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To improve understanding of ocean processes impacting monthly sea surface temperature (SST) variability, we analyze a Community Earth System Model, version 2, hierarchy in which models vary only in their degree of ocean complexity. The most realistic ocean is a dynamical ocean model, as part of a fully coupled model (FCM). The next most realistic ocean, from a mechanically decoupled model (MDM), is like the FCM but excludes anomalous wind stress–driven ocean variability. The simplest ocean is a slab ocean model (SOM). Inclusion of a buoyancy coupled dynamic ocean as in the MDM, which includes temperature advection and vertical mixing absent in the SOM, leads to dampening of SST variance everywhere and reduced persistence of SST anomalies in the high latitudes and equatorial Pacific compared to the SOM. Inclusion of anomalous wind stress–driven ocean dynamics as in the FCM leads to higher SST variance and longer persistence time scales in most regions compared to the MDM. The net role of the dynamic ocean, as an overall dampener or amplifier of anomalous SST variance and persistence, is regionally dependent. Notably, we find that efforts to reduce the complexity of the ocean models in the SOM and MDM configurations result in changes in the magnitude of the thermodynamic forcing of SST variability compared to the FCM. These changes, in part, stem from differences in the seasonally varying mixed layer depth and should be considered when attempting to quantify the relative contribution of certain ocean mechanisms to differences in SST variability between the models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Targeted observations to improve numerical forecasts of high-impact weather events over the past two decades, particularly during the THORPEX era (2005-14), are evaluated.

Understanding long-term committed climate change due to anthropogenic forcing is key to informing climate policies, yet these timescales are still underexplored. We present here a set of 1000-year-long abrupt stabilization simulations performed with EC-Earth3. Each simulation follows a sudden stabilization of the external forcing at the level specified by CMIP6 for historical (1990) or SSP5-8.5 scenario (2025, 2050, 2065, 2080, 2100) conditions, with a final temperature increase ranging between 1.4 and 9.6 K with respect to the pre-industrial baseline. Remarkably, the simulation stabilized at a greenhouse gas (GHG) level close to the present day (2025) exceeds the Paris Agreement goals of 1.5 and 2° warming above pre-industrial in the long term, and only the 1990 simulation leads to a stabilized climate below 1.5° warming. We first focus on the evolution of the climate response at multi-centennial timescales and its dependence on the level of forcing. We note a decrease in the magnitude of the climate feedback parameter at longer timescales. Conversely, simulations with higher forcing exhibit a larger feedback parameter (in magnitude). Subsequently, the evolution of surface warming patterns over multi-centennial timescales is studied. While the response is generally consistent across simulations, some variations, particularly in the South Pacific and at high latitudes, suggest a certain level of state or forcing dependence. The patterns of precipitation change also evolve during the stabilization runs: the drying trends found in the subtropical oceans and in Mediterranean-like hotspots in the SSP5-8.5 scenario tend to be reduced or even reversed. We finally focus on the rate of heat storage in the global ocean, which is the main driver of the climate response at multi-centennial timescales. We find that the rate of warming of the deep ocean is almost independent from the amplitude of the forcing so that most of the additional heat remains in the upper layers at high forcing. This might be due – at least partly – to a decreased ventilation of the deep ocean, caused by changes in the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC). These results highlight the importance of studying multi-centennial timescales of climate change to better understand the response of the deep ocean, which will play a crucial role in determining the final state of the climate system once GHG concentrations are stabilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding long-term committed climate change due to anthropogenic forcing is key to inform climate policies, yet these timescales are still under-explored. We present here a set of 1000-year long abrupt stabilization simulations performed with EC-Earth3. Each simulation follows a sudden stabilization of the external forcing at the level specified by CMIP6 for historical (1990) or SSP5-8.5 scenario (2025, 2050, 2065, 2080, 2100) conditions, with a final temperature increase ranging between 1.4 and 9.6 K with respect to the pre-industrial baseline. Remarkably, the simulation stabilized at a level of greenhouse gases (GHGs) close to present-day (2025) well exceeds in the long term the Paris agreement goals of 1.5 and 2 degrees warming above pre-industrial, and only the 1990 simulation leads to a stabilized climate below 1.5 degrees warming. We first focus on the evolution of the climate response at multi-centennial timescales and its dependence on the level of forcing. Surface warming patterns evolve during the course of the simulations, with the most striking feature being a drastic acceleration of the warming in the Southern Ocean. The patterns of precipitation change also evolve during the stabilization runs: the drying trends found in the sub-tropical oceans and in Mediterranean-like hotspots in the SSP5-8.5 scenario tend to reduce, or even to reverse. We finally focus on the rate of heat storage in the global ocean, which is the main driver of the climate response at multi-centennial timescales. We find that the rate of warming of the deep ocean is almost independent from the amplitude of the forcing, so that most of the additional heat remains in the upper layers at high forcing. We hypothesize that this is due - at least partly - to a decreased ventilation of the deep ocean, caused by changes in the meridional overturning circulation (MOC). The results highlight the importance of studying multi-centennial timescales of climate change to better understand the response of the deep ocean, which will play a crucial role in determining the final state of the climate system once GHGs concentrations are stabilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is an important part of our climate system. The AMOC is predicted to weaken under climate change, however there are theories that it may have a tipping point beyond which recovery is difficult, hence showing quasi-irreversibility (hysteresis). Although hysteresis has been seen in simple models, it has been difficult to demonstrate in comprehensive global climate models. Here we outline a set of experiments designed to explore AMOC hysteresis and sensitivity to additional freshwater input as part of the North Atlantic hosing model intercomparison project (NAHosMIP). These experiments include adding additional freshwater (hosing) for a fixed length of time to examine the rate and mechanisms or AMOC weakening, and whether the AMOC subsequently recovers once hosing stops. Initial results are shown from eight climate models participating in the Sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project CMIP6). The AMOC weakens in all models from the freshening, but once the freshening ceases, the AMOC recovers in half of the models, and in the other half it stays in a weakened state. The difference in model behaviour cannot be explained by the ocean model resolution or type, or by details of subgridscale parameterizations. Nor can it be explained by previously proposed properties of the mean climate state such as the strength of the salinity advection feedback. Instead the AMOC recovery is determined by the climate state reached when hosing stops, with those experiments where the AMOC is weakest not experiencing a recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]