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The dairy cattle sector has experienced a significant change since the country's independence due to the implementation of modern breeds imported from Europe. This innovation is introduced to remedy the problems of the low milk production of local breeds and meet the needs of the populations to fill the protein deficit. The State has put in place instruments to facilitate the introduction of new techniques through subsidies. The question of adopting and disseminating innovations also arises in terms of coordination between different actors who should take charge of the process of adopting innovations. The innovations that are developed and/or adopted by breeders with a direct or indirect impact on the product obtained can be on dairy cows, on the quality of feeding, or on farming conditions. In our study, we hypothesized that contact with other economic, technical and institutional agents facilitates the dissemination of innovations and their adoption, whereas, most of the contacts established by breeders are personal due the absence of technical institutes in the region. The main obstacles to innovate are of several types: natural, managerial, financial, and institutional.

Les hétérotopies pancréatiques (HP) sont rares. Elles peuvent se voir à tout âge avec une légère prédominance masculine.ces lésions sont le plus souvent asymptomatiques, de découverte fortuite lors d'une endoscopie digestive haute ou basse ou lors de l'examen anatomopathologique d'un organe réséqué pour d'autres motifs, et peuvent être isolée ou associée à une pathologie digestive. Nous rapportons, à travers notre observation, l'association d'une HP à un cystadénome séreux du pancréas découverte lors de l'exploration des douleurs épigastriques isolées. A travers cette observation nous nous proposons d'étudier les particularités cliniques et histologiques de cette pathologie rare.

Abstract: Visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infuntum is endemic in Tunisia. The incidence in adult patients has increased in recent years; but most of these patients are not HIV positive as in other Mediterranean countries where all the cases are associated with HIV. We present the case of a woman with symptoms suggestive of leishmaniasis but whose bone marrow was sterile and whose serological tests for Leishmania spp. were negative. For this patient, the parasite was only detected in a routine duodenal biopsy. There are few reports of visceral leishmaniasis cases diagnosed by duodenal biopsy and almost all patients were HIV positive in that case. Thus it seems interesting to perform a duodenal biopsy in case of a difficult diagnostic even in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms and/or HIV infection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Non muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) has unpredictable outcomes with a variable risk of recurrence and progression. Many clinic-pathological prognostic factors have been identified but remain insufficient, raising the need to investigate new biomarkers. The aim of our study was to assess the prognostic value of the immunohistochemical (IHC) markers E-Cadherin and B-Catenin in NMIBC. All cases of NMIBC were collected between 2008 and 2013. IHC analysis was performed using E-Cadherin and B-Catenin. Reduced or loss of E-Cadherin expression was assessed as abnormal. Only cases with B-Catenin intense membranous staining were considered normal. A correlation was found between abnormal E-Cadherin expression and stage ( p  = 0.001), grade ( p  = 0.0000000), recurrence ( p  = 0.0000000), progression ( p  = 0.01), recurrence-free survival ( p  = 0.00000001), and progression-free survival ( p  = 0.01). A statistically significant association was found between B-Catenin and stage ( p  = 0. 05), grade ( p  = 0.02), and recurrence ( p  = 0.02). The abnormal expression of these markers could help to identify a high-risk subgroup of NMIBC that might benefit from either more accurate follow-up or more aggressive treatment.

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a pro-oxidant enzyme mainly found in the azurophilic granules of neutrophils. It not only displays a key role in the intracellular microbial killing process but also contributes to the extracellular clearance of several pathogens. This study aimed to detect MPO in cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV) using immunohistochemistry. We retrospectively collected 22 confirmed cases of skin LCV diagnosed in our pathology department over 11 years (2012-2023). Immunohistochemistry was performed using anti-myeloperoxidase antibody (Leica clone 59A5) on the LeicaBond MAX automated system, following manufacturer's instructions. Two pathologists assessed immunohistochemical staining, scoring intensity as weak (+), moderate (++), or strong (+++). Patients' mean age was 56.9 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.18. Pathologically, vasculitis involved small blood vessels in all cases. Immunohistochemical analysis showed granular positive MPO staining in 59.1% of cases. Staining intensity was weak in 46.15%, moderate in 46.15%, and strong in 7.69%. Staining was patchy in 84.62% and diffuse in 15.38% of cases. MPO expression, detected in 59.1% of cutaneous LCV tissues, exhibited a patchy and peri-vascular distribution. It holds potential as a diagnostic marker for patients with early or minor histological changes.