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Introduction: Several reports have emerged describing the long-term consequences of COVID-19 and its effects on multiple systems., Methods: As further research is needed, we conducted a longitudinal observational study to report the prevalence and associated risk factors of the long-term health consequences of COVID-19 by symptom clusters in patients discharged from the Temporary COVID-19 Hospital (TCH) in Mexico City. Self-reported clinical symptom data were collected via telephone calls over 90 days post-discharge. Among 4670 patients, we identified 45 symptoms across eight symptom clusters (neurological; mood disorders; systemic; respiratory; musculoskeletal; ear, nose, and throat; dermatological; and gastrointestinal)., Results: We observed that the neurological, dermatological, and mood disorder symptom clusters persisted in >30% of patients at 90 days post-discharge. Although most symptoms decreased in frequency between day 30 and 90, alopecia and the dermatological symptom cluster significantly increased ( p  < 0.00001). Women were more prone than men to develop long-term symptoms, and invasive mechanical ventilation also increased the frequency of symptoms at 30 days post-discharge., Conclusion: Overall, we observed that symptoms often persisted regardless of disease severity. We hope these findings will help promote public health strategies that ensure equity in the access to solutions focused on the long-term consequences of COVID-19., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement: The authors declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The Carlos Slim Foundation funded this study. The funding source was involved in the design of the study, analysis, interpretation of data, and in writing the manuscript. R.R.V.V., E.X.R.C., C.A.R.V., M.L.R.C., S.A.F., M.S.F., H.H.B., L.M.C., M.A.A., J.A.H.C., N.A.M., L.F.C., L.R.G.C., and A.J.F. are employees of the Temporary COVID-19 Hospital. J.L.G., L.M.J., L.A.M.J., D-A.A-H., H.G-R., and R.T-C. are employees of The Carlos Slim Foundation. All authors confirm that they had full access to all the study data and accept responsibility to submit for publication., (© The Author(s), 2022.)

Introduction: High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy in patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 is poorly understood and remains controversial., Methods: We evaluated a large cohort of patients with COVID-19-related hypoxemic respiratory failure at the temporary COVID-19 hospital in Mexico City. The primary outcome was the success rate of HFNC to prevent the progression to invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). We also evaluated the risk factors associated with HFNC success or failure., Results: HFNC use effectively prevented IMV in 71.4% of patients [270 of 378 patients; 95% confidence interval (CI) 66.6-75.8%]. Factors that were significantly different at admission included age, the presence of hypertension, and the Charlson comorbidity index. Predictors of therapy failure (adjusted hazard ratio, 95% CI) included the comorbidity-age-lymphocyte count-lactate dehydrogenase (CALL) score at admission (1.27, 1.09-1.47; p  < 0.01), Rox index at 1 hour (0.82, 0.7-0.96; p  = 0.02), and no prior steroid treatment (0.34, 95% CI 0.19-0.62; p  < 0.0001). Patients with HFNC success rarely required admission to the intensive care unit and had shorter lengths of hospital stay [19/270 (7.0%) and 15.0 (interquartile range, 11-20) days, respectively] than those who required IMV [104/108 (96.3%) and 26.5 (20-36) days, respectively]., Conclusion: Treating patients with HFNC at admission led to improvement in respiratory parameters in many patients with COVID-19., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement: The Carlos Slim Foundation funded this study. APC, ESL, MGN, RRVV, HHB, LMJ, MAA, LERG, LMC, RVB, RVAW, BSO, and MLRC are full-time employees of the Temporary COVID-19 Hospital. HGR, JLG, LAMJ, and RTC are full-time employees of the Carlos Slim Foundation in Mexico. The authors declare no other conflicts of interest or outside funding from any other organizations., (© The Author(s), 2021.)

Introduction: In response to the evolution of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the admission protocol for the temporary COVID-19 hospital in Mexico City has been updated to hospitalize patients preemptively with an oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) of >90%., Methods: This prospective, observational, single-center study compared the progression and outcomes of patients who were preemptively hospitalized versus those who were hospitalized based on an SpO 2 ⩽90%. We recorded patient demographics, clinical characteristics, COVID-19 symptoms, and oxygen requirement at admission. We calculated the risk of disease progression and the benefit of preemptive hospitalization, stratified by CALL Score: age, lymphocyte count, and lactate dehydrogenase (<8 and ⩾8) at admission., Results: Preemptive hospitalization significantly reduced the requirement for oxygen therapy (odds ratio 0.45, 95% confidence interval 0.31-0.66), admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) (0.37, 0.23-0.60), requirement for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) (0.40, 0.25-0.64), and mortality (0.22, 0.10-0.50). Stratification by CALL score at admission showed that the benefit of preemptive hospitalization remained significant for patients requiring oxygen therapy (0.51, 0.31-0.83), admission to the ICU (0.48, 0.27-0.86), and IMV (0.51, 0.28-0.92). Mortality risk remained significantly reduced (0.19, 0.07-0.48)., Conclusion: Preemptive hospitalization reduced the rate of disease progression and may be beneficial for improving COVID-19 patient outcomes., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement: The Carlos Slim Foundation funded this study. The funding source was involved in the design of the study, analysis, interpretation of data, and in writing the manuscript. The authors HGR, JLG, RSM, LAMJ, and RTC are employees of the Carlos Slim Foundation in Mexico. RRVV, RVB, LMJ, MAA, STB, RVAW, ESL, MDNO, AGR, LMBR, PEC, LERG, ACS, JBM, AGR, APC, HHB, LVA, and RARL are employed full-time by the temporary COVID-19 hospital. The authors declare no other outside funding from any other organizations and declare no further conflicts., (© The Author(s), 2021.)

The type 2 coronavirus causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) and produces pneumonia with pulmonary alveolar collapse. In some cases it also causes sepsis and septic shock. There is no specific treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vitamin C (Vit C), Vitamin E (Vit E), N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and Melatonin (MT) increase the intracellular content of GSH, kidnap free radicals and protect DNA, proteins in the cytosol and lipids in cell membranes. Pentoxifylline (Px) has anti-inflammatory activities. Here we evaluate the effect of Vit C, Vit E, NAC, and MT plus Px in COVID-19 patients with moderate and severe pneumonia. 110 patients of either sex were included. They were divided into five groups with 22 patients each. Group 1 received Vit C + Px, group 2 Vit E + Px, group 3 NAC + Px, group 4 MT + Px, and group 5 only Px. Oxidative stress (OS) markers such as lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and nitrites (NO 2 - ) were evaluated in plasma. The antioxidant therapy improved the survival scores including the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), the Acute Physiology and chronic Health Evaluation II (Apache II), the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II), the Critical Illness Risk Score, Launched during COVID-19 crisis (COVIDGRAM) and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). We found that LPO (p≤0.04) and inflammation markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6, p≤ 0.01), C reactive protein (CRP, p ≤ 0.01) and procalcitonin (PCT, p ≤ 0.05) were elevated. TAC (p ≤ 0.03) and NO 2 - (p ≤ 0.04) found themselves diminished in diminished in COVID-19 patients upon admission to the hospital. The different antioxidants reversed this alteration at the end of the treatment. The treatment with antioxidant supplements such as Vit C, E, NAC, and MT plus Px could decelerate the aggressive and lethal development of COVID-19. Antioxidant therapy can be effective in this pandemia since it improves the survival scores including SOFA, Apache II, SAPS II, COVIDGRAM, GCS by lowering the LPO, IL-6, CRP, PCT and increasing systemic TAC and NO 2 - ., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2021 The Author(s).)