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This study aimed to identify and evaluate the genetic diversity of olive trees in Jordan, a country located in the eastern Mediterranean, where olive domestication originated. For this purpose, a total of 386 olive trees were analyzed, including 338 collected from two surveys (JOCC-1 and JOCC-2) across seven regions, and 48 selected accessions from the Olive Germplasm Bank of Jordan (JGBOC). These trees underwent comprehensive phenotypic and molecular characterization using different tools. Significant differences in morphological traits were detected among tested regions using the Chi-square test. Principal components analysis revealed that fruit color change and growth habit as the most discriminating traits, segregating the trees into two groups, with the first group including the Kanabisi cultivar and the second group including the Kfari Baladi cultivar. Utilizing Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR assay, two sets of informative SNPs were used for the genetic diversity analysis. Cladograms were constructed using the maximum likelihood method, revealing a consistent pattern where two clades containing identical genotypes were observed to cluster with the Kfari Baladi or Kanabisi. In addition, the SNP data was used to perform a comparative analysis with the Worldwide Olive Germplasm Bank of Córdoba, which revealed 73 unreported olive genotypes from Jordan. Genetic structure analyses using Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC) identified four clusters with distinctive patterns of relatedness among 149 unique accessions, including 52 olive accessions from various Mediterranean countries (IOCC-3). ADMIXTURE analysis revealed four genetic clusters, consistent with the clustering observed in DAPC and cladogram analysis, indicating a high level of genetic admixture among Jordanian olive germplasm. In conclusion, the results show that olive trees in Jordan are highly diverse, providing valuable information for future conservation and management plans.

U ovome se radu metodološkim aparatom teorije konceptualne metafore i metonimije te kognitivne gramatike analiziraju kognitivni temelji distribucije i alternacije prijedloga u i na u prijedložnim skupinama u hrvatskome jeziku u kojima prijedložne dopune označavaju prijevozno sredstvo, naseljena mjesta, ustanove i institucije, različite odabrane lokacije i događaje. Rad polazi od pretpostavke da svako specifičnije značenje tih prijedloga predstavlja elaboraciju njihovih shematičnih značenja intralokalnosti i supralokalnosti.

Abstract Background Olive is one of the most cultivated species in the Mediterranean Basin and beyond. Despite being extensively studied for its commercial relevance, the origin of cultivated olive and the history of its domestication remain open questions. Here, we present a genealogical and kinship relationships analysis by mean of chloroplast and nuclear markers of different genera, subgenus, species, subspecies, ecotypes, cultivated, ancient and wild types, which constitutes one of the most inclusive research to date on the diversity within Olea europaea species. A complete survey of the variability across the nuclear and plastid genomes of different genotypes was studied through single nucleotide polymorphisms, indels (insertions and deletions), and length variation. Results Fifty-six different chlorotypes were identified among the Oleaceae family including Olea europaea, other species and genera. The chloroplast genome evolution, within Olea europaea subspecies, probably started from subsp. cuspidata, which likely represents the ancestor of all the other subspecies and therefore of wild types and cultivars. Our study allows us to hypothesize that, inside the subspecies europaea containing cultivars and the wild types, the ancestral selection from var. sylvestris occurred both in the eastern side of the Mediterranean and in the central-western part of Basin. Moreover, it was elucidated the origin of several cultivars, which depends on the introduction of eastern cultivars, belonging to the lineage E1, followed by crossing and replacement of the autochthonous olive germplasm of central-western Mediterranean Basin. In fact, our study highlighted that two main ‘founders’ gave the origin to more than 60% of analyzed olive cultivars. Other secondary founders, which strongly contributed to give origin to the actual olive cultivar diversity, were already detected. Conclusions The application of comparative genomics not only paves the way for a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships within the Olea europaea species but also provides original insights into other elusive evolutionary processes, such as chloroplast inheritance and parentage inside olive cultivars, opening new scenarios for further research such as the association studies and breeding programs.

In Spain, several local studies have highlighted the likely presence of unknown olive cultivars distinct from the approximately 260 ones previously described in the literature. Furthermore, recent advancements in identification techniques have significantly enhanced in terms of efficacy and precision. This scenario motivated a new nationwide prospecting effort aimed at recovering and characterizing new cultivated germplasm using high-throughput molecular markers. In the present study, the use of 96 EST-SNP markers allowed the identification of a considerable amount of new material (173 new genotypes) coming from areas with low intensification of production in different regions of Spain. As a result, the number of distinct national genotypes documented in the World Olive Germplasm Bank of IFAPA, Córdoba (WOGBC-ESP046) increased to 427. Likewise, 65 and 24 new synonymy and homonymy cases were identified, respectively. This rise in the number of different national cultivars allowed to deepen the knowledge about the underlying genetic structure. The great genetic variability of Spanish germplasm was confirmed, and a new hot spot of diversity was identified in the northern regions of La Rioja and Aragon. Analysis of the genetic structure showed a clear separation between the germplasm of southern and northern-northeastern Spain and indicated a significantly higher level of admixture in the latter. Given the expansion of modern olive cultivation with only a few cultivars, this cryptic germplasm is in great danger of disappearing. This underlines the fact that maintaining as many cultivars as possible will increase the genetic variability of the olive gene pool to meet the future challenges of olive cultivation.

This study investigates the spatiotemporal trends of loggerhead turtles along the Croatian Adriatic coast by using stranding data and post-mortem analyses. Information on 620 loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), collected in the period between 2010 and 2022, has been analysed. Seasonal stranding variations reveal distinct patterns, indicating season-specific abundance and age-specific mortality in different areas, particularly in the key neritic habitat of the northern Adriatic. The analysis identifies four critical areas in the northeast and central Adriatic showing high stranding densities and provides regional managers with a tool with which to effectively conserve and manage this species. Fishing-induced mortality, collision with vessels, and potential cold stunning are identified as major threats to loggerhead turtles. Post-mortem investigations reveal that longline fishing gear and collisions with vessels are significant age-specific mortality contributors, underscoring the need for targeted conservation efforts in high-risk areas. The study acknowledges potential biases in strandings records but highlights the importance of post-mortem investigations in understanding mortality causes. The findings provide valuable insights for improving conservation strategies, emphasizing the importance of focused surveillance and conservation efforts in identified high-risk locations to mitigate human–turtle interactions.

Various 4-aminotetrahydropyridinylidene salts were treated with aldehydes in an alkaline medium. Their conversion to 5-substituted β-hydroxyketones in a one-step reaction succeeded only with an aliphatic aldehyde. Instead, aromatic aldehydes gave 5-substituted β-aminoketones or a single δ-diketone. The new compounds were characterized using spectroscopic methods and a single crystal structure analysis. Some of them showed anticancer and antibacterial properties.

This study aimed to identify and evaluate the genetic diversity of olive trees in Jordan, a country located in the eastern Mediterranean, where olive domestication originated. For this purpose, a total of 386 olive trees were analyzed, including 338 collected from two surveys (JOCC-1 and JOCC-2) across seven regions, and 48 selected accessions from the Olive Germplasm Bank of Jordan (JGBOC). These trees underwent comprehensive phenotypic and molecular characterization using different tools. Significant differences inmorphological traits were detected among tested regions using the Chi-square test. Principal components analysis revealed that fruit color change and growth habit as the most discriminating traits, segregating the trees into two groups, with the first group including the KANABISI cultivar and the second group including the KFARI BALADI cultivar. Utilizing Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR assay, two sets of informative SNPs were used for the genetic diversity analysis. Cladograms were constructed using the maximum likelihood method, revealing a consistent pattern where two clades containing identical genotypes were observed to cluster with the KFARI BALADI or KANABISI. In addition, the SNP data was used to perform a comparative analysis with the Worldwide Olive Germplasm Bank of Co'rdoba, which revealed 73 unreported olive genotypes from Jordan. Genetic structure analyses using Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC) identified four clusters with distinctive patterns of relatedness among 149 unique accessions, including 52 olive accessions from various Mediterranean countries (IOCC-3). ADMIXTURE analysis revealed four genetic clusters, consistentwith the clustering observed inDAPC and cladogram analysis, indicating a high level of genetic admixture among Jordanian olive germplasm. In conclusion, the results show that olive trees in Jordan are highly diverse, providing valuable information for future conservation and management plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Olive orchards are threatened by a wide range of pathogens. Of these, Verticillium dahliae has been in the spotlight for its high incidence, the difficulty to control it and the few cultivars that has increased tolerance to the pathogen. Disease resistance not only depends on detection of pathogen invasion and induction of responses by the plant, but also on barriers to avoid the invasion and active resistance mechanisms constitutively expressed in the absence of the pathogen. In a previous work we found that two healthy non-infected plants from cultivars that differ in V. dahliae resistance such as ‘Frantoio’ (resistant) and ‘Picual’ (susceptible) had a different root morphology and gene expression pattern. In this work, we have addressed the issue of basal differences in the roots between Resistant and Susceptible cultivars. Results The gene expression pattern of roots from 29 olive cultivars with different degree of resistance/susceptibility to V. dahliae was analyzed by RNA-Seq. However, only the Highly Resistant and Extremely Susceptible cultivars showed significant differences in gene expression among various groups of cultivars. A set of 421 genes showing an inverse differential expression level between the Highly Resistant to Extremely Susceptible cultivars was found and analyzed. The main differences involved higher expression of a series of transcription factors and genes involved in processes of molecules importation to nucleus, plant defense genes and lower expression of root growth and development genes in Highly Resistant cultivars, while a reverse pattern in Moderately Susceptible and more pronounced in Extremely Susceptible cultivars were observed. Conclusion According to the different gene expression patterns, it seems that the roots of the Extremely Susceptible cultivars focus more on growth and development, while some other functions, such as defense against pathogens, have a higher expression level in roots of Highly Resistant cultivars. Therefore, it seems that there are constitutive differences in the roots between Resistant and Susceptible cultivars, and that susceptible roots seem to provide a more suitable environment for the pathogen than the resistant ones.

Multinuclear complexes of heavy metals, such as tungsten, have demonstrated considerable potential as candidates for advanced radiocontrast agents. Of particular interest is the development of stable non-ionic compounds with high metal content and reasonably low osmolality in solution. Accordingly, we have synthesized a series of neutral W(V) complexes that contain the W2O2(µ-O)2 core and amino acids or disubstituted EDTA derivatives as ligands. The compounds were prepared from the oxalatotungstate(V) complex via a convenient procedure utilizing microwave heating. Their detailed characterization was accomplished by electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS), 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray crystallography. Further experiments to evaluate the utility of the complexes as radiocontrast media were precluded by their poor aqueous solubility.

The fruit size of a cultivated olive tree is consistently larger than its corresponding wild relatives because fruit size is one of the main traits associated with olive tree domestication. Additionally, large fruit size is one of the main objectives of modern olive breeding programs. However, as the long juvenile period is one main hindrance in classic breeding approaches, obtaining genetic markers associated with this trait is a highly desirable tool. For this reason, GWAS analysis of both genetic markers and the genes associated with fruit size determination, measured as fruit weight, was herein carried out in 50 genotypes, of which 40 corresponded to cultivated and 10 to wild olive trees. As a result, 113 genetic markers were identified, which showed a very high statistically significant correlation with fruit weight variability, p < 10−10. These genetic markers corresponded to 39 clusters of genes in linkage disequilibrium. The analysis of a segregating progeny of the cross of “Frantoio” and “Picual” cultivars allowed us to confirm 10 of the 18 analyzed clusters. The annotation of the genes in each cluster and the expression pattern of the samples taken throughout fruit development by RNAseq enabled us to suggest that some studied genes are involved in olive fruit weight determination.

N-(Aminoalkyl)azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonanes possess antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activity. A series with terminal tetrazole or sulfonamido partial structure was prepared. The structures of all new compounds were confirmed by NMR and IR spectroscopy and by mass spectral data. A single crystal structure analysis enabled the distinction between isomers. The antiprotozoal activities were examined in vitro against strains of Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (STIB 900). The most active sulfonamide and tetrazole derivates showed activities in the submicromolar range.

Fatty acid composition of olive oil has an important effect on the oil quality to such an extent that oils with a high oleic and low linoleic acid contents are preferable from a nutritional and technological point of view. In the present work, we have first studied the diversity of the fatty acid composition in a set of eighty-nine olive cultivars from the Worldwide Olive Germplasm Bank of IFAPA Cordoba (WOGBC-IFAPA), and in a core collection (Core-36), which includes 28 olive cultivars from the previously mentioned set. Our results indicate that oleic and linoleic acid contents displayed the highest degree of variability of the different fatty acids present in the olive oil of the 89 cultivars under study. In addition, the independent study of the Core-36 revealed two olive cultivars, Klon-14 and Abou Kanani, with extremely low and high linoleic acid contents, respectively. Subsequently, these two cultivars were used to investigate the specific contribution of different fatty acid desaturases to the linoleic acid content of mesocarp tissue during olive fruit development and ripening. Fatty acid desaturase gene expression levels, together with lipid analysis, suggest that not only OeFAD2-2 and OeFAD2-5 but also the different specificities of extraplastidial acyltransferase enzymes are responsible for the variability of the oleic/linoleic acid ratio in olive cultivars. All this information allows for an advancement in the knowledge of the linoleic acid biosynthesis in different olive cultivars, which can impact olive breeding programs to improve olive oil quality.

The structure of the title hydrated molecular salt, C10H8NS+·Cl−·H2O, obtained by the reaction of sodium quinoline-8-thiolate Na(Quin-8-S) with CH2Cl2 and an aqueous solution of [Bu4N]Cl, contains π-stacked cations [plane-to-plane separation = 3.338 (4)–3.356 (4) Å] and features chains built by alternating Cl− anions and H2O molecules connected by O—H...O hydrogen bonds. The cation shows whole-molecule disorder over two flipped orientations in a 0.853 (3):0.147 (3) ratio.

Wild subspecies of Olea europaea constitute a source of genetic variability with huge potential for olive breeding to face global changes in Mediterranean-climate regions. We intend to identify wild olive genotypes with optimal adaptability to different environmental conditions to serve as a source of rootstocks and resistance genes for olive breeding. The SILVOLIVE collection includes 146 wild genotypes representative of the six O. europaea subspecies and early-generations hybrids. These genotypes came either from olive germplasm collections or from direct prospection in Spain, continental Africa and the Macaronesian archipelago. The collection was genotyped with plastid and nuclear markers, confirming the origin of the genotypes and their high genetic variability. Morphological and architectural parameters were quantified in 103 genotypes allowing the identification of three major groups of correlative traits including vigor, branching habits and the belowground-to-aboveground ratio. The occurrence of strong phenotypic variability in these traits within the germplasm collection has been shown. Furthermore, wild olive relatives are of great significance to be used as rootstocks for olive cultivation. Thus, as a proof of concept, different wild genotypes used as rootstocks were shown to regulate vigor parameters of the grafted cultivar “Picual” scion, which could improve the productivity of high-density hedgerow orchards.

Primjenjujući teorijsko-metodološki okvir kognitivne gramatike (Langacker 1987, 1991, 2008, 2009, Taylor 2002, Belaj i Tanacković Faletar 2014, 2017), ova će rasprava biti posvećena podjeli eksplicitno subordiniranih klauzi. U kognitivnoj gramatici subordinirane se klauze, kao uostalom i u većini ostalih gramatičkih teorija, dijele na relativne, kompletivne i adverbijalne, no ta podjela, barem kada je hrvatski jezik u pitanju, ne obuhvaća sve tipove eksplicitne subordinacije te zahtijeva određenu reviziju. Ovdje će se eksplicitno subordiniranim klauzama pristupiti kao kontinuumu konstrukcija u rasponu od shematičnijih prema specifičnijima te će se na najshematičnijoj razini one podijeliti na relativne i nerelativne, i to iz najmanje dva razloga: prvo, pojam odnosa bez ikakve je sumnje najvažniji pojam svake razine gramatičkoga opisa te je u tom smislu izrazito pogodan kao osnovni kriterij različitih klasifikacija i podjela (npr. vrsta riječi), pa tako i subordiniranih klauzi, i drugo, relativne su rečenice jedinstvene u kategoriji subordiniranih klauzi jer su one jedine klauze u kojima veznik uz opću funkciju povezivanja ima i funkciju supstituiranja, čime se u subordiniranoj klauzi omogućuje razvijanje različitih značenja imanentnih ostalim vrstama (gotovo svih adverbijalnih i kompletivnih), pa takva opća podjela s jedne strane obuhvaća sve tipove subordinacije, a s druge pak strane u skladu s općim kognitivnolingvističkim pristupom kategorizaciji podržava preklapanja njihovih različitih tipova.

Aim of study: Crop phenology is a critical component in the identification of impacts of climate change. Then, the assessment of germplasm collections provides relevant information for cultivar selection and breeding related to phenology, being the base for identifying adaptation strategies to climate change. Area of study: The World Olive Germplasm Bank located at IFAPA Centre “Alameda del Obispo” (WOGB-IFAPA) in Cordoba (Southern Spain) was considered for the study. Material and methods: Data gathered for nine years on flowering and ripening time of olive cultivars from WOGB-IFAPA were evaluated. Thus, full flowering date (FFD) for 148 cultivars and ripening date (RD) for 86 cultivars, coming from 14 olive growing countries, were considered for characterization of olive phenology and for calibration/validation of phenological models. Main results: The characterization of WOGB-IFAPA has allowed the identification of cultivars with extreme early (‘Borriolenca’) and late (‘Ulliri i Kuq’) flowering as well as the ones with extreme early (‘Mavreya’) and late (‘Gerboui’) ripening dates. However, the very limited inter-cultivar variability, especially for FFD, resulted in a non-optimal simulation models performance. Thus, for FFD and RD the root mean square error was around 6 and 24 days, respectively. The limited inter-cultivar variability was associated to the low average temperatures registered during winter at WOGB-IFAPA generating an early accumulation of the chilling requirements, thus homogenizing FFD of all the analyzed cultivars. Research highlights: The identification of cultivars with early FFD and late RD provides useful information for breeding programs and climate change studies for identifying adaptation strategies.

Olive, the emblematic Mediterranean fruit crop, owns a great varietal diversity, which is maintained in ex situ field collections, such as the World Olive Germplasm Bank of Córdoba (WOGBC), Spain. Accurate identification of WOGBC, one of the world’s largest collections, is essential for efficient management and use of olive germplasm. The present study is the first report of the use of a core set of 96 EST-SNP markers for the fingerprinting of 1273 accessions from 29 countries, including both field and new acquired accessions. The EST-SNP fingerprinting made possible the accurate identification of 668 different genotypes, including 148 detected among the new acquired accessions. Despite the overall high genetic diversity found at WOGBC, the EST-SNPs also revealed the presence of remarkable redundant germplasm mostly represented by synonymy cases within and between countries. This finding, together with the presence of homonymy cases, may reflect a continuous interchange of olive cultivars, as well as a common and general approach for their naming. The structure analysis revealed a certain geographic clustering of the analysed germplasm. The EST-SNP panel under study provides a powerful and accurate genotyping tool, allowing for the foundation of a common strategy for efficient safeguarding and management of olive genetic resources.