°45’E, 27.01.1965. ZMUC uncat (1, 49.5 mm SL), 9°36’N 125°46’E, 30- 31.07.1951. Partial morphological study. IORAS 03985 (8, 10.9–17.2 mm SL), 15°47’N 123°28’E, 10.09.1957. BSKU 17726 * (1, 34.5 mm SL), 8°19’N 118°09’E, 27.05.1972. USNM 135803 * # (2, 125 mm SL), Catbalogan, Samar I., 15.04.1908. USNM 135804 * # (3, 122– 134 mm SL), Subig Bay, Luzon I., 6- 8.01.1908. USNM 135805 * # (2, 121– 123.5 mm SL), Catanduanes I., Agoho Pt., 10.06.1909. USNM 135806 * # (5, 124– 132.5 mm SL), San Miguel Bay, Luzon, 5.07.1909. USNM 294551 * (1, 81.5 mm SL), Luzon I., Albay Bay, 3.05.1976. USNM 435573 # (1, 123 mm SL), near Dauis, Panglao, 31.07.2016. ZMUC uncat (3, 26.5–31 mm SL), 9°36’N 125°46’E, 30- 31.07.1951. Other areas. Full morphological study. ZIN 4827* (1, 122 mm SL), Pacific Ocean, Dr. Mertens. ZIN 5509* (1, 121 mm SL), Oc. Pacificus—Dr. Schrenk, 1854. Type material. Full morphological study. BMNH 1866.5.2.31* (1, 147 mm SL), E. Ind. Arch. Partial morphological study. AMS I.57* (1, 137 mm SL), Malay Arch. RMNH 12054* (8, 126– 147 mm SL), no data. Types. Ten syntypes of Exocoetus oligolepis Bleeker were studied by the second author (nine have questionable type status). In this work we designate the syntype BMNH 1866.5.2.31 as the lectotype of Cypselurus oligolepis (Bleeker) to clarify the application of the name to the taxon. The lectotype (ex syntype) of Exocoetus oligolepis Bleeker (BMNH 1866.5.2.31, E. Ind. Arch.). Length 147 mm SL. D 12, A 8, P I 16, Spred 23, Str 8?, Sp.br 21 (4 + 17), Vert 40 (26 + 14). Measurements (in % SL): aA 81.2, aD 71.4, aV 58.5, cV 1 34.3, pV 40.1, c 25.3, o 9.0, ao 1 7.2, io 1 9.0, H 19.8, Dc 26.8, lP 64.7, lV 32.4, lD 18.7, lA -, HD 12.3, HA -. Pectoral fins gray to 9 th ray, with tip pale. The first anal-fin ray beneath 6 th dorsal-fin ray. Second dorsal-fin ray the longest. Lower jaw shorter than upper jaw. Jaw teeth tricuspid. Palatine teeth present. This specimen was also described by Günther (1866). Paralectotype (ex syntype (?)) of Exocoetus oligolepis Bleeker (AMS I.57, Malay Arch., Purch. Mr. Fransis Day 1886). Length 137 mm SL. D 12, A 10, P I 15, Spred 27?, Sp.br 22 (5 + 17), Vert 41 (27 + 14). Measurements (in % SL): cV 1 33.5, pV 43.1, c 25.2, o 9.3, io 1 10.1, Dc 28.5, lP 62.0, lP 1 44.9, lV 29.2. The fish is in bad condition (shrunken). First anal-fin ray beneath 5 th dorsal-fin ray. Jaw teeth in many rows, some teeth tricuspid. Palatine teeth present. This specimen is probably C. oligolepis oligolepis, although we are not certain. Paralectotypes (ex syntypes (?)) of Exocoetus oligolepis Bleeker (RMNH 12054, Coll. Dr. Bleeker). Eight specimens 126–147 mm SL have the following counts: D 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 11; A 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8; Spred 27, 26, 25, 24, 26, 25, 23, 26. Judging by the characters provided the vast majority of fish (if not all of them) belong to C. oligolepis oligolepis, although it is possible that some are other subspecies (or even C. neglectus). We regard Cypselurus bruuni Kotthaus, 1969 as a junior synonym of C. oligolepis oligolepis. The holotype and the only paratype of this species were studied by the second author, and their characters were given in the first part of this review (Shakhovskoy & Parin 2019: 67–68). Description. Meristic and morphometric characters are given in Tables 1–5, 7, 10. D 10 –13 (usually 12–13), A 8–9 (rarely 7), P I 12–16 (usually I 13–15), Spred 22–28 (usually 24–26), Str 8–9½ (very rarely 7 or 7½), Sp.br 19–26 (4–8 + 14–18), usually 21–24 (5–6 + 16–17), Vert 39–43 (25–27 + 14–17), usually 40–42 (25–26 + 15–16). Snout short (Fig. 5), lower jaw shorter than upper or of equal length (rarely lower jaw may be slightly longer, especially in juveniles). Jaw teeth small to medium-sized (not visible or barely visible with naked eyes), mainly tricuspid (some specimens also have conical teeth or teeth with additional cusps). Juveniles с, 0.95–1.45 times in io and 1.1–1.45 in po. Pectoral fins relatively long, their length increasing with growth to about 100 mm SL, and then nearly constant (Fig. 6c): in juveniles 30–100 mm SL pectoral fin 1.5–1.85 in SL and in fish 120–170 mm SL, 1.45–1.65 in SL. Tip of pectoral fin reaching posterior half of dorsal-fin base or slightly beyond, not exceeding middle of caudal peduncle; in juveniles lP; in fish 120–170 mm SL, 2.3–3.1 in SL and 1.55–1.90 in lP. Pelvic-fin base much closer to posterior edge of head than to origin of caudal-fin lower lobe (cV / pV = 0.63–0.80); pelvic fins not changing position as fish grows. Pelvic-fin length decreasing strongly from juveniles to adults (Fig. 6d): in juveniles 30–100 mm SL pelvic fin 2.15–2.8 in SL and 1.22–1.77 in lP (Fig. 6f); in fish 120–170 mm SL, 2.8–3.4 in SL and 1.82–2.22 in lP. Tip of pelvic fin of juveniles 30–70 mm SL reaching (nearly reaching) origin of caudal-fin lower lobe or protruding beyond; in juveniles 70–100 mm SL reaching from middle of caudal peduncle to origin of caudal-fin lower lobe; in fish 100–130 mm SL reaching from end of anal-fin base to middle of caudal peduncle and in fish> 130 mm SL reaching from middle to end of anal-fin base (very rarely further). Anal-fin origin far posterior to dorsal-fin origin (1st anal-fin ray under 4 th –8 th dorsal-fin ray, usually under 5th–7th). Dorsal fin with 2–6 rays more than anal fin. Height of dorsal and, particularly, anal fins decreasing markedly as fish grow. In juveniles 30–100 mm SL, HD 6.3–9.1 and HA 8.3–13.9 in SL; in fish 120–170 mm SL, HD 7.25–10.85 and HA 10.75–14.7 in SL. Longest ray of dorsal and anal fins—2 nd or 3 rd (in a juvenile 46 mm SL 4 th dorsal ray the longest). Tip of last dorsal-fin ray reaching from middle of caudal peduncle to origin of caudal-fin upper lobe (rarely slightly further). Middle and posterior rays of dorsal fin not elongate, penultimate rays usually not extending beyond tip of last ray. Pigmentation. Body of juveniles (Fig. 5a–d) brown or pale brown, ventral side usually paler than dorsal one. In juveniles 25–80 mm SL dark body bands absent or one to four bands on the lower part of body present: near pectoral-fin base, between pectoral and pelvic fins, near pelvic-fin base; in some fish also under eye or above anus. Fish> 80 mm SL without body bands. The lower surface of the head of juveniles 25–90 mm SL brown with paler chin and distal parts of branchiostegal rays, or in some fish pale with pigmentation mainly under the eye. With growth pigment on lower surface of head begins to disappear (persisting as dots under the eye), and in fish> 105 mm SL, lower surface of head pale with only few dots near lower jaw symphysis. Adults with a few small specks on gill cover and (or) under eye or without specks. Pectoral fins (Fig. 7) of juveniles 10–80 mm SL brown or dark brown with pale tip and usually with pale transverse band or a row of pale spots (sometimes with only 1–2 spots) in central part (Fig. 7a–b). Juveniles from Philippine Sea (IORAS 03985, 15°47’N 123°28’E) also have large pale spots distally (Fig. 7a). Occasional specimens with entirely dark fins. In fish (75) 80–110 mm SL, the fins become brown or dark brown to 10 th –11 th ray with pale tip and small pale band (“mirror”) reaching up to 6 th –10 th ray (Fig. 7c). In fish ≥ 110 mm SL, pectoral fins brown or dark brown (rarely dark gray) to 8 th –9 th (rarely to 7 th or 10 th –11 th) ray, with narrow pale posterior edging and broad pale tip (Fig. 7d). Pigmentation usually extending distally one ray lower than proximally (Fig. 7d) or a small “mirror” present. Pelvic fins of juveniles 10–50 mm SL (Fig. 8a) entirely brown or dark brown. Fish from Philippine Sea sometimes with a paler area near tip of 1 st –2 nd ray. Fish (45) 55–90 mm SL usually with a row of 1–5 pale spots (Fig. 8b). In fish 95–115 mm SL pigmentation begins to disappear starting with proximal part of the fin and between 5 th –6 th, Published as part of Shakhovskoy, Ilia B. & Parin, Nikolay V., 2022, A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker, pp. 1-109 in Zootaxa 5117 (1) on pages 16-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5117.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6378619, {"references":["Bleeker, P. (1865) Sur les especes d'exocet de l'Inde Archipelagique. 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