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Simple Summary: Birds are social creatures, and identifying their sexes is essential for their breeders to provide for their welfare and for breeding, especially since many species lack visible sexual dimorphism. Molecular genetic sexing using real-time PCR (qPCR) is one of the most reliable methods for sex determination in monomorphic birds. This study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of qPCR in sexing Neognathae birds using minimally invasive oral swab samples. By analyzing five conserved Z-specific genes (CHRNA6, DDX4, VPS13A, LPAR1, and TMEM161B), this study successfully sexed paired male and female samples obtained from 17 bird species across six orders. At least one of these genes was effective in determining sex in all tested species. These findings establish qPCR using oral swab samples as a practical and less invasive method for avian sex determination, with potential applications in molecular biology and conservation. Future studies should evaluate its use across additional species and refine the technique for improved accuracy and ease of use. Birds are inherently social creatures that rely on pairing to enhance their well-being. Since many bird species lack obvious physical differences between females and males, sex identification is essential for ensuring their welfare. Additionally, early determination of the sexes of birds is crucial for their breeders, especially considering that most companion birds do not display clear sexual characteristics. Molecular genetic sexing has been demonstrated to be the most reliable method for determining the sexes of monomorphic birds. The objective of the present study was to demonstrate rapid, effective, and precise identification of sex in birds through quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) using samples obtained via a minimally invasive technique (oral swabs). This qPCR method assesses variations in gene copy numbers within conserved Z-specific genes such as CHRNA6, DDX4, VPS13A, LPAR1, and TMEM161B, which are absent from the W chromosome. A total of 34 samples were included in this study from the following 17 bird species: domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica), domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), domestic goose (Anser anser f domesticus), domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus), Mute swan (Cygnus olor), Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus), Lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis), Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus), Red-rumped parrot (Psephotus haematonotus), Rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri), African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), domestic Canary (Serinus canaria forma domestica), Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis major), Gouldian Finch (Chloebia gouldiae), Red Siskin (Carduelis cucullata), Australian Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia castanotis), and Common buzzard (Buteo buteo). The results proved that the CHRNA6, DDX4, VPS13A, LPAR1, and TMEM161B genes can reveal the sexes in the Neognath birds tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in rabbits represents a true challenge in both diagnosis and treatment of the disease. This study aims to describe and analyze all methods of identifying the presence of the microsporidian in a rabbit through antemortem and postmortem methods. The patient manifested clinical signs of vestibular disease and mild renal symptoms with no significant improvement under treatment, which finally led to euthanasia. Serological and molecular tests confirmed positivity for E. cuniculi in serum and urine, feces, brain, kidney and urinary bladder, respectively. Histopathological findings showed suggestive inflammatory lesions of encephalitis and nephritis and no changes in the eye globe and liver, but with no identification of microsporidian spores. This is the first complete case report of E. cuniculi in a rabbit in Romania, as well as the first report of urinary bladder molecular testing with a positive result, which facilitates for further diagnosis exploration for rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Anesthesia in red-eared sliders is necessary both for surgical procedures and for imaging techniques. Propofol is a nonbarbiturate anesthetic agent used for induction in many species and should be administered intravenously. Jugular intravenous cannulas provide safe access with the least lymph contamination for anesthetic administration. In this study, red-eared sliders were anesthetized with 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg propofol administered in the jugular veins. Our results indicate that the 10 mg/kg dose is efficient for inducing anesthesia for short non-painful procedures, whereas the 5 mg/kg dose did not prove to be enough for anesthetic induction. This study compares the effects of two different doses of propofol administered intravenously (IV), in the jugular vein, to red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). In this crossover study, 5 or 10 mg/kg propofol was administered to six Trachemys scripta elegans after cannulation of the jugular vein. Each turtle received each dose, G1 (5 mg/kg IV) and G2 (10 mg/kg IV), after a 7-day washout period. The parameters evaluated were heart rate, palpebral reflex, cloacal reflex, muscle relaxation, ease of handling, sensitivity to anterior and posterior pinch stimuli, and possibility of intubation. Additionally, respiratory rate was measured when possible, and the times from propofol administration to full recovery and from intubation to extubation were recorded. None of the turtles in G1 could be intubated, and this dose provided little relaxation and ease of handling, with a duration of effect until full recovery of 12.16 ± 8.32 (SD) min for this group. In G2, five out of the six turtles could be intubated, and the duration of effect was 32.33 ± 5.85 (SD) min. Heart rates were influenced by manipulation for catheter placement. There were statistically significant differences (p value ≤ 0.05) between the two groups in muscle relaxation degree, handling, cloacal reflex, and possibility of intubation. The 5 mg/kg propofol dose was not sufficient to induce anesthesia, even when administered in the jugular vein, in red-eared sliders. A dose of 10 mg/kg IV or higher should be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidian, domestic rabbits being the main host. The disease can be acute or subclinical, but treatment options are limited and usually with unrewarding results; therefore, diagnosis and prevention of encephalitozoonosis in rabbits are of the utmost importance. This study aims to obtain the first preliminary information of the prevalence of E. cuniculi in the north-western region of Romania. A total of 176 rabbits were clinically examined and 2 mL of blood was sampled from each. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit by Medicago (Medicago, Uppsala, Sweden) on the resulted blood serum was utilized. Statistical analysis of the results was conducted using the EpiInfo 2000 software (CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA). A total prevalence of 39.2% (69/176) was identified, with statistically significant differences in relation to the rabbits' clinical status, age, season of sampling, breeding system, body condition score and county of origin; the different family farms tested also had a statistically significant difference. This study gives the first preliminary information on this pathogen distribution on Romania's territory, but further studies need to be performed on larger regions to declare the prevalence in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Veterinary Orthopedics & Imagistic is the property of Innovation in Health Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Veterinary Medicine & Pharmacology is the property of Innovation in Health Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Veterinary Medicine & Pharmacology is the property of Innovation in Health Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Veterinary Medicine & Pharmacology is the property of Innovation in Health Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Minimally invasive surgery is constantly improving and breaking grounds due to its benefits such as, fast recovery and less pain. But these procedures need a lot of effort from the surgeon, more than an opened technique, since the focus becomes a monitor and not a directly visible organ. In cats two procedures can be performed for spaying, ovariectomy and ovariohisterectomy. The first one can be performed using a two port laparoscopy technique. This study describes the surgical approach for a laparoscopic two port ovariectomy and emphasizes on the time needed for the procedure, taking into study 8 young healthy short hair cats and a veterinary surgeon with limited experience in laparoscopy, but with some little experience in using the laparoscopic instrumentation. None of the surgeries needed conversion. In one case we observed a wound dehiscence, that healed by secondary healing. The surgeon's time of surgery improved as the number of cases increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer represents one of the most common and deadly malignancy worldwide with concerning outcomes due to late diagnosis and lack of efficient therapies in advanced cases. In these terms, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic alternatives that have to advance rapidly in the clinic in order to timely impede the evolution of aggressive forms. One of the key features in the transition from the preclinical to clinical studies in terms of reliability, safety and efficiency is represented by the animal models used in the first phases of research. In these terms, the mice models with compromised immune system that allow the engraftment of human cells are failing in several aspects including non-spontaneous tumor formation, incomplete evaluation of the immune-tumor interplay and imbalance in the hormonal status reliability. Within the present study we evaluated through NGS the outcome of canine models of breast cancer after treatment with chemotherapy and DDW and also compared the initial mutational background found in canine tumor tissue and cell line with human in vitro models of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to isolate and identify the bacteria present in the shell and plastron ulcers in a group of infected turtles compared with healthy turtles, and antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacterial species identified in order to recommend the appropriate treatment. A total number of 32 red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) with specific septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease (SCUD) lesions were sampled from the shell and plastron, compared with 8 healthy turtles. Cotton swabs were used for sampling, and the inoculation was carried out on blood agar, XLD, MacConkey and SDA plates. Biochemical characterization used API Biomerieux 20 system. Susceptibility to antibiotics was evaluated using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. In the samples from turtles with lesions, predominantly Gram-negative bacteria were isolated, in particular Citrobacter freundii - 16 turtles, Escherichia coli - 13 turtles, Klebsiella - 10 turtles, Serratia - 9 turtles, Shigella - 8 turtles, Salmonella - 6 turtles, plus Gram positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus - 18 turtles, Micrococcus - 11 turtles and Bacillus - 9 turtles. Regarding the group of 8 healthy turtles ratio was significantly in favor of Gram positive, with Staphylococcus - 7 turtles, Micrococcus 6 and Bacillus 4 samples. Regarding the inhibition area diameter for infected turtles, the most efficient antibiotic was Doxycycline with the average value of 15.15 mm, Enrofloxacin with 14.95 mm and Florfenicol with 14.8 mm. Lower efficiency was observed for Ceftriaxone with 4.05mm and Colistin with 7.01 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: True vaginal prolapse is a rare condition in dogs and it is occasionally observed in animals with constipation, dystocia, or forced separation during breeding. If a true prolapse occurs, the bladder, the uterine body and/or distal part of the colon, may be present in the prolapse. Case presentation: A 2-year-old intact non pregnant Central Asian Shepherd dog in moderate condition, was presented for a true vaginal and rectal prolapse. The prolapses were confirmed by physical examination and ultrasonography. Herniation of the urinary bladder was identified within the vaginal prolapse. The necrotic vaginal wall was resected, the urinary bladder was reduced surgically and fixed to the right abdominal wall to prevent recurrence. Rectal resection and anastomosis was necessary to correct the rectal prolapse. Recurrence of the prolapses was not observed and the dog recovered completely after the surgical treatment. Conclusions: In our opinion, extreme tenesmus arising from constipation may have predisposed to the vaginal prolapse with bladder incarceration and secondarily to rectal prolapse. In the young female dog, true vaginal prolapse with secondary involvement of the urinary bladder and irreducible rectal prolapse is an exceptionally rare condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to isolate and identify the bacteria present in the shell and plastron ulcers in a group of infected turtles compared with healthy turtles, and antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacterial species identified in order to recommend the appropriate treatment. A total number of 32 red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) with specific septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease (SCUD) lesions were sampled from the shell and plastron, compared with 8 healthy turtles. Cotton swabs were used for sampling, and the inoculation was carried out on blood agar, XLD, MacConkey and SDA plates. Biochemical characterization used API Biomerieux 20 system. Susceptibility to antibiotics was evaluated using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. In the samples from turtles with lesions, predominantly Gram-negative bacteria were isolated, in particular Citrobacter freundii - 16 turtles, Escherichia coli - 13 turtles, Klebsiella - 10 turtles, Serratia - 9 turtles, Shigella - 8 turtles, Salmonella - 6 turtles, plus Gram positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus - 18 turtles, Micrococcus - 11 turtles and Bacillus - 9 turtles. Regarding the group of 8 healthy turtles ratio was significantly in favor of Gram positive, with Staphylococcus - 7 turtles, Micrococcus 6 and Bacillus 4 samples. Regarding the inhibition area diameter for infected turtles, the most efficient antibiotic was Doxycycline with the average value of 15.15 mm, Enrofloxacin with 14.95 mm and Florfenicol with 14.8 mm. Lower efficiency was observed for Ceftriaxone with 4.05mm and Colistin with 7.01 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A four-year-old and seven-year-old Lipizzan mares were referred for examination of colic episodes of 2 days and 5 days duration. Physical examinations revealed distended large colon filled with dehydrated faeces. Colon impaction/dystunction was diagnosed in both horses, and no resolution was observed after medical treatment. Surgical exploration of the abdomen confirmed a distended colon filled with hard faeces. Surgeries were performed by means of pelvic flexure and dorsal colon enterotomies and evacuations of contents. The enterotomies were closed using Polidioxanone 2-0 in a simple continuous pattern oversewn by a Lembert's pattern. Linea alba was closed routinely. The horses were discharged 14 days after surgery. Because of acute episodes of abdominal pain with signs of peritonitis occurred in a mare, it was euthanisied. A slight dehiscence of enterotomy site after 21 days postoperative was observed at necropsy. Informations obtained from the owner 3 months after discharge in case of the other mare revealed full recovery of the horse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving a balance between maximum performance and health preservation is a fundamental desire of sport horse medicine. Endurance is the measurable result of some morpho-functional adaptations of the main effectors that support exercise. Rigorous experimental studies proved that only the skeletal muscle is able to significantly improve performance through training. Lactic acid, the major metabolite of anaerobic conversion of glucose into ATP, is an accurate indicator of the level of training of skeletal muscle. The purpose of this study was to observe the influence of AD (DIEE) type biophytomodulators on blood lactate and glucose levels. The research was conducted on 10 sport horses trained for obstacle jumping. Lactate and glucose blood levels were measured before and after exercise, using the same biological material for the control group (without AD devices) and the experimental group (with AD devices). Investigations were conducted using the PREMIER GEM 3000 analyzer. The effort in the test exercise determined a statistically significant decrease of the blood glucose (p <0.05) and lactate levels (p <0.01), as a result of the direct action of the AD (DIEE) type biophytomodulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healing of bone lesions lasts longer compared to healing of soft tissues. Bone reconstruction can be finalized as early as 5 to 6 weeks unless disturbing factors intervene. This study aimed to histologically assess the healing of surgically induced bone defects in rats treated with AD-DIEE type biophytomodulators, compared to control group. Adult male Wistar rats were used. Surgeries were performed under general anesthesia and consisted in drilling a bone defect in the femoral shaft, using a dental drill. The animals were divided into 2 groups, control group and test group, treated with AD (DIEE) type biophytomodulators. Bone samples for histological examination were collected at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after surgery. The samples were histologically processed, stained by Masson's trichrome method and examined under the optical microscope. The findings show that the chosen experimental model corresponds in every aspect, as it provides complete information about the bone defect, its edges, adjacent tissues, femoral shaft and how the periosteum is involved in bone proliferation consolidation. The use of AD (DIEE) type biophytomodulators proved somehow beneficial, stimulating bone proliferation, without any large differences compared to the control group [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The healing of cartilage lesions is a long process due to the lack of vascularization and the particular nutrition in this type of tissue. This study aims to histologically evaluate the healing preocess of lesions inflicted in the stifle joint cartilage of rabbits, then treated with AD (DIEE) type biophytomodulators. The study was performed on 33 rabbits of German Giant breed, aged 8 months. The animals were divided into 4 groups: a group of animals treated with AD (DIEE) type biophytomodulators (BF), an untreated control group (M) and two control groups treated with hyaluronic acid (H, HS), standard therapy for such pathology. There cartilage samples were collected at 14, 30 and 90 days post-operatively, and were then histologically stained (haematoxylin and eosin) and examined under light microscopy. The results obtained showed the presence of fibrous tissue at the lesion sites and the development of more advanced healing processes in the BF group compared to the untreated control group [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether rocuronium would provide short-term, safe immobilization to facilitate intubation in Trachemis scripta ssp. Twelve red eared terrapins, weighing an average 0,63 kg ± 0,27 g were subjected to two protocols. One group received 0,25 mg/kg rocuronium, administered IM, while the other group received 0,5 mg/kg IM. Responses to the drugs were evaluated every 5 minutes. No evidence of neuromuscular blockade was observed in the case of the lowest dose group, while the other dose proved effective. All animals recovered after 65.5 ± 14.2 minutes. Administration of 0,5 mg/kg rocuronium provides an effective method for endotracheal intubation in red eared terrapin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports an interesting case of phimosis, that means inability of a horse to protrude its penis from the prepuce because of an acquired stricture of the preputial orifice. An Icelandic pony was admitted to the clinic for evaluation of a mass on the prepuce area, appeared gradually, after a trauma in the subabdominal region. At the palpation, the mass was fluctuant, and a very thin spurt of urine was eliminated during manipulation of the mass. After a general anesthesia and preoperative preparations, a part of external preputial lamina and cicatricial tissue, based toward the preputial ring was removed. The internal and external preputial laminae were attached with interrupted sutures. The owner reported 2 months after surgery that there was no swelling in the prepuce area and no problem associated with urine elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to assess the innocuity of isoflurane in rat lung and liver through histopathological examination. Experimental protocol: 20 female Wistar rats were divided intro 4 groups, each consisting of 5 individuals: control group, group I, II and III. Female rats from the control group were not exposed to any anesthetic treatment, while female rats from the other groups (I, II and III) were exposed to isoflurane three times, for 2 hours, every other day. Animals from the control group and group I were sacrificed immediately after the last exposure (0 h). Group II was sacrificed 6 hours after the last exposure and group III 24 hours after the last exposure. Fragments of the lung and liver were collected from the 20 female rats taken into study and then histologically processed (fixed in 10% buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin). After obtaining 5 μm thick sections, they were stained using Goldner's Trichrome method. Histopathological examination of the tissue specimens showed no structural changes perceptible through light microscopy, thus showing that isoflurane did not exert a toxic action in these two organs. The present study proved a good innocuity of isoflurane in rat lung and liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a case of ectopic pregnancy found in a queen from a cat colony. The colony consisted of more than 50 cats, both adults and kittens., from which 28 (6 males and 22 females) were sterilized in July 2011. This particular queen was nine year old and had a history of abdominal trauma (more than 5 years before), followed by several abortions and stillbirths. The queen was diagnosed as possibly pregnant by palpation and then underwent laparatomy for ovariohysterectomy. Upon exploration, in the abdominal cavity, beside the uterus and normal viscera, two masses were found. The masses were hard on palpation, dark colored and attached to the mesentery. Ovariohysterectomy was performed and the two masses were surgically removed and then identified as mummified fetuses. The uterus appeared to have a scar (probably due to the abdominal trauma that occurred years before) and the ectopic pregnancy was diagnosed as secondary. This case underlines the necessity of a careful exploration of the abdominal cavity upon ovariohysterectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]