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En este art��culo se abordar�� la importancia del refugiado como personaje central en la actualidad que re��ne caracter��sticas similares con otros personajes cl��sicos de las ciencias sociales, adem��s de conformarse en la paradoja entre un Estado en repliegue de su responsabilidad de proteger (en origen) y un Estado protector (en destino). Desde una metodolog��a cualitativa, se traza un hilo conductor entre la desprotecci��n en origen y la b��squeda de protecci��n en destino vivida por el refugiado, con el objetivo de resaltar su relaci��n con el Estado y su construcci��n subjetiva atravesada por condiciones que le alejan de la norma de la ciudadan��a. Los paralelismos con caracter��sticas de distintos personajes ayudan a delimitar la caracterizaci��n del refugiado, atendiendo a los diferentes momentos en los que puede encontrarse en relaci��n a su reconocimiento.

RESUMEN Theobroma cacao L. es un ��rbol del bosque tropical, se clasifica dentro de la familia Malvaceae originario del sur de Am��rica. El ��rbol se conoce com��nmente como cacao mientras que el t��rmino cocoa se refiere a los productos preparados con las semillas secas y fermentadas. El cacao es un ���commodity��� que representa la base de la econom��a de millones de peque��os productores en el mundo. En el a��o 2019, la producci��n a nivel mundial fue de 6,800 millones de d��lares con m��s de 10 millones de toneladas obtenidas. En M��xico, se produjeron 28,473 ton siendo Tabasco el mayor productor (18,331 ton), seguido de Chiapas con 9,857 ton y Guerrero con 285 ton. El cacao se clasifica en tres grupos gen��ticos: criollo, forastero y trinitario. El cacao criollo es el de mejor calidad, pero de mayor susceptibilidad a enfermedades. El cultivo de cacao requiere de condiciones de temperatura, humedad, suelo y sombra, determinadas para su crecimiento y producci��n. Para la fermentaci��n de cacao, las semillas y la pulpa se colocan en tapetes cubiertos con hojas de pl��tano o en cajas de madera con drenaje. Los microorganismos involucrados principalmente en la fermentaci��n incluyen levaduras, bacterias ��cido l��cticas y bacterias ��cido ac��ticas. El proceso de fermentaci��n es fundamental para la calidad de los productos. Esta revisi��n muestra las caracter��sticas del cacao, as�� como los microorganismos involucrados en su fermentaci��n. ABSTRACT Theobroma cacao L. is a tree from the tropical rainforest. It is classified in the Malvacea family and was originated in the south of America. The tree is commonly known as cacao while cocoa refers to the products obtained from dried and fermented seeds. Cacao is a commodity which is the economic base for millions of small producers in the world. The production of cacao in the world in 2019 was valued in 6,800 million dollars, with more than 10 million of harvested tons. In Mexico, the production was 28,473 ton with Tabasco as the mayor producer (18,331 ton), followed by Chiapas with 9,857 ton and Guerrero with 285 ton. Cacao is classified in three genetic groups: criollo, forastero and trinitario. The criollo cacao has the best quality but it has the mayor susceptibility to diseases. The cacao tree requires special conditions of temperature, humidity, kind of soil and shade for its growth and production. To start the fermentation, the beans and pulp are removed from the pod and placed in heaps covered with banana leaves or in wooden boxes fitted with drainage holes. The main microorganisms involved in the fermentation are yeast, lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria. Cacao fermentation is fundamental to obtain products with quality. This review features the main cacao characteristics and the microorganisms involved in the fermentation., {"references":["Díaz-Valderrama JR, Leiva-Espinoza T y Aime MC. 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En a��os recientes, el trasplante fecal (TF) ha ganado un elevado volumen de inter��s y r��pida aceptaci��n. Actualmente el TF se define como la infusi��n de heces provenientes de un individuo sano a un paciente con disbiosis intestinal, la cual se ha identificado como un componente central en la etiopatogenia de numerosos trastornos gastrointestinales, como el s��ndrome de intestino irritable, la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal y la infecci��n por Clostridium difficile, entre otros. Adem��s, la disbiosis intestinal se ha propuesto como un elemento fisiopatol��gico contribuyente a numerosas enfermedades cr��nicas no transmisibles relacionadas con la inflamaci��n de bajo grado como la obesidad, la diabetes mellitus, las enfermedades cardiovasculares, el c��ncer y m��ltiples trastornos neuropsiqui��tricos y autoinmunes. La correcci��n de los desbalances en la microbiota intestinal es el mecanismo de acci��n fundamental del TF, mediante la introducci��n de microbios que puedan restablecer la funcionalidad intestinal normal. Aunque la popularidad de este procedimiento se encuentra en ascenso, hasta la fecha a��n no se dispone de pautas estandarizadas para la preparaci��n de la materia fecal o su administraci��n y las medidas de seguridad pertinentes; adem��s de numerosas inc��gnitas por responder en relaci��n a los resultados a largo plazo relacionados con esta intervenci��n. Por ende, en esta revisi��n se ofrece una perspectiva actual de la integraci��n del TF en la pr��ctica cl��nica contempor��nea.

La diabetes mellitus (DM) representa uno de los problemas de salud p��blica m��s importantes a nivel internacional. Aunque las DM tipo 1 y tipo 2 representan casi la totalidad de los casos de DM, sumando alrededor de 97%, existen otros tipos de trastornos diab��ticos que con frecuencia son excluidos de los estudios observacionales por representar una porci��n presuntamente despreciable de casos. Entre estos, se encuentran las formas de DM autoinmune de inicio en la adultez como la Diabetes Autoinmune Latente del Adulto (LADA), que combina en su fisiopatolog��a un origen autoinmune con la edad de presentaci��n, que es en la adultez. La importancia de la LADA recae sobre el infradiagn��stico de la misma dado su comportamiento tan heterog��neo, que suele prestarse para confusi��n del m��dico tratante. Frecuentemente estos pacientes son mal diagnosticados con DM tipo 2, por ser la forma m��s frecuente y relevante de DM en la adultez. Sin embargo, se ha demostrado que el retraso en el diagn��stico y tratamiento oportuno de la LADA resulta en mayor riesgo de complicaciones. La LADA sigue siendo un enigma diagn��stico y terap��utico, por lo que se necesita mayor estudio para esclarecer las lagunas de conocimiento que circundan esta entidad. El objetivo de esta revisi��n es definir los par��metros para el correcto diagn��stico de esta enfermedad, as�� como las estrategias actuales para su correcto manejo.

During the last few years the topic explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has become a hotspot in the ML research community. Model-agnostic interpretation methods propose separating the explanations from the ML model, making these explanation methods reusable through XAI libraries. In this paper we have reviewed some selected XAI libraries and provide examples of different model agnostic explanations for the same black box model with the same training data. The context of the research conducted in this paper is the iSee project 1 that will show how users of Artificial Intelligence (AI) can capture, share and re-use their experiences of AI explanations with other users who have similar explanation needs., Preprint of the CEUR publication at http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3017/96.pdf

Additional file 5. Histological features observed in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas, (a) classical giant pleomorphic cells with multiple nuclei and prominent nucleolus, (b) extensive perivascular inflammatory infiltrates, (c) endothelial proliferations, (d) extensive myxoid matrix, (e) pseudopalisading necrosis, (f) pseudopapillary growth pattern, (g) biphasic pattern with spindle cell component and giant pleomorphic cell component, (h) extensive calcification, (i) small round blue cell morphology, (j) a thrombosed vessel; all depicted tumors had a maximum calibrated score above 0.9 for mcPXA; Supplementary figure 2 Overall survival (Kaplan-Meier curve) of patients in cohort mcPXA stratified after initial histological diagnosis (a) and BRAF V600E status (b); Supplementary figure 3 Typical copy number profile of mcPXA (upper panel) compared to that of mcGBM (lower panel); Supplementary figure 4 Copy number summary of cohort mcPXA altogether and stratified after WHO grade; Supplementary figure 5: The composition of cohorts histPXA and mcPXA, (a) 220 mcPXA cases with their histological composition, (b) 144 histPXA cases with their methylation class assignments (v11b4).

Additional file 1. Questionnaire.

Additional file 10: Figure S3. Pangenome analysis of genomes of different Brachyspira species. (A) General organization and visualization of 90 Brachyspira genomes based on the presence/absence of genes and their contribution to the bins core, soft-core and singleton. Total number of gene clusters (GCs) as well as the number of gene calls falling into each bin are shown in brackets. A graph bar displaying the number of singletons per genome, varying from 0 to 174, is also included.The two outmost layers represent both functional annotations derived from the NCBI-PGAP and COGs database. Known and unknown functions are in dark and light blue, respectively. Total number of both known and unknown functions are indicated in brackets. Genomes are colored-coded according to the seven different species they belong to except Swiss B. hyodysenteriae genomes that are colored in orange to facilitate their visualization. (B) Visualization of the soft-core gene clusters containing a high number of accessory genes. (C) Singletons present in each genome are highlighted and information regarding functional annotation is indicated in brackets.

Additional file 1. Supplementary tables and figures.

Additional file 3. Composition of cohorts mcPXA and histPXA in numbers.

Since 2013, the four sites of the Fluorescence Detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory record ELVES with a dedicated trigger. These UV light emissions are correlated to distant lightning strikes. The length of recorded traces has been increased from 100 $\mu$s (2013), to 300 $\mu$s (2014-16), to 900 $\mu$s (2017-present), to progressively extend the observation of the light emission towards the vertical of the causative lightning and beyond. A large fraction of the observed events shows double ELVES within the time window, and, in some cases, even more complex structures are observed. The nature of the multi-ELVES is not completely understood but may be related to the different types of lightning in which they are originated. For example, it is known that Narrow Bipolar Events can produce double ELVES, and Energetic In-cloud Pulses, occurring between the main negative and upper positive charge layer of clouds, can induce double and even quadruple ELVES in the ionosphere. This report shows the seasonal and daily dependence of the time gap, amplitude ratio, and correlation between the pulse widths of the peaks in a sample of 1000+ multi-ELVES events recorded during the period 2014-20. The events have been compared with data from other satellite and ground-based sensing devices to study the correlation of their properties with lightning observables such as altitude and polarity.

Additional file 9: Figure S2. Synteny analysis. The two most outer layers represent both functional annotations, derived from the COGs database and NCBI-PGAP, and number of genes with either known (dark blue) or unknown (light blue) annotations are also shown. Genomes are organized according to the synteny of the reference genome (in orange). The genome of the novel prophage consisting of phage-like genes organized sequentially and integrated into the chromosome is highlighted in black. Total number of gene clusters (GCs) and genes are indicated for core (dark blue), soft-core (light pink) and singleton (dark pink) bins.

26 Seiten (2022).

Comunicació presentada a 3rd Workshop on Deep Learning Approaches for Low-Resource NLP (DeepLo 2022), celebrat el 14 de juliol de 2022 a Seattle, Estats Units. The lack of resources for languages in the Americas has proven to be a problem for the creation of digital systems such as machine translation, search engines, chat bots, and more. The scarceness of digital resources for a language causes a higher impact on populations where the language is spoken by millions of people. We introduce the first official large combined corpus for deep learning of an indigenous South American low-resource language spoken by millions called Quechua. Specifically, our curated corpus is created from text gathered from the southern region of Peru where a dialect of Quechua is spoken that has not traditionally been used for digital systems as a target dialect in the past. In order to make our work repeatable by others, we also offer a public, pre-trained, BERT model called QuBERT which is the largest linguistic model ever trained for any Quechua type, not just the southern region dialect. We furthermore test our corpus and its corresponding BERT model on two major tasks: (1) named-entity recognition (NER) and (2) part-of-speech (POS) tagging by using state-of-the-art techniques where we achieve results comparable to other work on higher-resource languages. In this article, we describe the methodology, challenges, and results from the creation of QuBERT which is on par with other state-of-the-art multilingual models for natural language processing achieving between 71 and 74% F1 score on NER and 84–87% on POS tasks. This work was partially funded by Project PID2019-104512GB-I00 of the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación and Universidades and Agencia Estatal de Investigación.

Additional file 6. List of abbreviations.

Additional file 4. tSNE plot of histPXA cases with the set of reference samples underlying the classifier version v11b4; ���histPXA a��� represents cases with a calibrated score less than 0.9 in v11b4 classifier, ���histPXA b��� represents cases with a calibrated score of 0.9 or higher in v11b4 classifier.

Additional file 1. Supplementary material.

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-ehp-10.1177_01632787211067532 for Network Meta-Analysis for Single-Case Design Studies: An Illustration by Ana Barbosa Mendes, Laleh Jamshidi, Wim Van den Noortgate, and Bel��n Fern��ndez-Castillain Evaluation & the Health Professions

Polysaccharides are the main macromolecules of colloidal nature in wines, and play a fundamental role in the technological properties and organoleptic characteristics of the wines. The role of the different wine polysaccharides will depend on their quantity but also on their chemical composition, molecular structure and origin. Wine polysaccharides originate from grapes and yeast acting during the winemaking. The main polysaccharides present in wines can be grouped into three major families: (i) polysaccharides rich in arabinose and galactose (PRAG), (ii) polysaccharides rich in rhamnogalacturonans (RG-I and RG-II), which both come from the pectocellulosic cell walls of grape berries, and (iii) mannoproteins (MP) released by yeasts. This paper describes the origin, structure and role of the different wine polysaccharide families through a bibliographic revision of their origin and extraction into the wines, as well as their technological and sensory properties.

This article focuses on how Beethoven's music was received in Granada's private spheres during the last two decades of the 19th century, through an exhaustive emptying of the local press. This production had a wide circulation in the most exclusive domestic spaces of the city, especially in the residences of musicians and amateurs, with the occasional presence of prestigious visiting artists. In this sense, a classification of these musical contexts is proposed according to their purpose and participants, making a difference between artistic soir��es, student auditions and social events. Likewise, the concept of "musical intimacy" linked to performing and listening to Beethoven's work in the private sphere of Granada is further explored. Finally, the protagonists (musicians and hosts) of these evenings are approached as figures of the turn-of-the-century music scene in Granada still scarcely known, among whom some female pianists who were masterful interpreters of the Beethovenian repertoire stand out., Este art��culo analiza la recepci��n de la m��sica de Beethoven en los ambientes privados de Granada durante las dos ��ltimas d��cadas del siglo XIX, a trav��s de un vaciado exhaustivo de la prensa local. La difusi��n de esta producci��n tuvo lugar en los espacios dom��sticos m��s elitistas de la ciudad, sobre todo en las residencias de m��sicos y aficionados, con la presencia ocasional de artistas visitantes de prestigio. En este sentido se propone una clasificaci��n de estos contextos musicales en funci��n de su finalidad y participantes, diferenciando entre veladas art��sticas, audiciones de alumnos y eventos sociales. As�� mismo, se profundiza en el concepto de ��intimidad musical�� vinculado con la interpretaci��n y escucha de la obra de Beethoven en la esfera privada granadina. Finalmente, se realiza un acercamiento a los protagonistas (m��sicos y anfitriones) de estas veladas, figuras del panorama musical granadino finisecular todav��a escasamente conocidas, de entre las que destacan algunas pianistas femeninas que fueron int��rpretes sobresalientes del repertorio beethoveniano.

Associ��s intimement aux notions de crise et de mobilit��, les flux migratoires contribuent �� l�����volution de la construction des soci��t��s europ��ennes. Nous pouvons ainsi constater l���essor du r��cit transfrontalier dans la litt��rature de l���extr��me contemporain, notamment dans le corpus litt��raire des x��nographies francophones. Et c���est dans ce contexte que Nesrine Slaoui repr��sente un bel exemple de ces ��crivains qui, venant d���ailleurs, illustrent les fronti��res de la mobilit�� et de la copr��sence dans leurs ��crits. Inscrit dans cette perspective, Ill��gitimes, le premier roman de Slaoui, symbolise l���exp��rience de l���entre-deux d���une jeune fille d���immigr��s qui, ayant atteint ses objectifs professionnels, se situe �� la crois��e entre deux mondes aux fronti��res symboliques., Synergies Europe n�� 16 - 2021 p. 109-122 - GERFLINT - httpS://gerflint.fr/Base/Europe16/soto.pdf

La lectura es una actividad ling����stico-cognitiva muy compleja para ni��os de edades tempranas, y m��s a��n en nativos digitales. En cambio, mediante la utilizaci��n de cuentos con abundante material gr��fico y herramientas did��cticas audiovisuales, as�� como con el docente como mediador de la narraci��n, se posibilita que ni��os y ni��as se motiven y se generen intercambios verbales alrededor de las historias narradas. Desde diversas asignaturas que afecta a docentes en formaci��n, pusimos en marcha el proyecto interdisciplinar de Coordinaci��n Docente concedido por la Facultad de Educaci��n de la Universidad de M��laga, durante el curso 2020-2021: Patexplor@ ���yo miro, yo leo, yo me emociono���, que part��a de la narrativa audiovisual y del uso del patrimonio cultural y los valores democr��ticos como estrategia innovadora para fomentar la alfabetizaci��n digital, adquirir competencias b��sicas y visibilizar el curr��culo oculto, activando las potencialidades imaginativas de ni��os y ni��as. Especialmente, mediante las TIC, los cuentos pueden convertirse en una herramienta socializadora para la construcci��n de la personalidad y la identidad de la ciudadan��a, auxili��ndoles en la aprehensi��n y transmisi��n de valores, actitudes, creencias, normas, y modelos socioculturales., Didattica della storia ��� Journal of Research and Didactics of History, Vol. 3 (2021)

El Instituto de Ciencia Pol��tica es un think tank colombiano que, a partir de su conformaci��n como tal en 1987, ha enfocado su tarea hacia la promoci��n de ideas neoliberales relacionadas con las nociones de libertad de empresa y de mercado, la defensa de la propiedad privada y la demanda de no intervenci��n por parte del Estado en los asuntos de la econom��a. En el presente estudio, en primer lugar, reflexionaremos en torno a la caracterizaci��n de los intelectuales y expertos en Am��rica Latina, y a los rasgos predominantes de dichos perfiles con el advenimiento del neoliberalismo. En segundo lugar, realizaremos una caracterizaci��n del Instituto de Ciencia Pol��tica como un think tank de promoci��n de las ideas neoliberales. A continuaci��n, reflexionaremos sobre la relevancia del estudio de las revistas y la composici��n del Consejo Editorial de la Revista Ciencia Pol��tica, como expresi��n de las trayectorias de los expertos que formaron parte de este proyecto editorial. Para dicho an��lisis abordaremos los a��os ochenta en funci��n del contexto de lanzamiento de la revista mencionada (1985) pero, adem��s, por configurarse esta d��cada como el momento de despliegue del modelo neoliberal en Colombia.

The ultimate goal in galaxy studies is to have a complete picture of galaxy formation and evolution across the history of the Universe. A robust determination of the abundance of massive (even quiescent) galaxies at high-redshift is essential to constrain current galaxy formation models. In this context, this work addresses the challenge of studying the build-up of massive galaxies adding a new population of optically faint (HST-dark) Balmer Break Galaxies (BBGs), which are bright at longer wavelengths (even in the sub-mm regime), to the general population of massive galaxies at z > 3. We study in detail the physical properties of the general population of known massive galaxies at z > 3 and we analyze the sample of BBGs by comparing them with a mass-limited (M > 10^10M��� and z > 3) sample and a color-selected (H ���[3.6] > 2.5) sample extracted from the CANDELS catalogs published for these fields. We have therefore detected a new population of previously unknown optically dark massive red galaxies and provide a more complete sample of the general population of massive galaxies at z > 3. This population of massive distant galaxies may represent the progenitors of most massive local galaxies. In the context of the current paradigm of galaxy formation, it is essential to constrain and confirm the number density of high redshift massive galaxies, which will provide crucial information to expand our understanding of galaxy evolution. The existence of this numerous population of massive galaxies at high redshifts represents a challenge for existing cosmological models and state-of-the-art simulations.

Psicosom��tica y Psiquiatr��a, N��m. 5 (2018): abril-mayo-junio

El presente trabajo se propone como un estudio de los valores polifuncionales de la conjunci��n pero y, m��s estrictamente, de su valor preconcesivo. La investigaci��n se enlaza con la nutrida bibliograf��a sobre la adversatividad y aporta a este frente te��rico un estudio del espa��ol rioplatense basado en un corpus oral. Act��an como sustento del presente aporte el art��culo de Ferrari et al. (en prensa) en el cual se identificaron a partir de patrones pros��dicos, dos valores particulares de la conjunci��n en cuesti��n: adversativo-restrictivo y preconcesivo; y los estudios de Biagini & Mazzoleni (2017, 2019) sobre los mismos valores para el italiano y el ruso. El corpus utilizado se extrajo de pel��culas argentinas estrenadas entre los a��os 1990 y 2010 y de emisiones elicitadas a partir de entrevistas semidirigidas hechas por las investigadoras. El tratamiento de la informaci��n relevada permite concluir que, por su comportamiento sint��ctico-pragm��tico, el valor preconcesivo de la conjunci��n pero act��a como mitigador epist��mico del hablante a partir de diferentes estrategias de modalizaci��n, part��culas cataf��ricas, reforzadores o reformuladores que garantizan una gradualidad en el distanciamiento respecto del contexto previo de enunciaci��n.

This note is devoted to the splitting algorithm proposed by Davis and Yin in 2017 for computing a zero of the sum of three maximally monotone operators, with one of them being cocoercive. We provide a direct proof that guarantees its convergence when the stepsizes are smaller than four times the cocoercivity constant, thus doubling the size of the interval established by Davis and Yin. As a by-product, the same conclusion applies to the forward-backward splitting algorithm. Further, we use the notion of "strengthening" of a set-valued operator to derive a new splitting algorithm for computing the resolvent of the sum. Last but not least, we provide some numerical experiments illustrating the importance of appropriately choosing the stepsize and relaxation parameters of the algorithms.

La presente investigaci��n es el resultado del an��lisis de la problem��tica detectada en los diferentes procesos de evaluaci��n en el ��rea de matem��ticas de la Unidad Educativa San Camilo, lo origina como problema cient��fico: ��C��mo potenciar el sistema de evaluaci��n por competencias para el fortalecimiento del aprendizaje significativo en los estudiantes del ��rea de F��sica y Matem��tica de la Unidad Educativa San Camilo del Cant��n Quevedo?, con un enfoque cuantitativo y un muestreo estratificado, aplicando los m��todos de la modelaci��n an��lisis, s��ntesis, sist��mico, inducci��n y deducci��n, hipot��tico- deductivo y desde el nivel emp��rico: la observaci��n, encuesta y entrevista, en el dise��o metodol��gico se plantearon instrumentos denominados r��bricas en el sistema de evaluaci��n por competencias. En este estudio se destacan categor��as como: evaluaci��n, r��bricas, indicadores, entre otros t��rminos usados en el sistema de evaluaci��n para alcanzar los est��ndares educativos, se lograron resultados importantes para el uso de herramientas diarias docentes del ��rea de matem��ticas, r��bricas para el sistema de evaluaci��n sustentado en un sistema integral de capacitaci��n docente sobre la evaluaci��n del aprendizaje.

We present an alternative approach to studying topology in open quantum systems, relying directly on Green's functions and avoiding the need to construct an effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. We define an energy-dependent Chern number based on the eigenstates of the inverse Green's function matrix of the system which contains, within the self-energy, all the information about the influence of the environment, interactions, gain or losses. We explicitly calculate this topological invariant for a system consisting of a single 2D Dirac cone and find that it is half-integer quantized when certain assumptions over the damping are made. Away from these conditions, which cannot or are not usually considered within the formalism of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, we find that such a quantization is usually lost and the Chern number vanishes, and that in special cases, it can change to integer quantization.

La inteligencia artificial (IA) surge en la d?cada de los 40; el trabajo reconocido de Turing (1950) tuvo gran relevancia y fue considerado padre de la IA, este art?culo titulado ?Computing Machinery and Intelligence? presenta la probabilidad de que una maquina pueda imitar el pensamiento de una persona, adem?s, da a conocer un test que prueba la capacidad de una m?quina comparada con el pensamiento humano.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the relations between caffeine-derived metabolites (methylxanthines) and plasma lipids by use of population-based data from 2 European countries. METHODS Families were randomly selected from the general population of northern Belgium (FLEMENGHO), from August 12, 1985, until November 22, 1990, and 3 Swiss cities (SKIPOGH), from November 25, 2009, through April 4, 2013. We measured plasma concentrations (FLEMENGHO, SKIPOGH) and 24-hour urinary excretions (SKIPOGH) of 4 methylxanthines-caffeine, paraxanthine, theobromine, and theophylline-using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We used enzymatic methods to estimate total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels and the Friedewald equation for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in plasma. We applied sex-specific mixed models to investigate associations between methylxanthines and plasma lipids, adjusting for major confounders. RESULTS In both FLEMENGHO (N=1987; 1055 [53%] female participants) and SKIPOGH (N=990; 523 [53%] female participants), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels increased across quartiles of plasma caffeine, paraxanthine, and theophylline (total cholesterol levels by caffeine quartiles in FLEMENGHO, male participants: 5.01��0.06 mmol/L, 5.05��0.06 mmol/L, 5.27��0.06 mmol/L, 5.62��0.06 mmol/L; female participants: 5.24��0.06 mmol/L, 5.15��0.05 mmol/L, 5.25��0.05 mmol/L, 5.42��0.05 mmol/L). Similar results were observed using urinary methylxanthines in SKIPOGH (total cholesterol levels by caffeine quartiles, male participants: 4.54��0.08 mmol/L, 4.94��0.08 mmol/L, 4.87��0.08 mmol/L, 5.27��0.09 mmol/L; female participants: 5.12��0.07 mmol/L, 5.21��0.07 mmol/L, 5.28��0.05 mmol/L, 5.28��0.07 mmol/L). Furthermore, urinary caffeine and theophylline were positively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in SKIPOGH male participants. CONCLUSION Plasma and urinary caffeine, paraxanthine, and theophylline were positively associated with plasma lipids, whereas the associations involving theobromine were less clear. We postulate that the positive association between caffeine intake and plasma lipids may be related to the sympathomimetic function of methylxanthines, mitigating the overall health-beneficial effect of caffeine intake.

27 Seiten : Illustrationen, Diagramme (2021).