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Objective: The purpose of this analysis was to identify, analyze, and report patterns (or themes) of planning and preparation considerations of students that scored less than the historic average score on the Pre-NAPLEX® exam., Methods: This qualitative study was a retrospective, inductive thematic analysis of de-identified semi-structured interview field notes collected from student interviews for those students that scored less than the historic average score on the Pre-NAPLEX® exam., Results: Ninety-one students were initially contacted based on their score on the Pre-NAPLEX® exam to participate in one-on-one virtual discussions (i.e., interviews) with faculty members. Fifty-two responded and participated with their responses analyzed and included in thematic categorization. Four major themes were identified during the analysis. These include 1) Organization and Messaging of NAPLEX® Preparation Efforts, 2) Time Management during Competing Obligations, 3) Test Taking Experience, and 4) Curricular Disconnect., Conclusion: Student performance on the NAPLEX licensing exam is of great concern to many colleges of pharmacy. As a result, many institutions are looking at root-causes for poor performance and working to implement structural changes at their institution to address these concerns. This investigation identified four major themes surrounding the preparation and planning for the Pre-NAPLEX® for students that scored less than the historic average score on the Pre-NAPLEX®. These include 1) Organization and Messaging of NAPLEX® Preparation Efforts, 2) Time Management during Competing Obligations, 3) Test Taking Experience, and 4) Curricular Disconnect. Each of these themes provides potentially actionable items to improve how students prepare and plan for the Pre-NAPLEX®, which may be translatable to informing actions to improve results on the actual NAPLEX exam itself., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Angiotensin II (ATII) maintains blood pressure via RAAS with a beneficial adverse effect profile versus catecholamines and phenylephrine. Head-to-head data comparing ATII to phenylephrine are lacking regarding renal allograft function, hemodynamic efficacy, and safety within the perioperative period of kidney transplantation., Methods: This single-center, retrospective study included adult kidney transplant recipients who received continuous infusions of ATII or phenylephrine within a 24-h perioperative period as a first-line vasopressor according to an institutional algorithm. The primary endpoint was allograft function. Secondary endpoints were hemodynamic efficacy and adverse effects., Results: Among 105 patients, there was no significant difference in IGF (p = 0.545), SGF (p = 0.557), or DGF (p = 0.878) between patient cohorts. In the 34 patients with cold ischemia time (CIT) > 14-h, IGF was higher (p = 0.013) and DGF (p = 0.045) was lower in the ATII cohort versus phenylephrine. In all patients, ATII was associated with a decreased need for additional vasopressor agents (p < 0.001). Adverse effect profiles were similar between cohorts (p > 0.05)., Conclusion: Among kidney transplant recipients, ATII may be a suitable first-line alternative compared with phenylephrine in the perioperative period for hypotension management with a reduced need for additional vasopressor support. Allograft benefits were observed in patients with prolonged CIT., (© 2024 The Author(s). Clinical Transplantation published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in many trauma patients extends beyond hospitalization, but there is a paucity of evidence to guide the use of post-discharge prophylaxis (PDP)., Methods: A retrospective cohort study of trauma patients deemed moderate-to-high risk for VTE (risk assessment profile score [RAP] ≥5) who were prescribed PDP based on an internal clinical guideline assessing injury pattern and mobility status. PDP patients were compared with those that did not receive post-discharge prophylaxis (NPDP)., Results: 1512 patients were included. PDP group had higher mean RAP score (7.3 vs. 6.4, p ​< ​0.001), more likely to have a complex orthopedic fracture and underwent a longer median hospital (4.7 vs. 2.9 days, p ​< ​0.001). No difference between groups in 90-day VTE (11 [1.5 ​%] (PDP) vs. 8 [1.0 ​%] (NPDP), p ​= ​0.50), clinically relevant bleeding (p ​= ​0.58), or readmission (p ​= ​0.46)., Conclusions: VTE incidence, clinically relevant bleeding, and readmission 90-days after hospital discharge were low and similar between PDP and NPDP groups. PDP prescribed in a presumably higher VTE risk trauma population may mitigate the long-term risk of VTE., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest We declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Tacrolimus is known to exhibit significant inter- and intra-patient pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) variability regarding therapeutic response. LCP-tacrolimus (LCPT-Envarsus XR) was approved in 2018 for use as a de novo immunosuppressive agent in kidney transplants, but there is limited evidence to guide de novo dosing of LCPT in patients with obesity. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different calculated weight-based de novo LCPT dosing on early transplant outcomes., Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ) who received a kidney transplant at the University of Illinois Hospital and Health System (UIH), between March 2019 and March 2021. Subjects were included if were age 18 years or older and received de novo LCPT throughout index hospitalization. The primary endpoint of this study was to compare correlations between the first tacrolimus trough level and dosing weight strategy (e.g., TBW, AdjBW, IBW)., Results: There was a statistically significant, though modest, correlation between all three dosing strategies and the first tacrolimus trough level (TBW correlation coefficient = .431, p < .001; AdjBW correlation coefficient = .455, p < .001; IBW correlation coefficient = .465; p < .001). In regression modeling for supratherapeutic levels each additional .01 mg/kg increase in dose by TBW, AdjBW, and IBW increased the odds of a supratherapeutic level by 1.46, 1.34, and 1.24, respectively (p < .001)., Conclusions: The use of LCPT in kidney transplant recipients with obesity dosed using TBW demonstrated the strongest correlation with initial supratherapeutic tacrolimus levels. Larger prospective studies are needed to investigate the further impact of body weight on dosing regimens in the obese population., (© 2023 The Authors. Clinical Transplantation published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objectives: To date, there are no published pharmacokinetic (PK) data for baricitinib in critically ill patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. This paper describes in detail the plasma PK and dialytic clearance of baricitinib in a patient infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requiring continuous renal replacement therapy in order to suggest dosing strategies in this population., Methods: Baricitinib 2 mg daily was used for the treatment of COVID-19 in a critically ill patient on continuous venovenous haemodialysis (CVVHD). Prefiltration plasma drug concentrations of baricitinib were measured at hours 1, 2, 12, and 24 after drug administration. Postfiltration and ultrafiltrate concentrations were collected at hour 24., Results: Plasma PK parameters of baricitinib in this patient were as follows: maximum plasma concentration (C max ), 20.98 ng/mL; minimum plasma concentration (C min ), 9.84 ng/mL; half-life (t 1/2 ), 23.85 h; apparent volume of distribution at the steady state (V ss ), 99.42 L; total clearance at the steady state (CL ss ), 2.89 L/h; and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC 0-∞ ), 692.14 ng · h/mL. The saturation coefficient for baricitinib at 24 h after administration was 0.607. The transmembrane clearance of baricitinib by CVVHD running at a flow rate of 2 L/h was 1.21 L/h, representing 41.9% of the total clearance of baricitinib., Conclusions: In a critically ill COVID-19 patient on CVVHD, a 2-mg dose of baricitinib achieves a C max comparable with healthy subjects, but total clearance was reduced to about 20%. Larger studies exploring multiple patients and dialysis modes are needed to determine the optimal dosing strategy for baricitinib in this patient population., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd and International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.)

Background: Hypoperfusion leads to allograft injury during kidney transplantation. Catecholamine vasopressors are used to maintain blood pressure in the perioperative period but have demonstrated negative outcomes in the deceased-donor kidney transplant population. Little is known regarding living donor kidney transplants (LDKTs) and vasopressor use. The aim of this study is to describe the incidence of vasopressor use in LDKT and characterize its effects on allograft function and patient outcomes., Methods: This retrospective, observational cohort study included adult patients who underwent an isolated LDKT between August 1, 2017, and September 1, 2018. Patients were divided into those who received perioperative vasopressors and those who did not. The primary objective was to compare allograft function between LDKT recipients that received vasopressors and those who did not. Secondary outcomes included safety endpoints and the identification of clinical variables associated with vasopressor use., Results: A total of 67 patients received an LDKT during the study period. Of those, 25 (37%) received perioperative vasopressors, and 42 (62%) did not. Poor graft function, as defined by the development of slow or delayed graft function, occurred more frequently in patients receiving perioperative vasopressors compared with those who did not (6 [24%] vs 1 [2.4%], P = .016). In multivariable regression modeling, only perioperative vasopressors were statistically significantly associated with poor graft function. In addition, patients exposed to vasopressors experienced more postoperative arrhythmias (8 [32%] vs 1 [4.8%], P = .0025)., Conclusion: Using perioperative vasopressors was independently associated with worsened early renal allograft function, including delayed graft function and adverse events in the LDKT population., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Critical care pharmacists when incorporated into the ICU team, have been shown to improve outcomes in critically ill patients by decreasing mortality, improving morbidity and reducing cost. As telehealth continues to evolve, the incorporation of a critical care pharmacist into a comprehensive telecritical care (TCC) service will allow increased comprehensive pharmacotherapeutic care for those in smaller, community or rural hospitals., Objectives: To describe the implementation of a TCC pharmacist into an established TCC network, classify interventions performed, and quantify cost avoidance generated through pharmacist interventions., Design: Multicenter, observational cohort study and retrospective return on investment, performed between December 2019 and December 2021., Setting and Participants: Critically ill adult patients, admitted to an ICU located in any of our eight community hospitals (50 ICU beds) within a large, 25-hospital integrated healthcare system (563 ICU beds total) in the United States., Main Outcomes and Measures: The TCC pharmacist service was implemented in 8-hour shifts, initially available 5 days per week, then expanded to 7 days per week. Critical care pharmacist interventions were categorized by clinical type established utilizing American Society of Health-System Pharmacists benchmarking standards and the latest cost avoidance data., Results: During the 2-year analysis period, TCC pharmacists documented 2,838 interventions generating $1,664,254 of gross cost avoidance and a return on investment of 4.5:1., Conclusions and Relevance: It is feasible to implement a TCC pharmacist within an established TCC network. Our experience showed enhanced comprehensive care of critically ill patients located in community hospitals within a large, integrated healthcare system, demonstrated significant cost avoidance, and has led to other initiatives, including a collaborative clinical/operational partnership with Life Flight., Competing Interests: The authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the Society of Critical Care Medicine.)