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Esmé Shirlow presented the findings of a policy paper developed in collaboration with the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), titled Approaches of International Courts and Tribunals to the Award of Compensation in International Private Property Cases and Implications for the Reform of Investor-State Arbitration. The policy paper follows previous IISD work on compensation in investor-state arbitration, which left open the question of whether approaches to issues of compensation in investor-state arbitration differ from the approaches of other international courts and tribunals (hereinafter, courts), and the extent to which this comparative practice might offer inspiration or ideas for ongoing investor-state dispute settlement reform. The research presented by Dr. Shirlow seeks to answer this question by analyzing how issues of compensation have been analyzed in cases concerning alleged state interferences with private property filed before the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), International Court of Justice (ICJ), International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea Annex VII Tribunals, European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACtHPR), and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR).

The reaction of [ P,N -{(C 6 H 5 ) 2 (C 5 H 4 N)P}Re(CO) 3 Br] ( RePNBr ) with silver triflate leads to the complex [ P,N -{(C 6 H 5 ) 2 (C 5 H 4 N)P}Re(CO) 3 ( O -CF 3 SO 3 )] ( RePNTfO ) with moderate yield. This new P,N -Re I triflate compound contains the anion directly coordinated to the metal, completing an octahedral environment. RePNTfO displays in dichloromethane (DCM) solution an irreversible oxidation about +1.35 V and three irreversible reduction processes at −1.38 V, −2.03 V and −2.30 V. Oxidation has been attributed to the Re I /Re II couple, while the reduction corresponds to PN -ligand processes, which is consistent with those computed by means of DFT. The absorption spectrum of RePNTfO in DCM displays a maximum at 295 nm ( e = 7.1 × 10 3 M −1 cm −1 ) and a shoulder around 350 nm ( e = 1.8 × 10 3 M −1 cm −1 ), which have been assigned to intraligand (π → π ∗ ) and metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT, dπ → π ∗ ) transitions with the help of DFT/TDDFT. Excitation of RePNTfO in DCM at 350 nm leads to an emission spectrum centered at 535 nm. The analysis of the variation of the absorption and emission spectra in coordinating solvents compared to non-coordinating DCM, DFT/TDDFT calculations modeling and ELF analysis suggests for coordinating solvents that triflate ligand is replaced in the coordination sphere of Re I in solution. Kinetics of the exchange of triflate by bromide measured in DCM at different temperatures allowed to estimate the Eyring parameters: Δ H ≠ , Δ S ≠ and Δ G ≠ , 50.8 kJ mol −1 , −109.6 J K −1 mol −1 and 83.5 kJ mol −1 respectively. The high negative entropy is indicative of a compact transition state, compatible with an associative mechanism, I a , for the exchange.

BACKGROUND: During invasive mechanical ventilation, secretions accumulate in the subglottic space; consequently, there is a risk of aspiration of these secretions into the airway during cuff deflation and extubation. To minimize this risk, 2 extubation methods are used. The first consists of introducing a suction catheter into the endotracheal tube (ETT) and the trachea. After initiating suctioning, the cuff is deflated and the ETT is removed together with the suction catheter. The second technique involves applying positive pressure to the ETT using a resuscitation bag. Once the manual breath is delivered, the ETT cuff is deflated and the ETT is removed without suction. The aim of this laboratory study is to determine the existence and magnitude of differences in leak volume during cuff deflation and extubation using various combinations of positive pressure with or without endotracheal suctioning. METHODS: An ETT connected to a ventilator was placed in a model trachea. Colored water was instilled in the space above the cuff. To measure the leak volume, a collection chamber was attached to the distal end of the model. Nine procedures were defined, based on the delivery of different positive pressure levels with or without endotracheal suctioning during extubation. The volume of leakage, in milliliters, was the unit of analysis. Procedures yielding values lower than 1 mL were assessed by the Friedman test, and a P value of less than .05 was considered significant. Post hoc comparisons were performed with a Wilcoxon test, followed by a Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: The application of CPAP15, pressure support ventilation (PSV)15/10, and PSV20/5 produced 0.4, 0.2, and 0.1 mL of leak volume, respectively. Statistically significant differences were found between CPAP15 and PSV15/10 (P = .003) and between CPAP15 and PSV20/5 (P = .01), but not between PSV15/10 and PSV20/5 (P = .30). The addition of suctioning increased leak volume, with statistically significant differences between CPAP15 and CPAP15 + endotracheal suctioning (P = .001) and between PSV15/10 and PSV15/10 + endotracheal suctioning (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Endotracheal suctioning during cuff deflation and extubation produced greater leakage. Application of CPAP15, PSV15/10, and PSV20/5 resulted in the lowest leak values, with the best results being obtained with the use of PSV15/10 and PSV20/5.