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With more than 3300 new cases and almost 2500 deaths each year, cervical cancer (CC) ranks second among female cancers in Moroccan women. The majority of cases occurs in women aged 50 and over. In absence of a national cancer registry, data published in Morocco are limited to the number of cases recorded in some oncology centers, so the incidence of this cancer is likely much higher than estimated. A Moroccan national program against CC based on the practice of visual inspection after application of acetic acid was set up in 2010, allowing both screening and possibly immediate treatment of (pre)cancerous lesions. However, this program has not been implemented in all regions of the country. The CC develops slowly and most often without any symptoms, and so it is diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease. Virtually, all CC are associated with persistent infection of high risk human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV16 and 18. For more than ten years, two prophylactic vaccines targeting these two HPV genotypes have been marketed. They have proved their excellent immunogenicity and efficacy and they are well tolerated. However, HPV vaccine is not yet recommended by health authorities in Morocco. In this literature review, we focused on the current situation of CC, the prevalence of HPV infection and the prevention strategies against CC in Morocco., (Copyright © 2019 Société Française du Cancer. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To explore awareness about cervical cancer among Moroccan women attending an HIV treatment centre in Laâyoune city, Morocco., Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2017 using a knowledge test regarding cervical cancer, its risk factors and its prevention., Setting: HIV treatment centre at the Hospital of Moulay Hassan Ben Elmehdi in Laâyoune city, Morocco., Participants: One hundred and twenty-three HIV-positive women aged 19 years and older were recruited to this study., Results: A total of 115 women were eligible to participate in the study. The average age was 34.9±10.2 years. Few women (20%) had heard about cervical cancer and its screening, the majority (17.4%) having received information from mass media. The vast majority (79.1%) of respondents had no knowledge of cervical cancer risk factors, and 80.8% did not know any symptoms of cervical cancer. Only 13% had undergone a Pap smear test. The main reason for not seeking Pap smear was the absence of symptoms (47%)., Conclusion: Our study documents poor awareness of cervical cancer. Given that the HIV-positive population is at increased risk of cervical cancer, health education programmes should be promoted to increase awareness of cervical cancer as well as access and participation in cervical cancer screening., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2018. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of human papillomaviruses (HPV) in cancers located at different sites in patients from west Algerian and collected between 2010 and 2014., Material and Methods: Extracted DNA from archival formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues was provided from 39 anogenital cancers, 10 head and neck cancers and 36 skin cancers. The viral DNA was detected using the INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping Extra(®) kit., Results: The prevalence of HPV was 100% in cervical cancers, 40% in vaginal cancers, 17% in vulvar cancers, 33% in anal cancers, 0% in tonsil and larynx cancers and 6.4% in skin squamous cell carcinoma. In cervical cancers, the most prevalent genotypes were HPV16 (52%) and HPV18 (12%) as single infection., Conclusion: The overall results agree partially with literature. Extensive research is necessary to promote HPV vaccine to reduce in particular the burden of cervical cancer in Algeria., (Copyright © 2016 Société Française du Cancer. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Data on Human PapillomaVirus (HPV) infection are scarce in Morocco. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of HPV and cervical cytology abnormalities in women from the Souss area, Morocco., Methods: Two hundred and thirty two women who attended the Hassan II hospital (Agadir, Morocco) were recruited in this study. Socio-economic data, sexual activity, reproductive life, history of Pap smear, smoking and HIV status were recorded. Cervical samples were taken using an Ayre spatula. Cytology was reported using the Bethesda system. HPVs were first detected by MY09/11 consensus PCR and then genotyped with INNO-LiPA(®) assay. Data were analyzed using the logistic regression model., Results: The median age of women was 42 years (18-76 years). HIV prevalence was 36.2 %. Any HPV type prevalence was 23.7 % in the study population, lower in HIV-negative women (13.3 %) than in HIV-positive women (39.3 %). HPV16 was the most prevalent type (6.5 %), followed by HPV53 and HPV74 (3.4 % each). Most women had normal cervical smears (82 %), the remaining were diagnosed with LGSIL (13 %) and HGSIL (5 %). HPV was detected in 17.4 % of normal smears, 43.4 % of LGSIL and 75 % of HGSIL. HIV status was the most powerful predictor of high risk (hr) and probable hr (phr) HPV infection (odds ratio 4.16, 95 % confidence interval 1.87-9.24, p = 0.0005) followed by abnormal cytology (OR 3.98, 95 % CI 1.39-11.40, p = 0.01), independently of socio-demographic and behavioral risk factors., Conclusions: In a Moroccan hospital based-population of the Souss area, HPV infections are frequently detected. In addition, high prevalence of hr and phrHPVs and precancerous lesions among HIV-positive women is likely associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer. This highlights the need for HPV and cervical cancer prevention campaigns in Morocco.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of cytological abnormalities and high risk Human PapillomaVirus (hrHPV) in cervical smears from French women aged over 65 years who attended the referent Gynecology Clinic of the Besançon University Hospital., Methods: Between 2002 and 2012, 796 French women aged 66-99 years were cotested for cytology and hrHPV by Hybrid Capture 2 (hc2). hc2-positive cases were subjected to real time PCR for specific HPV 16/18/45 genotyping. Women with normal Pap smears and positive for hrHPV were followed-up every 12 months., Results: Cytological abnormalities were detected in more than 30% of women and cervical cancers (CC) in 2.9% of women. Benign lesions were more frequent in women aged 66-75 years while (pre)-malignant lesions were preferentially found in women over 76. The prevalence of hrHPV was 22.7%. HPV 16 was the most frequent (23.8%), followed by HPV 45 (7.7%) and HPV 18 (3.9%). The rate of hrHPV increased with the lesion severity and HPV 16 was identified in 50% of CC. Among the followed-up women, those who developed CIN3 were HPV16 positive at study entry., Conclusion: The study provides important estimates of the prevalence of cervical abnormalities and hrHPV positivity in a French hospital based-population over 65. Findings suggest to consider this high risk population in regards to cervical cancer., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)