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Imposing sanctions on non-compliant parties to international agreements is advocated as a remedy for international cooperation failure. Nevertheless, sanctions are costly, and rational choice theory predicts their ineffectiveness in improving cooperation. We test sanctions effectiveness experimentally in international collective-risk social dilemmas simulating efforts to avoid catastrophic climate change. We involve individuals from countries where sanctions were shown to be effective (Germany) or ineffective (Russia) in increasing cooperation. Here, we show that, while this result still holds nationally, international interaction backed by sanctions is beneficial. Cooperation by low cooperator groups increases relative to national cooperation and converges to the levels of high cooperators. This result holds regardless of revealing other group members' nationality, suggesting that participants' specific attitudes or stereotypes over the other country were irrelevant. Groups interacting under sanctions contribute more to catastrophe prevention than what would maximize expected group payoffs. This behaviour signals a strong propensity for protection against collective risks.

Imposing sanctions on non-compliant parties to international agreements is advocated as a remedy for international cooperation failure. Nevertheless, sanctions are costly, and rational choice theory predicts their ineffectiveness in improving cooperation. We test sanctions effectiveness experimentally in international collective-risk social dilemmas simulating efforts to avoid catastrophic climate change. We involve individuals from countries where sanctions were shown to be effective (Germany) or ineffective (Russia) in increasing cooperation. Here, we show that, while this result still holds nationally, international interaction backed by sanctions is beneficial. Cooperation by low cooperator groups increases relative to national cooperation and converges to the levels of high cooperators. This result holds regardless of revealing other group members' nationality, suggesting that participants' specific attitudes or stereotypes over the other country were irrelevant. Groups interacting under sanctions contribute more to catastrophe prevention than what would maximize expected group payoffs. This behaviour signals a strong propensity for protection against collective risks.

The history of research in finance and economics has been widely impacted by the field of Agent-based Computational Economics (ACE). While at the same time being popular among natural science researchers for its proximity to the successful methods of physics and chemistry for example, the field of ACE has also received critics by a part of the social science community for its lack of empiricism. Yet recent trends have shifted the weights of these general arguments and potentially given ACE a whole new range of realism. At the base of these trends are found two present-day major scientific breakthroughs: the steady shift of psychology towards a hard science due to the advances of neuropsychology, and the progress of reinforcement learning due to increasing computational power and big data. We outline here the main lines of a computational research study where each agent would trade by reinforcement learning.

We report the protocol relative to the experimental project "Sanctions and international interaction improve cooperation to avert climate change",which connected through the internet pairs of laboratories from Kiel and Bonn (Germany) and Moscow and Tomsk (Russia). The connection was realized through Z-Tree. Each research session comprised 24 participants, who were randomly allocated to 4 groups, whose members were three from one laboratory and three from the other. After receiving instructions and passing a comprehension test, participants interacted over ten rounds. Each participant had a fixed allocation of money in each round, which could have been kept for oneself or contributed to a group account. Contributions decreased the probability that everyone suffered a 75% loss in their personal account at the end of the interaction. A random draw determined whether occurrence the loss event occurred, and individual payoffs were paid privately in cash at the end of the session.

We report the protocol relative to the experimental project "Sanctions and international interaction improve cooperation to avert climate change", which connected through the internet pairs of laboratories from Kiel and Bonn (Germany) and Moscow and Tomsk (Russia). The connection was realized through Z-Tree. Each research session comprised 24 participants, who were randomly allocated to four groups, whose members were three from one laboratory and three from the other. After receiving instructions and passing a comprehension test, participants interacted over ten rounds. Each participant had a fixed allocation of money in each round, which could have been kept for oneself or contributed to a group account. Contributions decreased the probability that every group member would suffer a 75% loss in their personal account at the end of the interaction. A random draw determined whether the loss event occurred, and individual payoffs were paid privately in cash at the end of the session. Each session was run under one of eight treatments, where (a) the group partners were either from the same country or from different countries, (b) information on the other group's nationality was either revealed or not, (c) sanctioning others in the group was either possible or not.

In games of incomplete information individual players make decisions facing a combination of structural uncertainty about the underlying parameters of the environment, and strategic uncertainty about the actions undertaken by their partners. How well are human actors able to cope with these uncertainties, and what models best describe their learning in such environments? We use a double auction task with different competitive and informational environments to characterize learning abilities of the single human participants (buyers) in a range of adaptive learning models covering reinforcement learning, directional learning and belief learning. Results show that real behaviour is best described using simple models of directional learning type with minimal knowledge assumptions about information efficiency of prices. This behavior is consistent with bounded rationality and risk aversion: human subjects try to maximize their chance for transaction, and do so using the simplest learning rule.

В статье проведен анализ новой редакции Стратегии государственной национальной политики. Автором рассмотрены достоинства новой редакции документа, а также пробелы и недостатки, В работе предложены некоторые предложения по ее совершенствованию.

In the paper we survey the recent developments in a quickly growing area of behavioral economics, which combines methodological principles of economics with insights from cognitive and social psychology to offer new perspective and shed new light into the patterns and origins of human decisions, many of which appear puzzling from traditional economics viewpoints. We survey theories of individual decision, behavioral game-theories and their applications to economic problems. Separate attention is drawn to experimetrics - a new instrumental discipline which combines behavioural economic theories and econometric estimations of structural utility functions of individual participants of experimental studies. We conclude by indicating several directions for future research, as well as some insights from interdisciplinary and cross-cultural studies.

In this paper the author considers recent extensions of the concept of economic rationality and of the model of economic agent. These extensions are primarily due to contemporary achievement of economics and related disciplines, notably congitive psychology and neuroscience. These results allow economists to bypass the limits of the standard model of homo oeconomicus, which has been subject to critiques of many social scientists (including economists), who rightly argued that its view of human cognition and decision capabilities has been exceedingly restricted and narrow. The author surveys and describes key ingredients of a newly emerging model of economic agent - homo postoeconomicus, who extends the neoclassical model of rational action to account for prosocial preferences, cognitive constraints, as well as neurobiological mechanisms of decision-making. In sum, this new model has its advantages over the conventional homo oeconomicus, but also is not free of substantive drawbacks, which so far has failed to contribute to genuine advancement of our knowledge about the nature and causes of human action.

The slippery slope framework of tax compliance emphasizes the importance of trust in authorities as a substantial determinant of tax compliance alongside traditional enforcement tools like audits and fines. Using data from an experimental scenario study in 44 nations from five continents (N = 14,509), we find that trust in authorities and power of authorities, as defined in the slippery slope framework, increase tax compliance intentions and mitigate intended tax evasion across societies that differ in economic, sociodemographic, political, and cultural backgrounds. We also show that trust and power foster compliance through different channels: trusted authorities (those perceived as benevolent and enhancing the common good) register the highest voluntary compliance, while powerful authorities (those perceived as effectively controlling evasion) register the highest enforced compliance. In contrast to some previous studies, the results suggest that trust and power are not fully complementary, as indicated by a negative interaction effect. Despite some between-country variations, trust and power are identified as important determinants of tax compliance across all nations. These findings have clear implications for authorities across the globe that need to choose best practices for tax collection.

The slippery slope framework of tax compliance emphasizes the importance of trust in authorities as a substantial determinant of tax compliance alongside traditional enforcement tools like audits and fines. Using data from an experimental scenario study in 44 nations from five continents (N = 14,509), we find that trust in authorities and power of authorities, as defined in the slippery slope framework, increase tax compliance intentions and mitigate intended tax evasion across societies that differ in economic, sociodemographic, political, and cultural backgrounds. We also show that trust and power foster compliance through different channels: trusted authorities (those perceived as benevolent and enhancing the common good) register the highest voluntary compliance, while powerful authorities (those perceived as effectively controlling evasion) register the highest enforced compliance. In contrast to some previous studies, the results suggest that trust and power are not fully complementary, as indicated by a negative interaction effect. Despite some between-country variations, trust and power are identified as important determinants of tax compliance across all nations. These findings have clear implications for authorities across the globe that need to choose best practices for tax collection. © 2019

The slippery slope framework of tax compliance emphasizes the importance of trust in authorities as a substantial determinant of tax compliance alongside traditional enforcement tools like audits and fines. Using data from an experimental scenario study in 44 nations from five continents (N = 14,509), we find that trust in authorities and power of authorities, as defined in the slippery slope framework, increase tax compliance intentions and mitigate intended tax evasion across societies that differ in economic, sociodemographic, political, and cultural backgrounds. We also show that trust and power foster compliance through different channels: trusted authorities (those perceived as benevolent and enhancing the common good) register the highest voluntary compliance, while powerful authorities (those perceived as effectively controlling evasion) register the highest enforced compliance. In contrast to some previous studies, the results suggest that trust and power are not fully complementary, as indicated by a negative interaction effect. Despite some between-country variations, trust and power are identified as important determinants of tax compliance across all nations. These findings have clear implications for authorities across the globe that need to choose best practices for tax collection.

The Nobel Prize in Economics in 2015 was awarded to Angus Deaton for his studies of consumer behavior, poverty and welfare. The paper provides an explanation of Deaton’s key academic achievements and his contribution to economics and policy making in the area of micro data collection and analysis.

тестирование является актуальным видом контроля учебно-познавательной деятельности и эффективным методом обучения студентов. В данной статье посредством обзорного анализа литературы выделены основные требования к тестированию, преимущества и недостатки метода, возможные рекомендации, некоторые разновидности тестов, а также анализ места тестирования в общей системе учебного процесса.

Статья посвящена применению дистанционного обучения в системе современного образовательного процесса. Дистанционное обучение является перспективной методикой подготовки специалистов разного профиля в программе «обучение без границ». Рассматриваются достоинства, недостатки, особенности использования дистанционного обучения в учебных заведениях.

В статье освещены причины возникновения и этапы развития Болонского процесса, его основные положения и принципы. Посредством изучения имеющейся литературы произведен анализ модернизации национальных систем образования в странах, подписавших Болонское соглашение. Подробно рассмотрены инновационные концепции и проблемы, связанные с внедрением Болонской системы образования в России.

Авторы отмечают, что лекция является одним из основных методов, использующихся в образовательном процессе. Посредством обзорного анализа имеющейся литературы в работе были отражены: история данного метода, его виды, достоинства и недостатки. Описаны традиционные и нетрадиционные способы чтения лекций.

В работе отмечается, что в современном обществе назрела необходимость в формировании всесторонне развитой личности, которая будет способна в полной мере реализовать свой потенциал как знающего специалиста, способного адекватно отвечать за результаты и качество своей профессиональной деятельности. Авторы считают, что формирование у студентов общекультурных и профессиональных компетенций призвано этому помочь.

Авторами затронута проблема важности внедрения инновационных технологий в развитии современного медицинского образования. Проведен обзор инновационных форм обучения, описаны уровни внедрения технологий модернизации медицинского образования. Инновационный процесс в медицинском образовании является основополагающим в сфере развития и становления общества, служит начальным истоком для реализации нововведений в области производства и промышленности. Применение новых технологий значительно облегчит работу медицинским сотрудникам, в разы увеличит качество оказываемых медицинских услуг. Данная тема, в связи с минимальным количеством информации, будет весьма интересна для разбора.

Статья посвящена использованию технологии дебатов в образовательном процессе высшего учебного заведения. Описываются формы, основные элементы, порядок проведения дебатов. Обращается внимание на важность дебатов для формирования личностно-значимой позиции студентов. Рассматривается возможность использования данной технологии для качественной и эффективной подготовки студента к будущей профессиональной, социальной и научной деятельности.

В работе представлена проблема здравоохранения в России, главным образом обусловленная недостаточным координированием дальнейшего послевузовского образования и несовершенством нормативно-правового регулирования. Важным аспектом в подготовке врача является его организация в профессиональной деятельности от начала своей рабочей карьеры до ее завершения. Описана значимость непрерывности медицинского образования. В связи с тем, что литературных данных о непрерывном медицинском образовании недостаточно, представляется целесообразным и актуальным изучение данной проблемы.

The history of research in finance and economics has been widely impacted by the field of Agent- based Computational Economics (ACE). While at the same time being popular among natural science researchers for its proximity to the successful methods of physics and chemistry for example, the field of ACE has also received critics by a part of the social science community for its lack of empiricism. Yet recent trends have shifted the weights of these general arguments and potentially given ACE a whole new range of realism. At the base of these trends are found two present-day major scientific breakthroughs: the steady shift of psychology towards a hard science due to the advances of neuropsychology, and the progress of artificial intelligence and more specifically machine learning due to increasing computational power and big data. These two have also found common fields of study in the form of computational neuroscience, and human-computer interaction, among others. We outline here the main lines of a computational research study of collective economic behavior via Agent-Based Models (ABM) or Multi-Agent System (MAS), where each agent would be endowed with specific cognitive and behavioral biases known to the field of neuroeconomics, and at the same time autonomously implement rational quantitative financial strategies updated by machine learning. We postulate that such ABMs would offer a whole new range of realism.

Ambiguity attitudes have been indicated as important determinants of economic outcomes in economic models, but we still know little about the demographic correlates\ud of ambiguity attitudes, or indeed about the universality of patterns found in the West. We analyse the ambiguity attitudes of almost 3000 students across 30 countries. For gains we find ambiguity aversion everywhere, while ambiguity aversion is much weaker for losses. We also find ambiguity attitudes to systematically change with probabilities for both gains and losses, reflecting ambiguity-insensitivity to probabilities. Much of the between-country variation can be explained through a\ud few macroeconomic characteristics. In contrast, we find massive unexplained variation at the individual level, suggesting that individual differences in ambiguity\ud attitudes remain difficult to explain. We also find much unexplained heterogeneity in individual responses to different decision tasks. We conclude by discussing\ud potential issues underlying this heterogeneity, and indicating potential solutions