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The overall aim of ROADMAP is to foster transitions towards prudent antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal production in various contexts.ROADMAP's findings have been developed into 8 different policy briefs to aid the identification of levers and incentives for adherence to prudent use principles by veterinarians and farmers. How to promote preventive approaches inveterinary medicine? How to enable farmers to reduceantimicrobial use? Learnings from 12 Living Labs How to consider impact when planning interventions to improve AMU? Intensive Danish pig farming faces structural lock-ins for achieving a prudent AMU How to meet the public health challenge of antibiotic resistance in a context of rapid intensification of poultry production? Improving the use of antimicrobials in the French pig and poultry sectors Recommendations from the Danish Living Lab on AMU in cows and calves from diary herds The policy briefs and all other ROADMAP results are also found on www.roadmap-h2020.eu

L'utilisation d'antibiotiques a diminué de près de 50 % dans les filières avicoles et porcines françaises en 15 ans. Cependant, cette évolution a été plus ou moins importante selon les élevages, et la mise en place de labels « sans antibiotiques » a pu se traduire dans certains cas par des excès de réduction d’usage des antibiotiques, au détriment de la santé et du bien-être des animaux. Pour avancer dans la rationnalisation du recours aux antibiotiques, une démarche participative a été menée, associant des représentants des vétérinaires praticiens, des interprofessions porcine et avicole, des instituts techniques, du ministère de l’agriculture et des chercheurs. L’article présente les étapes majeures de la démarche et leurs résultats, concernant la vision à long terme partagée par le groupe sur l'utilisation des antibiotiques en élevage, et l’analyse des verrous à lever pour avancer vers l’objectif partagé. Les résultats montrent entre autres l'importance de la standardisation et de la diffusion de dispositifs de suivi, à l’échelle de la ferme, de la santé et du bien-être des animaux, de l'utilisation des antibiotiques et du niveau de résistance aux antibiotiques, afin de permettre aux éleveurs et vétérinaires de piloter avec précision l’usage des antibiotiques. Les deux autres champs d’action du collectif concernent i) le besoin d'une meilleure communication et information des consommateurs sur la question de la santé animale, du bien-être et du bon usage des antibiotiques et ii) la compétitivité économique de la filière et la viabilité économique des exploitations qui veulent investir en prévention.

Despite the strong decrease in antimicrobial use in the French poultry and pig sectors over the last decade, room for improvement remains. A participatory approach was set up in France, involving representatives of veterinarians, the pig and poultry industries, technical institutes, the French Ministry of Agriculture, and researchers, to further improve how antimicrobials are used on farms. By successively defining a shared, long-term vision of future antimicrobial use on farms, identifying lock-in mechanisms impeding this future vision from being realized, and articulating practical questions on how to move in the desired direction, the group rapidly reached a consensus. The results highlight the need for consensual standardized monitoring tools that would allow farm- ers and veterinarians to jointly monitor the health, welfare, antimicrobial resistance, and antimicro- bial use on farms. Other results relate to better communication and training for citizens regarding animal health, animal welfare, and proper antimicrobial use; some benefits but also counterproduc- tive effects of antibiotic-free labels that imperil animal health and welfare; the economic competi- tiveness of farms on international markets; and the economic sustainability of farm animal veteri- nary practices. These results call for a concerted way to produce tools for farmers and veterinarians and the broader involvement of other food sector actors.

This study aimed at describing the iron status of piglets at weaning in French indoor and outdoor farms. It was carried out in the spring of 2019 in 20 organic farms located in the West of France. In each farm, approximately 30 piglets (half males and females) from 4 to 7 litters were blood sampled. In total, 565 piglets of 42.1±3.2 days of age, weighing 12.0±3.0 kg live weight were bled at 1.1±1.7 days from weaning (mean±SD). Among the 11 outdoor and 9 indoor organic farms that were investigated, iron injection was used in most of indoor farms (200 mg: 8 farms, 100 mg: 1 farm, no supplementation: 1 farm), while in outdoor systems, mostly no supplementation was performed (200 mg: 1 farm, no supplementation: 10 farms). In comparison with the indoor/iron injected piglets, the outdoor/non-supplemented piglets had a greater blood haemoglobin concentration (118 vs. 105 ± 2 g/L, mean±SE, P < 0.001) and a bigger red blood cell volume (60 vs. 56 ± 1 fl, P < 0.01), indicating a better iron status. In the only indoor farm that did not use iron supplementation, these two variables were low (81 ± 3 g/L and 48 ± 1 fl, respectively), suggesting an iron deficiency. To conclude, outdoor piglets find a sufficient amount of iron in their natural environment, probably by foraging and ingesting soil, to fulfil their needs. Indoors, an iron supplementation is necessary, but a single intramuscular iron injection, besides its controversial acceptability in organic farming, might be suboptimal to prevent anaemia in piglets. Thus, there is a need for finding alternative solutions to iron injection for newborn piglets.

L'Agence a été saisie le 06 Juillet 2020 par la Direction générale de l’alimentation (DGAL) et la Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation et de la répression des fraudes (DGCCRF) d’une demande d’avis sur l’évaluation du risque relatif à l’allègement du « feed ban ». - Une des propositions de la deuxième feuille de route européenne sur les encéphalopathies spongiformes transmissibles (EST) (C.E. 2010) est d’autoriser les protéines animales transformées (PAT) de volailles pour l’alimentation des porcs et les protéines animales transformées de porcs pour l’alimentation des volailles. L’Agence avait été saisie plusieurs fois par le passé. - Lors de sa dernière expertise (Anses 2011b) l’Agence avait conclu que « Les garanties nécessaires à la prévention de risques associés à l’utilisation des PAT dans l’alimentation des porcs et des volailles n’étaient pas toutes réunies. - Seule la combinaison,-- du respect strict de la spécialisation de ces deux filières par espèces (depuis la collecte des matières servant à la fabrication des PAT jusqu’à leur utilisation par l’animal) -- d’une méthode de contrôle de l’espèce d’origine des PATpourrait apporter ces garanties. [Saisines liées n° 2011-SA-0014 et n°2014-SA-0153]Comme l’indique la saisine de la DGAL, la réglementation européenne a évolué en 2013, autorisant les PAT de porcs et de volailles pour l’aquaculture. La saisine indique que les méthodes de détection de l’ADN de Porc (sondes PCR pour le contrôle de l’espèce d’origine des PAT) et de détection de l’ADN de volaille sont aujourd’hui validées. Le projet de texte de la Commission prévoit aussi l’utilisation des PAT d’insectes pour les porcs et les volailles. Il est donc également demandé d’actualiser les précédents travaux de l’Agence sur ce sujet. En effet, l’Agence avait rendu, en février 2015, un avis relatif à la valorisation des insectes dans l’alimentation et à l’état des lieux des connaissances scientifiques sur les risques sanitaires en lien avec la consommation des insectes (Anses 2015a)

International audience; This study describes the fecal microbiota from piglets reared in different living environments during the weaning transition, and presents the characteristics of microbiota associated with good growth of piglets after weaning. Fecal samples were collected pre- (d26) and post-weaning (d35) from 288 male piglets in 16 conventional indoor commercial farms located in the West of France. The changes one week after weaning on the most abundant microbial families was roughly the same in all farms: alpha diversity increased, the relative abundance of Bacteroidaceae (-61%), Christensenellaceae (-35%), Enterobacteriaceae (-42%), and Clostridiaceae (-32%) decreased, while the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae (+143%) and Lachnospiraceae (+21%) increased. Among all the collected samples, four enterotypes that were ubiquitous in all farms were identified. They could be discriminated by their respective relative abundances of Prevotella , Faecalibacterium , Roseburia , and Lachnospira , and likely corresponded to a gradual maturational shift from pre- to post-weaning microbiota. The rearing environment influenced the frequency of enterotypes, as well as the relative abundance of 6 families at d26 (including Christensenellaceae and Lactobacillaceae ), and of 21 families at d35. In all farms, piglets showing the highest relative growth rate during the first three weeks after weaning, which were characterized as more robust, had a higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes , a lower relative abundance of Proteobacteria , and showed a greater increase in Prevotella , Coprococcus , and Lachnospira in the post-weaning period. This study revealed the presence of ubiquitous enterotypes among the farms of this study, reflecting maturational stages of microbiota from a young suckling to an older cereal- ating profile. Despite significant variation in the microbial profile between farms, piglets whose growth after weaning was less disrupted were, those who had reached the more mature phenotype characterized by Prevotella the fastest.

Pour réduire l’usage des antibiotiques en élevage, divers travaux en sciences biotechniques visent à concevoir et identifier des solutions zootechniques ou thérapeutiques alternatives aux antibiotiques. Cependant, au-delà de ces solutions techniques, des facteurs humains et sociaux déterminent les décisions de prescrire et d’administrer ou non des antibiotiques. L’article met l’accent sur ces facteurs et dresse une synthèse des travaux menés en sciences humaines et sociales en France sur la réduction de l’usage des antibiotiques dans différentes filières animales et leurs contributions pour relever ce défi. Trois contributions majeures ont émergé, à différentes échelles. La première consiste en une meilleure compréhension des processus de changement de pratiques opérés par les éleveurs pour réduire l’usage des antibiotiques dans leur élevage : identification des freins et motivations des éleveurs pour opérer ce changement, caractérisation de trajectoires de changement y compris les contextes dans lesquels elles sont réalisées, et outils mobilises par les éleveurs pour y parvenir. Une seconde contribution porte sur la compréhension du rôle des réseaux d’acteurs des éleveurs dans ces processus de changement : rôle du conseiller d’élevage et du vétérinaire et de leur relation de travail avec l’éleveur ; rôle des pairs pour expérimenter de nouvelles pratiques. La dernière contribution porte sur la compréhension et la conception de modes de gouvernance collectifs pour réduire l’usage des antibiotiques en élevage : analyse de la prescription vétérinaire et de ses évolutions, du rôle des acteurs des filières pour une action concertée et de la dynamique impulsée par le plan ÉcoAntibio. Quelques pistes sont évoquées pour approfondir ces travaux., In order to decrease the use of antimicrobials on farms, various technical options target zootechnical solutions or alternative drugs. However, beyond these technical options, human and sociological factors determine the decision to prescribe and use antimicrobials. The paper focuses on these factors and provides an overview of research studies in the field of social sciences in France on the reduced use of antimicrobials in different animal species. Three major contributions emerged at different scales. The first one addresses the issue of the processes carried out by the farmers to change their practices for a decreased use of antimicrobials at the farm level: barriers and motivations of farmers, trajectories of change, as well as the context in which changes are performed and the tools used. The second contribution deals with the role of the social networks surrounding the farmers in this process: role of farm advisors and veterinarians and their relationships with farmers, as well as peer group activities to experiment new farming practices. The third contribution focuses on the understanding and design of collective modes of governance to reduce the use of antimicrobials: analysis of veterinary prescription practices and their ongoing developments, the role of farmers’ organizations and value chain actors for a concerted approach to reducing the use of antimicrobials, and the dynamic implemented with the EcoAntibio program. Various perspectives are presented for further developments in this field.

International audience; This study describes variability among farms of the response of microbiota to weaning and evaluates its relation to the robustness of piglets. Faecal samples and growth data were collected just before and seven days after weaning in 288 piglets from 16 commercial farms characterised by their pathogenic status and antimicrobial use. We observed in all farms the presence of four bacterial enterotypes (E1 to E4), differing notably in their abundance of Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, and Lachnospira, and corresponding to a gradual maturational shift from pre- to post-weaning microbiota. After weaning, of the 1 177 operational taxonomic units (OTU) contained in the dataset, 462 and 340 had their abundance affected (P < 0.05) by the use of antimicrobials and by the health status of the herd, respectively. Animals were then classified according to their relative average daily gain (rADG) from 26 to 48 days of age. The high rADG piglets had less Oscillospira (P < 0.05) and Campylobacter (P < 0.01), and more Prevotella (P < 0.01), Coprococcus (P < 0.01) and Lachnospira (P < 0.05) after weaning, which resembled the E4 enterotype. Thus, using animals from 16 farms, we identified four ubiquitous maturation enterotypes and found that piglets that reached enterotype E4 just after weaning might be more robust. Besides antimicrobial use, the general health status of the farm has a strong influence on the early post-weaning evolution of piglet microbiota.; Cette étude décrit la variabilité entre élevages de l’évolution du microbiote au moment du sevrage, et évalue la relation entre cette dernière et la robustesse des porcelets. Des échantillons fécaux et des enregistrements de croissance ont été collectés juste avant et sept jours après le sevrage pour 288 porcelets issus de 16 élevages commerciaux, caractérisés pour leur statut sanitaire et leur usage d’antibiotiques. Nous avons observé dans toutes les fermes la présence de quatre entérotypes bactériens (E1 à E4), différant notamment par leur abondance de Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, et Lachnospira, et correspondant à des stades de maturation graduelle pré- vers post-sevrage de la flore. Après le sevrage, des 1 177 unitéstaxonomiques (OTU) contenues dans le jeu de données, 462 et 340 voyaient leur abondance respectivement influencée par l’utilisation d’antibiotiques et par le statut sanitaire de l’élevage. Les animaux ont ensuite été classés selon leur gain de poids relatif (GMQr) calculé entre 26 et 48 jours d’âge. Les porcelets à haut GMQr avaient moins d’Oscillospira (P < 0,05) et Campylobacter (P < 0,01), et plus de Prevotella (P < 0,01), Coprococcus (P < 0,01) et Lachnospira (P < 0,05) après le sevrage, ce qui s’apparentait à l’entérotype E4. Ainsi, en utilisant des animaux provenant de 16 fermes, nous avons pu identifier quatreentérotypes maturationnels ubiquitaires, et supposé que les porcelets ayant atteint l’entérotype E4 juste après le sevrage pourraient être plus robustes. Hormis l’usage d’antibiotiques, le statut sanitaire global de l’élevage a une influence importante sur l’évolution précoce du microbiote après le sevrage.

Additional file 1. Details on recruitment of farms.

Additional file 1. Studies about coinfections in the pig respiratory tract and their consequences.

Additional file 2. Distribution of treatment incidences of farrow-to finish pig herds before and after the intervention study.

International audience; Background: The reduction of antimicrobial usage (AMU) is in the focus in modern pig production. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of alternatives to reduce AMU at herd level. In a prospective study, 68 farrow-to-finish pig herds located in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden were recruited on a voluntary basis to implement tailor-made intervention plans to reduce their AMU. Alternative measures included improvement of biosecurity (n = 29 herds), vaccination (n = 30), changes of feeding schemes or drinking water quality (n = 45), improved pig health and welfare care (n = 21) as well as changes in stable climate and zootechnical measures (n = 14). Herds were followed for 1 year after implementation of measures. Annual antimicrobial expenditures or treatment records, as well as disease incidence scores were collected and compared to those of the year before intervention. AMU was measured as the treatment incidence and calculated by age category, antimicrobial class and administration route.Results: Compliance with the intervention plans was high (median 93%). AMU was significantly reduced following the implementation of alternative measures: in the median herd of the four countries, pigs were treated before intervention 25% of their expected lifespan (200 days from birth to slaughter) and after intervention 16%. AMU of suckling and weaned pigs were significantly reduced by 37 and 54%, respectively. The usage of polymyxins and tetracyclines was significantly reduced by 69 and 49%, respectively. AMU via feed and water, as well as parenteral AMU were significantly reduced by 46 and 36%, respectively. Herds with a higher AMU level before intervention achieved a bigger reduction. The majority of disease incidence were similar before and after intervention, with a few exceptions of disorders related to the gastro-intestinal tract in suckling pigs (decreased) and in breeding pigs (increased).Conclusion: Following tailor-made implementation of alternative measures, a substantial reduction of AMU in pig production was achievable without jeopardizing animal health. The AMU reduction in the youngest age categories (suckling and weaned pigs) and the reduction of group treatments via feed and water was in line with the recent European Guidelines on the prudent use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine.

International audience; Monitoring antimicrobial usage in pig farm is a key element of a reduction plan.The objective of this study was to analyse the antimicrobial usage evolution in the same farms between 2010-2013-2016 and to identify the factors of variations. The study monitored antimicrobial usage by weight group in 2016 in 33 farrow-to-finish farms in the West of France. The antimicrobial usage had ever been registered twice for 23 of them in 2010 and 2013 and once for 10 of them in 2013. It was quantified by the number of Course Doses per produced pig per year (nCD/pig). Farmers were asked about the factors that could explain the evolution between 2013-2016. On average, antimicrobial usage significantly decreased over six years (-38 %). However, a high variability of individual evolutions was observed: among the 23 farms with three annual data, 43 % decreased their use between 2010-2013 (-3 nCD/pig on average) but had a stable use between 2013-2016 (-0,2 nCD/pig). 26 % decreased their use between 2010-2013(-4 nCD/pig on average) and also between 2013-2016 (-2 nCD/pig). 9 % increased then decreased their use during the two periods (+4 then -7 nCD/pig). One farm had the opposite trajectory (-9 then +2 nCD/pig) and another always increased its use (+2 then +5 nCD/pig). Among the 33 farms with data in 2013-2016, 36 % decreased their use (-2 nCD/pig on average), 39 % had a stable use and 24 % increased their use (+3 nCD/pig). For sows, suckling piglets and fattening pigs, most of the farms had stable usage between 2013-2016. Only antimicrobial usage for weaned piglets was more frequently reduced,. Increases were explained by occurence of sanitary problems (mainly urogenital, digestive and respiratory problems on sows, piglets and fatteners respectively). Decreases were explained by vaccination, stop of preventive treatments and improvement of herd management. This study highlights the variability of individual trajectories in antimicrobial usage, due to sanitary issues that may be different according to each weight group. It usefully complements the monitoring of average evolution at the country level

To guarantee the best quality of water from the source to the animal troughs, it's important to be aware that water quality can be adversely by the formation of biofilms in distribution systems, which represent persistent reservoir for potentially pathogenic bacteria. In addition, the presence of biofilm in water distribution systems makes disinfection difficult or it can decrease the efficacy of oral treatments administered to the animals like vaccines, antibiotics or nutritional factors. In pig husbandry, weaning is a critical management period since piglets become exposed to social, environmental as well as nutritional changes which might be regarded as stressful events. In this study, we have chosen this sensitive period to evaluate in pig farms the effects of different mechanical and chemical waterlines cleaning protocols, similar to those used in poultry farms. Two different protocols were tested. They combined: (1) the mechanical action of draining; (2) one detergent (either an alkaline or an enzymatic one); (3) another draining state; and finally (4) one acid used at an antibacterial concentration. The experiment was setup during the down period in post-weaning rooms. To follow the bacteriological quality of water during protocols, we counted the total flora at 22 and 37°C in water. Before and after the experiment, cotton swabs were applied into the pipes to evaluate biofilm. Bacterial concentration in water increased along the pipelines: total flora was higher at watering place than at the entry of the building. Both protocols combining mechanical and chemical procedures reduced total flora, improved water quality and cleanliness of pipes. Our results show that waterlines cleaning protocols (transposed from those used in poultry farms) reduce water's total flora and could be part of the health prevention measures for troubles which are linked to a poor water quality. The improvement of water management could be also used to reduce antibiotic consumption during the period. It would be interesting to measure the re-contamination of water flowing in pipes in order to adapt protocols mixing optimization of water quality for animals and convenience for farmers

Because of the rising threat from antimicrobial resistance, pig farmers are strongly encouraged to reduce their antimicrobial usage. In order to achieve national and European reduction targets, herd level action is needed. An intervention study showed that farms with higher compliance with the intervention plans tended to achieve bigger reduction. Moreover, farmers who followed the vet recommendations often trust the measure. In human medicine, patients' trust in their physician is considered essential for good quality and effective medical care. Several questionnaires/scales exist in human medicine, but none of them have been developed in veterinary medicine. Assessing farmers' trust in their veterinarians is probably an essential step to improving adherence to treatments or recommendations. Thus, a scale is needed, which is capable of identifying the different levels and dimensions of the trust. The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Trust in Veterinarian Scale (TiVS), which aims to measure swine farmers' trust in their veterinarian. The scale construction process used a literature review and involved a panel of voluntary professionals through focus groups and open-ended qualitative interviews. A list of items, based on a multidimensional theoretical framework, explored the different dimensions of trust. Dimensionality, internal consistency, test-retest reliability and construct validity were investigated. The scale comprised at the moment 52 items, divided in seven dimensions (Competence, Availability, Integrity, Fidelity, Honesty, Caring, Global trust) with excellent psychometric properties. TiVS is the first scale adapted to pig farmers' trust in veterinarian. Many factors have an impact: history, psychology, competence, economical context, production organisation, agricultural advisor, etc. So, trust between farmers and veterinarians is a dynamic concept, changing over time and circumstances. Assessing farmers' trust in their veterinarians is probably an essential step to improve adherence to treatments or recommendations. Thus, this scale could be used to identify the different levels and dimensions of trust. Further studies are needed to confirm our result and validate TiVS in other production

Background and Objectives Colostrum intake evaluation is described in literature but the methods use is not applicable in production farms (time-consuming and costly). This study aims to define a more feasible protocol focusing on growth (i.e. quantity ingested) and maternal immune transfer. Material & Methods To determine references values, 864 identified piglets of 10 production farms were weighed at birth and 24h after to calculate the 24h weight gain (WG24). They were also weighed at the end of farrowing and 24h later to calculate an approximate 24h weigh gain (WG24A). Blood samples of 496 piglets at 24h were analyzed for total IgG dosage. Results WG24A is correlated to WG24 (r=0.66). But data of piglets weighed within 2-3 hours after birth show that the weight gain in the first 2.5h represents 46% of WG24. Using WG24A led to misestimate this crucial period. Consequently, suggested protocol is to spend two half days on farms during farrowing period. On day One, a minimum of 30 newborn piglets are identified and weighed at birth with a precise scale. On day Two, 24h later, the same piglets are weighed. Then, WG24 are compared to threshold values obtained in the 10 studied farms for 90% piglet-survival: piglets’ birth weight < 1kg: WG24 ? 75g / [1- 1.2kg[: WG24 ? 50g / ? 1.2kg: WG24 positive. Additionally, on day Two, six piglets from six litters are selected (one light, one medium, one heavy per half of farrowing) and blood sampled to investigate the immune status. Reference is a maximum of 10% piglets below 20mg/ml of total IgG. Discussion & Conclusion This protocol that can be easily implemented in commercial farms has been validated using a thorough study of weight gain and immune transfer during the first two days of piglet life in farms with hyperprolific sows