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1. Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2020, release 1

Author: Galles N. C., Liu P. Y., Updike R. L., Fullman N., Nguyen J., Rolfe S., Sbarra A. N., Schipp M. F., Marks A., Abady G. G., Abbas K. M., Abbasi S. W., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdoli A., Abolhassani H., Abosetugn A. E., Adabi M., Adamu A. A., Adetokunboh O. O., Adnani Q. E. S., Advani S. M., Afzal S., Aghamir S. M. K., Ahinkorah B. O., Ahmad S., Ahmad T., Ahmadi S., Ahmed H., Ahmed M. B., Ahmed Rashid T., Ahmed Salih Y., Akalu Y., Aklilu A., Akunna C. J., Al Hamad H., Alahdab F., Albano L., Alemayehu Y., Alene K. A., Al-Eyadhy A., Alhassan R. K., Ali L., Aljunid S. M., Almustanyir S., Altirkawi K. A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amu H., Andrei C. L., Andrei T., Ansar A., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Antonazzo I. C., Antony B., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Artanti K. D., Arulappan J., Awan A. T., Awoke M. A., Ayza M. A., Azarian G., Azzam A. Y., B D. B., Babar Z. -U. -D., Balakrishnan S., Banach M., Bante S. A., Barnighausen T. W., Barqawi H. J., Barrow A., Bassat Q., Bayarmagnai N., Bejarano Ramirez D. F., Bekuma T. T., Belay H. G., Belgaumi U. I., Bhagavathula A. S., Bhandari D., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhaskar S., Bhattacharyya K., Bibi S., Bijani A., Biondi A., Boloor A., Braithwaite D., Buonsenso D., Butt Z. A., Camargos P., Carreras G., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C. A., Chakinala R. C., Charan J., Chatterjee S., Chattu S. K., Chattu V. K., Chowdhury F. R., Christopher D. J., Chu D. -T., Chung S. -C., Cortesi P. A., Costa V. M., Couto R. A. S., Dadras O., Dagnew A. B., Dagnew B., Dai X., Dandona L., Dandona R., De Neve J. -W., Derbew Molla M., Derseh B. T., Desai R., Desta A. A., Dhamnetiya D., Dhimal M. L., Dhimal M., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Djalalinia S., Dorostkar F., Edem B., Edinur H. A., Eftekharzadeh S., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., Elhadi M., El-Jaafary S. I., Elsharkawy A., Enany S., Erkhembayar R., Esezobor C. I., Eskandarieh S., Ezeonwumelu I. J., Ezzikouri S., Fares J., Faris P. S., Feleke B. E., Ferede T. Y., Fernandes E., Fernandes J. C., Ferrara P., Filip I., Fischer F., Francis M. R., Fukumoto T., Gad M. M., Gaidhane S., Gallus S., Garg T., Geberemariyam B. S., Gebre T., Gebregiorgis B. G., Gebremedhin K. B., Gebremichael B., Gessner B. D., Ghadiri K., Ghafourifard M., Ghashghaee A., Gilani S. A., Glavan I. -R., Glushkova E. V., Golechha M., Gonfa K. B., Gopalani S. V., Goudarzi H., Gubari M. I. M., Guo Y., Gupta V. B., Gupta V. K., Gutierrez R. A., Haeuser E., Halwani R., Hamidi S., Hanif A., Haque S., Harapan H., Hargono A., Hashi A., Hassan S., Hassanein M. H., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hay S. I., Hayat K., Hegazy M. I., Heidari G., Hezam K., Holla R., Hoque M. E., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Househ M., Hsieh V. C. -R., Huang J., Humayun A., Hussain R., Hussein N. R., Ibitoye S. E., Ilesanmi O. S., Ilic I. M., Ilic M. D., Inamdar S., Iqbal U., Irham L. M., Irvani S. S. N., Islam S. M. S., Ismail N. E., Itumalla R., Jha R. P., Joukar F., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kalhor R., Kamal Z., Kamande S. M., Kandel H., Karch A., Kassahun G., Kassebaum N. J., Katoto P. D., Kelkay B., Kengne A. P., Khader Y. S., Khajuria H., Khalil I. A., Khan E. A., Khan G., Khan J., Khan M., Khan M. A., Khang Y. -H., Khoja A. T., Khubchandani J., Kim G. R., Kim M. S., Kim Y. J., Kimokoti R. W., Kisa A., Kisa S., Korshunov V. A., Kosen S., Kuate Defo B., Kulkarni V., Kumar A., Kumar G. A., Kumar N., Kwarteng A., La Vecchia C., Lami F. H., Landires I., Lasrado S., Lassi Z. S., Lee H., Lee Y. Y., Levi M., Lewycka S., Li S., Liu X., Lobo S. W., Lopukhov P. D., Lozano R., Lutzky Saute R., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Makki A., Malik A. A., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansournia M. A., Mantovani L. G., Martins-Melo F. R., Matthews P. C., Medina J. R. C., Mendoza W., Menezes R. G., Mengesha E. W., Meretoja T. J., Mersha A. G., Mesregah M. K., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Milne G. J., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mirzaei H. R., Misra S., Mithra P., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamed T. A., Mohammad K. A., Mohammad Y., Mohammadi M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed A., Mohammed S., Mohapatra A., Mokdad A. H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moni M. A., Montasir A. A., Moore C. E., Moradi G., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mueller U. O., Munro S. B., Naghavi M., Naimzada M. D., Naveed M., Nayak B. P., Negoi I., Neupane Kandel S., Nguyen T. H., Nikbakhsh R., Ningrum D. N. A., Nixon M. R., Nnaji C. A., Noubiap J. J., Nunez-Samudio V., Nwatah V. E., Oancea B., Ochir C., Ogbo F. A., Olagunju A. T., Olakunde B. O., Onwujekwe O. E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S. S., Owolabi M. O., Padubidri J. R., Pakshir K., Park E. -C., Pashazadeh Kan F., Pathak M., Paudel R., Pawar S., Pereira J., Peres M. F. P., Perianayagam A., Pinheiro M., Pirestani M., Podder V., Polibin R. V., Pollok R. C. G., Postma M. J., Pottoo F. H., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahmani A. M., Rahmawaty S., Rajesh A., Ramshaw R. E., Ranasinghe P., Rao C. R., Rao S. J., Rathi P., Rawaf D. L., Rawaf S., Renzaho A. M. N., Rezaei N., Rezai M. S., Rios-Blancas M., Rogowski E. L. B., Ronfani L., Rwegerera G. M., Saad A. M., Sabour S., Saddik B., Saeb M. R., Saeed U., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M. A., Salam N., Salimzadeh H., Samaei M., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Sanmarchi F., Santric-Milicevic M. M., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Saxena D., Saxena S., Seidu A. -A., Seylani A., Shaikh M. A., Shamsizadeh M., Shetty P. H., Shigematsu M., Shin J. I., Sidemo N. B., Singh A., Singh J. A., Sinha S., Skryabin V. Y., Skryabina A. A., Soheili A., Tadesse E. G., Tamiru A. T., Tan K. -K., Tekalegn Y., Temsah M. -H., Thakur B., Thapar R., Thavamani A., Tobe-Gai R., Tohidinik H. R., Tovani-Palone M. R., Traini E., Tran B. X., Tripathi M., Tsegaye B., Tsegaye G. W., Ullah A., Ullah S., Unim B., Vacante M., Velazquez D. Z., Vo B., Vollmer S., Vu G. T., Vu L. G., Waheed Y., Winkler A. S., Wiysonge C. S., Yigit V., Yirdaw B. W., Yon D. K., Yonemoto N., Yu C., Yuce D., Yunusa I., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zewdie D. T., Zhang Z. -J., Zhong C., Zumla A., Murray C. J. L., Lim S. S., Mosser J. F., Aghamir S., Sahraian M., Mansournia M., Mirzaei H., Temsah M., Andrei C., Glavan I., Antonazzo I., Singh Mtech A., Padubidri J., Babar Z., De Neve J., Noubiap J., Chakinala R., Chattu S., Chattu V., Chu D., Chung S., Kumar G., Gilani S., Gupta V., Hargono Dr A., Islam S., Hsieh V., Irvani S. N., Ismail N., Khang Y., Yon D., Kim G., Park E., Shin J., Kim M., Kim Y., Lee Y., Medina J. C., Naimzada M., Rahmani A., Rezai M., Rao S., Saeb M., Seidu A., Tan K., Tohidinik H., Zhang Z., Galles, N, Liu, P, Updike, R, Fullman, N, Nguyen, J, Rolfe, S, Sbarra, A, Schipp, M, Marks, A, Abady, G, Abbas, K, Abbasi, S, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdoli, A, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, A, Adabi, M, Adamu, A, Adetokunboh, O, Adnani, Q, Advani, S, Afzal, S, Aghamir, S, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, M, Ahmed Rashid, T, Ahmed Salih, Y, Akalu, Y, Aklilu, A, Akunna, C, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Albano, L, Alemayehu, Y, Alene, K, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alhassan, R, Ali, L, Aljunid, S, Almustanyir, S, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amu, H, Andrei, C, Andrei, T, Ansar, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonazzo, I, Antony, B, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Artanti, K, Arulappan, J, Awan, A, Awoke, M, Ayza, M, Azarian, G, Azzam, A, B, D, Babar, Z, Balakrishnan, S, Banach, M, Bante, S, Barnighausen, T, Barqawi, H, Barrow, A, Bassat, Q, Bayarmagnai, N, Bejarano Ramirez, D, Bekuma, T, Belay, H, Belgaumi, U, Bhagavathula, A, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Boloor, A, Braithwaite, D, Buonsenso, D, Butt, Z, Camargos, P, Carreras, G, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Chakinala, R, Charan, J, Chatterjee, S, Chattu, S, Chattu, V, Chowdhury, F, Christopher, D, Chu, D, Chung, S, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Couto, R, Dadras, O, Dagnew, A, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, De Neve, J, Derbew Molla, M, Derseh, B, Desai, R, Desta, A, Dhamnetiya, D, Dhimal, M, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Dorostkar, F, Edem, B, Edinur, H, Eftekharzadeh, S, El Sayed, I, El Sayed Zaki, M, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, S, Elsharkawy, A, Enany, S, Erkhembayar, R, Esezobor, C, Eskandarieh, S, Ezeonwumelu, I, Ezzikouri, S, Fares, J, Faris, P, Feleke, B, Ferede, T, Fernandes, E, Fernandes, J, Ferrara, P, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Francis, M, Fukumoto, T, Gad, M, Gaidhane, S, Gallus, S, Garg, T, Geberemariyam, B, Gebre, T, Gebregiorgis, B, Gebremedhin, K, Gebremichael, B, Gessner, B, Ghadiri, K, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gilani, S, Glavan, I, Glushkova, E, Golechha, M, Gonfa, K, Gopalani, S, Goudarzi, H, Gubari, M, Guo, Y, Gupta, V, Gutierrez, R, Haeuser, E, Halwani, R, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Haque, S, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hassanein, M, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hegazy, M, Heidari, G, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hoque, M, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Hsieh, V, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hussain, R, Hussein, N, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Inamdar, S, Iqbal, U, Irham, L, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Ismail, N, Itumalla, R, Jha, R, Joukar, F, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalhor, R, Kamal, Z, Kamande, S, Kandel, H, Karch, A, Kassahun, G, Kassebaum, N, Katoto, P, Kelkay, B, Kengne, A, Khader, Y, Khajuria, H, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khan, G, Khan, J, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Khoja, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, G, Kim, M, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Korshunov, V, Kosen, S, Kuate Defo, B, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, A, Kumar, G, Kumar, N, Kwarteng, A, La Vecchia, C, Lami, F, Landires, I, Lasrado, S, Lassi, Z, Lee, H, Lee, Y, Levi, M, Lewycka, S, Li, S, Liu, X, Lobo, S, Lopukhov, P, Lozano, R, Lutzky Saute, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Makki, A, Malik, A, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Martins-Melo, F, Matthews, P, Medina, J, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Meretoja, T, Mersha, A, Mesregah, M, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Milne, G, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, H, Misra, S, Mithra, P, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohamed, T, Mohammad, K, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, S, Mohapatra, A, Mokdad, A, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moni, M, Montasir, A, Moore, C, Moradi, G, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Mueller, U, Munro, S, Naghavi, M, Naimzada, M, Naveed, M, Nayak, B, Negoi, I, Neupane Kandel, S, Nguyen, T, Nikbakhsh, R, Ningrum, D, Nixon, M, Nnaji, C, Noubiap, J, Nunez-Samudio, V, Nwatah, V, Oancea, B, Ochir, C, Ogbo, F, Olagunju, A, Olakunde, B, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Owolabi, M, Padubidri, J, Pakshir, K, Park, E, Pashazadeh Kan, F, Pathak, M, Paudel, R, Pawar, S, Pereira, J, Peres, M, Perianayagam, A, Pinheiro, M, Pirestani, M, Podder, V, Polibin, R, Pollok, R, Postma, M, Pottoo, F, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Rahmawaty, S, Rajesh, A, Ramshaw, R, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, C, Rao, S, Rathi, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezai, M, Rios-Blancas, M, Rogowski, E, Ronfani, L, Rwegerera, G, Saad, A, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Saeb, M, Saeed, U, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Salam, N, Salimzadeh, H, Samaei, M, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sanmarchi, F, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sartorius, B, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Saxena, D, Saxena, S, Seidu, A, Seylani, A, Shaikh, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Shetty, P, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Sidemo, N, Singh, A, Singh, J, Sinha, S, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Soheili, A, Tadesse, E, Tamiru, A, Tan, K, Tekalegn, Y, Temsah, M, Thakur, B, Thapar, R, Thavamani, A, Tobe-Gai, R, Tohidinik, H, Tovani-Palone, M, Traini, E, Tran, B, Tripathi, M, Tsegaye, B, Tsegaye, G, Ullah, A, Ullah, S, Unim, B, Vacante, M, Velazquez, D, Vo, B, Vollmer, S, Vu, G, Vu, L, Waheed, Y, Winkler, A, Wiysonge, C, Yigit, V, Yirdaw, B, Yon, D, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yunusa, I, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zewdie, D, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zumla, A, Murray, C, Lim, S, Mosser, J, Singh Mtech, A, Hargono Dr, A, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Tampere University, Health Sciences, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Area, Abbas, Kaja [0000-0003-0563-1576], Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica Portuguesa, and GBD 2020, Release 1, Vaccine Coverage Collaborators
Subjects: Vaccine coverage, Vacunación de rutina, Time Factors, Vaccination Coverage, Global Plan of Action on Vaccines, Service delivery framework, IMPACT, Global Health, Cobertura de vacunas, Routine childhood vaccination, Global Burden of Disease, Public Health, Underserved Population, Polio vaccine, 0302 clinical medicine, WORLDWIDE, Routine immunisation, Global health, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, General Medicine, Articles, childhood vaccination, GBD, Plan de Acción Mundial sobre Vacunas, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, ddc, Vaccination, Poliovirus Vaccines, Action plan, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Vacunación infantil, MED/42 - IGIENE GENERALE E APPLICATA, 030231 tropical medicine, Measles Vaccine, 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, Environmental health, General & Internal Medicine, Humans, IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE, VALIDITY, Vaccination approaches, PROGRESS, Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine, CONFLICT, Equity (economics), Science & Technology, business.industry, MORTALITY, GBD 2020, Release 1, Vaccine Coverage Collaborators, Global burden of disease, injury and risk factors, Child vaccination, Global vaccine policies, Políticas mundiales de vacunación, Carga global de enfermedades, lesiones y factores de riesgo, Global vaccination policies, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Childhood vaccination, Measles vaccine, Routine vaccination, business, Vaccine programme implementation
Abstract: Medir la vacunación infantil de rutina es crucial para informar las políticas mundiales de vacunación y la implementación de programas, y para hacer un seguimiento del progreso hacia los objetivos establecidos por el Plan de Acción Mundial sobre Vacunas (GVAP) y la Agenda de Inmunización 2030. Se necesitan estimaciones sólidas de la cobertura de vacunación de rutina para identificar los éxitos pasados y persistentes. vulnerabilidades. A partir del Estudio de la carga global de enfermedades, lesiones y factores de riesgo (GBD) 2020, versión 1, realizamos un análisis sistemático de las tendencias de cobertura de vacunas a nivel mundial, regional y nacional utilizando un marco estadístico, por vacuna y a lo largo del tiempo. Métodos Para este análisis recopilamos 55 326 observaciones específicas del país, de la cohorte, del año, de la vacuna y de la dosis de la cobertura de vacunación infantil de rutina entre 1980 y 2019. Utilizando el proceso de regresión gaussiana espaciotemporal, Estimaciones específicas por año de 11 indicadores de cobertura de vacunación infantil de rutina para 204 países y territorios desde 1980 hasta 2019, ajustando los sesgos en los datos informados por los países y reflejando los desabastecimientos informados y las interrupciones en el suministro. Analizamos las tendencias mundiales y regionales en la cobertura y el número de niños con dosis cero (definidos como aquellos que nunca recibieron una dosis de vacuna contra la difteria, el tétanos y la tos ferina [DTP]), el progreso hacia los objetivos del GVAP y la relación entre la cobertura de la vacuna y el desarrollo sociodemográfico. Recomendaciones Para 2019, la cobertura mundial de la tercera dosis de DTP (DTP3; 81,6 % [intervalo de incertidumbre del 95 % 80,4–82,7]) se duplicó con creces con respecto a los niveles estimados en 1980 (39,9 % [37,5–42 ·1]), al igual que la cobertura mundial de la vacuna antisarampionosa de primera dosis (MCV1; del 38,5 % [35,4–41,3] en 1980 al 83,6 % [82,3–84,8 ] en 2019). La cobertura de la vacuna antipoliomielítica de tercera dosis (Pol3) también aumentó, del 42,6 % (41,4–44,1) en 1980 al 79,8 % (78,4–81,1) en 2019, y la cobertura mundial de vacunas más nuevas Las vacunas aumentaron rápidamente entre 2000 y 2019. La cantidad mundial de niños que recibieron dosis cero se redujo en casi un 75 % entre 1980 y 2019, de 56,8 millones (52,6–60,9) a 14,5 millones (13,4– 15·9). Sin embargo, durante la última década, la cobertura mundial de vacunas se estabilizó en general; 94 países y territorios registraron una disminución de la cobertura de DTP3 desde 2010. Se estimó que solo 11 países y territorios alcanzaron el objetivo nacional del GVAP de al menos una cobertura del 90 % para todas las vacunas evaluadas en 2019. Interpretación Después de lograr grandes avances en la cobertura de vacunación infantil en todo el mundo, en gran parte del mundo este progreso se estancó o se revirtió de 2010 a 2019. Estos hallazgos subrayan la importancia de revisar las estrategias de inmunización de rutina y los enfoques programáticos, centrando la prestación de servicios en torno a la equidad y las poblaciones desatendidas. Fortalecer los datos de vacunas y los sistemas de monitoreo es crucial para estas actividades, ahora y hasta 2030, para garantizar que todos los niños tengan acceso y puedan beneficiarse de las vacunas que salvan vidas. Measuring routine childhood vaccination is crucial to inform global vaccine policies and programme implementation, and to track progress towards targets set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) and Immunization Agenda 2030. Robust estimates of routine vaccine coverage are needed to identify past successes and persistent vulnerabilities. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020, Release 1, we did a systematic analysis of global, regional, and national vaccine coverage trends using a statistical framework, by vaccine and over time. Methods For this analysis we collated 55 326 country-specific, cohort-specific, year-specific, vaccine-specific, and dose-specific observations of routine childhood vaccination coverage between 1980 and 2019. Using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, we produced location-specific and year-specific estimates of 11 routine childhood vaccine coverage indicators for 204 countries and territories from 1980 to 2019, adjusting for biases in country-reported data and reflecting reported stockouts and supply disruptions. We analysed global and regional trends in coverage and numbers of zero-dose children (defined as those who never received a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis [DTP] vaccine dose), progress towards GVAP targets, and the relationship between vaccine coverage and sociodemographic development. Findings By 2019, global coverage of third-dose DTP (DTP3; 81·6% [95% uncertainty interval 80·4–82·7]) more than doubled from levels estimated in 1980 (39·9% [37·5–42·1]), as did global coverage of the first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1; from 38·5% [35·4–41·3] in 1980 to 83·6% [82·3–84·8] in 2019). Third-dose polio vaccine (Pol3) coverage also increased, from 42·6% (41·4–44·1) in 1980 to 79·8% (78·4–81·1) in 2019, and global coverage of newer vaccines increased rapidly between 2000 and 2019. The global number of zero-dose children fell by nearly 75% between 1980 and 2019, from 56·8 million (52·6–60·9) to 14·5 million (13·4–15·9). However, over the past decade, global vaccine coverage broadly plateaued; 94 countries and territories recorded decreasing DTP3 coverage since 2010. Only 11 countries and territories were estimated to have reached the national GVAP target of at least 90% coverage for all assessed vaccines in 2019. Interpretation After achieving large gains in childhood vaccine coverage worldwide, in much of the world this progress was stalled or reversed from 2010 to 2019. These findings underscore the importance of revisiting routine immunisation strategies and programmatic approaches, recentring service delivery around equity and underserved populations. Strengthening vaccine data and monitoring systems is crucial to these pursuits, now and through to 2030, to ensure that all children have access to, and can benefit from, lifesaving vaccines.
Published: 2021

2. Global, regional, and national mortality among young people aged 10–24 years, 1950–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Ward, J, Azzopardi, P, Francis, K, Santelli, J, Skirbekk, V, Sawyer, S, Kassebaum, N, Mokdad, A, Hay, S, Abd-Allah, F, Abdoli, A, Abdollahi, M, Abedi, A, Abolhassani, H, Abreu, L, Abrigo, M, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abushouk, A, Adebayo, O, Adekanmbi, V, Adham, D, Advani, S, Afshari, K, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmed, A, Aji, B, Akombi-Inyang, B, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alanezi, F, Alanzi, T, Alcalde-Rabanal, J, Alemu, B, Al-Hajj, S, Alhassan, R, Ali, S, Alicandro, G, Alijanzadeh, M, Aljunid, S, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, N, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Alonso, J, Al-Raddadi, R, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, A, Amini, S, Aminorroaya, A, Amit, A, Amugsi, D, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Andrei, C, Androudi, S, Ansari, F, Ansari, I, Antonio, C, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Arnlov, J, Asaad, M, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, A, Atout, M, Ausloos, M, Avenyo, E, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Aynalem, Y, Azari, S, Azene, Z, Bakhshaei, M, Bakkannavar, S, Banach, M, Banik, P, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bekuma, T, Bell, A, Bell, M, Benjet, C, Bensenor, I, Berhe, A, Berhe, K, Berman, A, Bhagavathula, A, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhattarai, S, Bhutta, Z, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Biondi, A, Birhanu, T, Biswas, R, Bohlouli, S, Bolla, S, Boloor, A, Borschmann, R, Boufous, S, Bragazzi, N, Braithwaite, D, Breitborde, N, Brenner, H, Britton, G, Burns, R, Burugina Nagaraja, S, Butt, Z, Caetano dos Santos, F, Camera, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Campuzano Rincon, J, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Catala-Lopez, F, Cerin, E, Chandan, J, Chang, H, Chang, J, Charan, J, Chattu, V, Chaturvedi, S, Choi, J, Chowdhury, M, Christopher, D, Chu, D, Chung, M, Chung, S, Cicuttini, F, Constantin, T, Costa, V, Dahlawi, S, Dai, H, Dai, X, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daneshpajouhnejad, P, Darwesh, A, Davila-Cervantes, C, Davletov, K, De la Hoz, F, De Leo, D, Dervenis, N, Desai, R, Desalew, A, Deuba, K, Dharmaratne, S, Dhungana, G, Dianatinasab, M, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Didarloo, A, Djalalinia, S, Dorostkar, F, Doshi, C, Doshmangir, L, Doyle, K, Duraes, A, Ebrahimi Kalan, M, Ebtehaj, S, Edvardsson, D, El Tantawi, M, Elgendy, I, El-Jaafary, S, Elsharkawy, A, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilnejad, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Esteghamati, S, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fattahi, N, Feigin, V, Ferede, T, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, J, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Fomenkov, A, Foroutan, M, Fukumoto, T, Gad, M, Gaidhane, A, Gallus, S, Gebre, T, Gebremedhin, K, Gebremeskel, G, Gebremeskel, L, Gebreslassie, A, Gesesew, H, Ghadiri, K, Ghafourifard, M, Ghamari, F, Ghashghaee, A, Gilani, S, Gnedovskaya, E, Godinho, M, Golechha, M, Goli, S, Gona, P, Gopalani, S, Gorini, G, Grivna, M, Gubari, M, Gugnani, H, Guimaraes, R, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Haagsma, J, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haile, T, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hall, B, Hamadeh, R, Hamagharib Abdullah, K, Hamidi, S, Handiso, D, Hanif, A, Hankey, G, Haririan, H, Haro, J, Hasaballah, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, A, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Hayat, K, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Herteliu, C, Heydarpour, F, Ho, H, Hole, M, Holla, R, Hoogar, P, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hsairi, M, Huda, T, Humayun, A, Hussain, R, Hwang, B, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Inbaraj, L, Intarut, N, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Islam, M, Islam, S, Iso, H, Ivers, R, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, Jalali, A, Janodia, M, Javaheri, T, Jeemon, P, Jenabi, E, Jha, R, Jha, V, Ji, J, Jonas, J, Jones, K, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Juliusson, P, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kamyari, N, Kanchan, T, Karch, A, Karimi, S, Kaur, S, Kayode, G, Keiyoro, P, Khalid, N, Khammarnia, M, Khan, M, Khatab, K, Khater, M, Khatib, M, Khayamzadeh, M, Khazaie, H, Khoja, A, Kieling, C, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kivimaki, M, Koolivand, A, Kosen, S, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Kugbey, N, Kumar, G, Kumar, M, Kumar, N, Kurmi, O, Kusuma, D, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lan, Q, Landires, I, Lansingh, V, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lassi, Z, Lauriola, P, Lee, P, Lee, S, Leigh, J, Leonardi, M, Leung, J, Levi, M, Lewycka, S, Li, B, Li, M, Li, S, Lim, L, Lim, S, Liu, X, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lunevicius, R, Maddison, R, Mahasha, P, Mahdavi, M, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Maleki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Martinez, G, Martinez-Raga, J, Martins-Melo, F, Mason-Jones, A, Masoumi, S, Mathur, M, Maulik, P, Mcgrath, J, Mehndiratta, M, Mehri, F, Memiah, P, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Miller, T, Mini, G, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei, M, Moazen, B, Mohammad, D, Mohammadi, S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadifard, N, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Monasta, L, Moradi, G, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morrison, S, Mosapour, A, Mousavi Khaneghah, A, Mueller, U, Muriithi, M, Murray, C, Muthupandian, S, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Naghavi, M, Naimzada, M, Nangia, V, Nayak, V, Nazari, J, Ndejjo, R, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Netsere, H, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Nguyen, D, Nguyen, H, Nie, J, Ningrum, D, Nnaji, C, Nomura, S, Noubiap, J, Nowak, C, Nunez-Samudio, V, Ogbo, F, Oghenetega, O, Oh, I, Oladnabi, M, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, B, Olusanya, J, Omar Bali, A, Omer, M, Onwujekwe, O, Ortiz, A, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Overland, S, Owolabi, M, P A, M, Padubidri, J, Pakshir, K, Palladino, R, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Panelo, C, Park, E, Patten, S, Peden, A, Pepito, V, Peprah, E, Pereira, J, Pesudovs, K, Pham, H, Phillips, M, Piradov, M, Pirsaheb, M, Postma, M, Pottoo, F, Pourjafar, H, Pourshams, A, Prada, S, Pupillo, E, Quazi Syed, Z, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiee, A, Raggi, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, C, Rao, S, Rashedi, V, Rastogi, P, Rathi, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezai, M, Riahi, S, Rickard, J, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roth, G, Rubagotti, E, Rumisha, S, Rwegerera, G, Sabour, S, Sachdev, P, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Saeedi Moghaddam, S, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Sajadi, S, Salem, M, Salimzadeh, H, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santric-Milicevic, M, Saraswathy, S, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sarveazad, A, Sathish, T, Sattin, D, Saxena, D, Saxena, S, Schiavolin, S, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Sha, F, Shafaat, O, Shahabi, S, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shakiba, S, Shamsi, M, Shannawaz, M, Sharafi, K, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shetty, B, Shi, P, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Shiri, R, Shuval, K, Siabani, S, Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silva, D, Silva, J, Simonetti, B, Singh, J, Singh, V, Sinke, A, Skryabin, V, Slater, H, Smith, E, Sobhiyeh, M, Sobngwi, E, Soheili, A, Somefun, O, Sorrie, M, Soyiri, I, Sreeramareddy, C, Stein, D, Stokes, M, Sudaryanto, A, Sultan, I, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabuchi, T, Tadakamadla, S, Taherkhani, A, Tamiru, A, Tareque, M, Thankappan, K, Thapar, R, Thomas, N, Titova, M, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Tsai, A, Tsatsakis, A, Tudor Car, L, Uddin, R, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Vacante, M, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Valdez, P, Varughese, S, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Villeneuve, P, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vos, T, Vu, G, Waheed, Y, Wamai, R, Wang, Y, Westerman, R, Wickramasinghe, N, Wu, A, Wu, C, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yano, Y, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yeshitila, Y, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S, Younis, M, Yousefinezhadi, T, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Yuce, D, Zaidi, S, Zaman, S, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zarafshan, H, Zarei, A, Zastrozhin, M, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhao, X, Zhu, C, Patton, G, Viner, R, Ward J. L., Azzopardi P. S., Francis K. L., Santelli J. S., Skirbekk V., Sawyer S. M., Kassebaum N. J., Mokdad A. H., Hay S. I., Abd-Allah F., Abdoli A., Abdollahi M., Abedi A., Abolhassani H., Abreu L. G., Abrigo M. R. M., Abu-Gharbieh E., Abushouk A. I., Adebayo O. M., Adekanmbi V., Adham D., Advani S. M., Afshari K., Agrawal A., Ahmad T., Ahmadi K., Ahmed A. E., Aji B., Akombi-Inyang B., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Alam K., Alanezi F. M., Alanzi T. M., Alcalde-Rabanal J. E., Alemu B. W., Al-Hajj S., Alhassan R. K., Ali S., Alicandro G., Alijanzadeh M., Aljunid S. M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N. A., Al-Mekhlafi H. M., Alonso J., Al-Raddadi R. M., Altirkawi K. A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A. T., Amini S., Aminorroaya A., Amit A. M. L., Amugsi D. A., Ancuceanu R., Anderlini D., Andrei C. L., Androudi S., Ansari F., Ansari I., Antonio C. A. T., Anvari D., Anwer R., Appiah S. C. Y., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Arnlov J., Asaad M., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Asadi-Pooya A. A., Atout M. M. W., Ausloos M., Avenyo E. K., Avila-Burgos L., Ayala Quintanilla B. P., Ayano G., Aynalem Y. A., Azari S., Azene Z. N., Bakhshaei M. H., Bakkannavar S. M., Banach M., Banik P. C., Barboza M. A., Barker-Collo S. L., Barnighausen T. W., Basu S., Baune B. T., Bayati M., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bekuma T. T., Bell A. W., Bell M. L., Benjet C., Bensenor I. M., Berhe A. K., Berhe K., Berman A. E., Bhagavathula A. S., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z. A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Biondi A., Birhanu T. T. M., Biswas R. K., Bohlouli S., Bolla S. R., Boloor A., Borschmann R., Boufous S., Bragazzi N. L., Braithwaite D., Breitborde N. J. K., Brenner H., Britton G. B., Burns R. A., Burugina Nagaraja S., Butt Z. A., Caetano dos Santos F. L., Camera L. A., Campos-Nonato I. R., Campuzano Rincon J. C., Cardenas R., Carreras G., Carrero J. J., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J. M., Castaneda-Orjuela C. A., Castelpietra G., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chandan J. S., Chang H. -Y., Chang J. -C., Charan J., Chattu V. K., Chaturvedi S., Choi J. -Y. J., Chowdhury M. A. K., Christopher D. J., Chu D. -T., Chung M. T., Chung S. -C., Cicuttini F. M., Constantin T. V., Costa V. M., Dahlawi S. M. A., Dai H., Dai X., Damiani G., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daneshpajouhnejad P., Darwesh A. M., Davila-Cervantes C. A., Davletov K., De la Hoz F. P., De Leo D., Dervenis N., Desai R., Desalew A., Deuba K., Dharmaratne S. D., Dhungana G. P., Dianatinasab M., Dias da Silva D., Diaz D., Didarloo A., Djalalinia S., Dorostkar F., Doshi C. P., Doshmangir L., Doyle K. E., Duraes A. R., Ebrahimi Kalan M., Ebtehaj S., Edvardsson D., El Tantawi M., Elgendy I. Y., El-Jaafary S. I., Elsharkawy A., Eshrati B., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeilnejad S., Esmaeilzadeh F., Esteghamati S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fattahi N., Feigin V. L., Ferede T. Y., Fereshtehnejad S. -M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Filip I., Fischer F., Fisher J. L., Foigt N. A., Folayan M. O., Fomenkov A. A., Foroutan M., Fukumoto T., Gad M. M., Gaidhane A. M., Gallus S., Gebre T., Gebremedhin K. B., Gebremeskel G. G., Gebremeskel L., Gebreslassie A. A., Gesesew H. A., Ghadiri K., Ghafourifard M., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Gilani S. A., Gnedovskaya E. V., Godinho M. A., Golechha M., Goli S., Gona P. N., Gopalani S. V., Gorini G., Grivna M., Gubari M. I. M., Gugnani H. C., Guimaraes R. A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Haagsma J. A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Haile T. G., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hall B. J., Hamadeh R. R., Hamagharib Abdullah K., Hamidi S., Handiso D. W., Hanif A., Hankey G. J., Haririan H., Haro J. M., Hasaballah A. I., Hashi A., Hassan A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hayat K., Heidari-Soureshjani R., Herteliu C., Heydarpour F., Ho H. C., Hole M. K., Holla R., Hoogar P., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Hsairi M., Huda T. M., Humayun A., Hussain R., Hwang B. -F., Iavicoli I., Ibitoye S. E., Ilesanmi O. S., Ilic I. M., Ilic M. D., Inbaraj L. R., Intarut N., Iqbal U., Irvani S. S. N., Islam M. M., Islam S. M. S., Iso H., Ivers R. Q., Jahani M. A., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., Janodia M. D., Javaheri T., Jeemon P., Jenabi E., Jha R. P., Jha V., Ji J. S., Jonas J. B., Jones K. M., Joukar F., Jozwiak J. J., Juliusson P. B., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kalankesh L. R., Kalhor R., Kamyari N., Kanchan T., Karch A., Karimi S. E., Kaur S., Kayode G. A., Keiyoro P. N., Khalid N., Khammarnia M., Khan M., Khan M. N., Khatab K., Khater M. M., Khatib M. N., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaie H., Khoja A. T., Kieling C., Kim Y. -E., Kim Y. J., Kimokoti R. W., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kivimaki M., Koolivand A., Kosen S., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Kugbey N., Kumar G. A., Kumar M., Kumar N., Kurmi O. P., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lacey B., Lal D. K., Lalloo R., Lan Q., Landires I., Lansingh V. C., Larsson A. O., Lasrado S., Lassi Z. S., Lauriola P., Lee P. H., Lee S. W. H., Leigh J., Leonardi M., Leung J., Levi M., Lewycka S., Li B., Li M. -C., Li S., Lim L. -L., Lim S. S., Liu X., Lorkowski S., Lotufo P. A., Lunevicius R., Maddison R., Mahasha P. W., Mahdavi M. M., Mahmoudi M., Majeed A., Maleki A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D. C., Mamun A. A., Mansouri B., Mansournia M. A., Martinez G., Martinez-Raga J., Martins-Melo F. R., Mason-Jones A. J., Masoumi S. Z., Mathur M. R., Maulik P. K., McGrath J. J., Mehndiratta M. M., Mehri F., Memiah P. T. N., Mendoza W., Menezes R. G., Mengesha E. W., Meretoja A., Meretoja T. J., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Michalek I. M., Miller T. R., Mini G. K., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei M., Moazen B., Mohammad D. K., Mohammadi S., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadifard N., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Monasta L., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Morrison S. D., Mosapour A., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Mueller U. O., Muriithi M. K., Murray C. J. L., Muthupandian S., Naderi M., Nagarajan A. J., Naghavi M., Naimzada M. D., Nangia V., Nayak V. C., Nazari J., Ndejjo R., Negoi I., Negoi R. I., Netsere H. B., Nguefack-Tsague G., Nguyen D. N., Nguyen H. L. T., Nie J., Ningrum D. N. A., Nnaji C. A., Nomura S., Noubiap J. J., Nowak C., Nunez-Samudio V., Ogbo F. A., Oghenetega O. B., Oh I. -H., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A. T., Olusanya B. O., Olusanya J. O., Omar Bali A., Omer M. O., Onwujekwe O. E., Ortiz A., Otoiu A., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S. S., Overland S., Owolabi M. O., P A M., Padubidri J. R., Pakshir K., Palladino R., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Panelo C. I. A., Park E. -K., Patten S. B., Peden A. E., Pepito V. C. F., Peprah E. K., Pereira J., Pesudovs K., Pham H. Q., Phillips M. R., Piradov M. A., Pirsaheb M., Postma M. J., Pottoo F. H., Pourjafar H., Pourshams A., Prada S. I., Pupillo E., Quazi Syed Z., Rabiee M. H., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiee A., Raggi A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M. H. U., Rahman M. A., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat C. L., Rao S. J., Rashedi V., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf D. L., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Renzaho A. M. N., Rezaei N., Rezai M. S., Riahi S. M., Rickard J., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roth G. A., Rubagotti E., Rumisha S. F., Rwegerera G. M., Sabour S., Sachdev P. S., Saddik B., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M. A., Sajadi S. M., Salem M. R., Salimzadeh H., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Santric-Milicevic M. M., Saraswathy S. Y. I., Sarrafzadegan N., Sarveazad A., Sathish T., Sattin D., Saxena D., Saxena S., Schiavolin S., Schwebel D. C., Schwendicke F., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S. G., Sha F., Shafaat O., Shahabi S., Shaheen A. A., Shaikh M. A., Shakiba S., Shamsi M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sheikh A., Sheikhbahaei S., Shetty B. S. K., Shi P., Shigematsu M., Shin J. I., Shiri R., Shuval K., Siabani S., Sigfusdottir I. D., Sigurvinsdottir R., Silva D. A. S., Silva J. P., Simonetti B., Singh J. A., Singh V., Sinke A. H., Skryabin V. Y., Slater H., Smith E. U. R., Sobhiyeh M. R., Sobngwi E., Soheili A., Somefun O. D., Sorrie M. B., Soyiri I. N., Sreeramareddy C. T., Stein D. J., Stokes M. A., Sudaryanto A., Sultan I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadakamadla S. K., Taherkhani A., Tamiru A. T., Tareque M. I., Thankappan K. R., Thapar R., Thomas N., Titova M. V., Tonelli M., Tovani-Palone M. R., Tran B. X., Travillian R. S., Tsai A. C., Tsatsakis A., Tudor Car L., Uddin R., Unim B., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Vacante M., Valadan Tahbaz S., Valdez P. R., Varughese S., Vasankari T. J., Venketasubramanian N., Villeneuve P. J., Violante F. S., Vlassov V., Vos T., Vu G. T., Waheed Y., Wamai R. G., Wang Y., Wang Y. -P., Westerman R., Wickramasinghe N. D., Wu A. -M., Wu C., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S. H., Yamagishi K., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeshitila Y. G., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yoon S. -J., Younis M. Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yu C., Yu Y., Yuce D., Zaidi S. S., Zaman S. B., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zarafshan H., Zarei A., Zastrozhin M. S., Zhang Y., Zhang Z. -J., Zhao X. -J. G., Zhu C., Patton G. C., Viner R. 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H., Skryabin V. Y., Slater H., Smith E. U. R., Sobhiyeh M. R., Sobngwi E., Soheili A., Somefun O. D., Sorrie M. B., Soyiri I. N., Sreeramareddy C. T., Stein D. J., Stokes M. A., Sudaryanto A., Sultan I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Tadakamadla S. K., Taherkhani A., Tamiru A. T., Tareque M. I., Thankappan K. R., Thapar R., Thomas N., Titova M. V., Tonelli M., Tovani-Palone M. R., Tran B. X., Travillian R. S., Tsai A. C., Tsatsakis A., Tudor Car L., Uddin R., Unim B., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Vacante M., Valadan Tahbaz S., Valdez P. R., Varughese S., Vasankari T. J., Venketasubramanian N., Villeneuve P. J., Violante F. S., Vlassov V., Vos T., Vu G. T., Waheed Y., Wamai R. G., Wang Y., Wang Y. -P., Westerman R., Wickramasinghe N. D., Wu A. -M., Wu C., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S. H., Yamagishi K., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeshitila Y. G., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yoon S. -J., Younis M. Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yu C., Yu Y., Yuce D., Zaidi S. S., Zaman S. B., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zarafshan H., Zarei A., Zastrozhin M. S., Zhang Y., Zhang Z. -J., Zhao X. -J. G., Zhu C., Patton G. C., and Viner R. M.
Abstract: Background: Documentation of patterns and long-term trends in mortality in young people, which reflect huge changes in demographic and social determinants of adolescent health, enables identification of global investment priorities for this age group. We aimed to analyse data on the number of deaths, years of life lost, and mortality rates by sex and age group in people aged 10–24 years in 204 countries and territories from 1950 to 2019 by use of estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods: We report trends in estimated total numbers of deaths and mortality rate per 100 000 population in young people aged 10–24 years by age group (10–14 years, 15–19 years, and 20–24 years) and sex in 204 countries and territories between 1950 and 2019 for all causes, and between 1980 and 2019 by cause of death. We analyse variation in outcomes by region, age group, and sex, and compare annual rate of change in mortality in young people aged 10–24 years with that in children aged 0–9 years from 1990 to 2019. We then analyse the association between mortality in people aged 10–24 years and socioeconomic development using the GBD Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite measure based on average national educational attainment in people older than 15 years, total fertility rate in people younger than 25 years, and income per capita. We assess the association between SDI and all-cause mortality in 2019, and analyse the ratio of observed to expected mortality by SDI using the most recent available data release (2017). Findings: In 2019 there were 1·49 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·39–1·59) worldwide in people aged 10–24 years, of which 61% occurred in males. 32·7% of all adolescent deaths were due to transport injuries, unintentional injuries, or interpersonal violence and conflict; 32·1% were due to communicable, nutritional, or maternal causes; 27·0% were due to non-communicable diseases; and 8·2% were due to self-harm
Published: 2021

3. Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020, Release 1

Author: Galles, N, Liu, P, Updike, R, Fullman, N, Nguyen, J, Rolfe, S, Sbarra, A, Schipp, M, Marks, A, Abady, G, Abbas, K, Abbasi, S, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdoli, A, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, A, Adabi, M, Adamu, A, Adetokunboh, O, Adnani, Q, Advani, S, Afzal, S, Aghamir, S, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, M, Ahmed Rashid, T, Ahmed Salih, Y, Akalu, Y, Aklilu, A, Akunna, C, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Albano, L, Alemayehu, Y, Alene, K, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alhassan, R, Ali, L, Aljunid, S, Almustanyir, S, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amu, H, Andrei, C, Andrei, T, Ansar, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonazzo, I, Antony, B, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Artanti, K, Arulappan, J, Awan, A, Awoke, M, Ayza, M, Azarian, G, Azzam, A, B, D, Babar, Z, Balakrishnan, S, Banach, M, Bante, S, Barnighausen, T, Barqawi, H, Barrow, A, Bassat, Q, Bayarmagnai, N, Bejarano Ramirez, D, Bekuma, T, Belay, H, Belgaumi, U, Bhagavathula, A, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Boloor, A, Braithwaite, D, Buonsenso, D, Butt, Z, Camargos, P, Carreras, G, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Chakinala, R, Charan, J, Chatterjee, S, Chattu, S, Chattu, V, Chowdhury, F, Christopher, D, Chu, D, Chung, S, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Couto, R, Dadras, O, Dagnew, A, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, De Neve, J, Derbew Molla, M, Derseh, B, Desai, R, Desta, A, Dhamnetiya, D, Dhimal, M, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Dorostkar, F, Edem, B, Edinur, H, Eftekharzadeh, S, El Sayed, I, El Sayed Zaki, M, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, S, Elsharkawy, A, Enany, S, Erkhembayar, R, Esezobor, C, Eskandarieh, S, Ezeonwumelu, I, Ezzikouri, S, Fares, J, Faris, P, Feleke, B, Ferede, T, Fernandes, E, Fernandes, J, Ferrara, P, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Francis, M, Fukumoto, T, Gad, M, Gaidhane, S, Gallus, S, Garg, T, Geberemariyam, B, Gebre, T, Gebregiorgis, B, Gebremedhin, K, Gebremichael, B, Gessner, B, Ghadiri, K, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gilani, S, Glavan, I, Glushkova, E, Golechha, M, Gonfa, K, Gopalani, S, Goudarzi, H, Gubari, M, Guo, Y, Gupta, V, Gutierrez, R, Haeuser, E, Halwani, R, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Haque, S, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hassanein, M, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hegazy, M, Heidari, G, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hoque, M, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Hsieh, V, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hussain, R, Hussein, N, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Inamdar, S, Iqbal, U, Irham, L, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Ismail, N, Itumalla, R, Jha, R, Joukar, F, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalhor, R, Kamal, Z, Kamande, S, Kandel, H, Karch, A, Kassahun, G, Kassebaum, N, Katoto, P, Kelkay, B, Kengne, A, Khader, Y, Khajuria, H, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khan, G, Khan, J, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Khoja, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, G, Kim, M, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Korshunov, V, Kosen, S, Kuate Defo, B, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, A, Kumar, G, Kumar, N, Kwarteng, A, La Vecchia, C, Lami, F, Landires, I, Lasrado, S, Lassi, Z, Lee, H, Lee, Y, Levi, M, Lewycka, S, Li, S, Liu, X, Lobo, S, Lopukhov, P, Lozano, R, Lutzky Saute, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Makki, A, Malik, A, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Martins-Melo, F, Matthews, P, Medina, J, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Meretoja, T, Mersha, A, Mesregah, M, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Milne, G, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, H, Misra, S, Mithra, P, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohamed, T, Mohammad, K, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, S, Mohapatra, A, Mokdad, A, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moni, M, Montasir, A, Moore, C, Moradi, G, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Mueller, U, Munro, S, Naghavi, M, Naimzada, M, Naveed, M, Nayak, B, Negoi, I, Neupane Kandel, S, Nguyen, T, Nikbakhsh, R, Ningrum, D, Nixon, M, Nnaji, C, Noubiap, J, Nunez-Samudio, V, Nwatah, V, Oancea, B, Ochir, C, Ogbo, F, Olagunju, A, Olakunde, B, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Owolabi, M, Padubidri, J, Pakshir, K, Park, E, Pashazadeh Kan, F, Pathak, M, Paudel, R, Pawar, S, Pereira, J, Peres, M, Perianayagam, A, Pinheiro, M, Pirestani, M, Podder, V, Polibin, R, Pollok, R, Postma, M, Pottoo, F, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Rahmawaty, S, Rajesh, A, Ramshaw, R, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, C, Rao, S, Rathi, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezai, M, Rios-Blancas, M, Rogowski, E, Ronfani, L, Rwegerera, G, Saad, A, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Saeb, M, Saeed, U, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Salam, N, Salimzadeh, H, Samaei, M, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sanmarchi, F, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sartorius, B, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Saxena, D, Saxena, S, Seidu, A, Seylani, A, Shaikh, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Shetty, P, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Sidemo, N, Singh, A, Singh, J, Sinha, S, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Soheili, A, Tadesse, E, Tamiru, A, Tan, K, Tekalegn, Y, Temsah, M, Thakur, B, Thapar, R, Thavamani, A, Tobe-Gai, R, Tohidinik, H, Tovani-Palone, M, Traini, E, Tran, B, Tripathi, M, Tsegaye, B, Tsegaye, G, Ullah, A, Ullah, S, Unim, B, Vacante, M, Velazquez, D, Vo, B, Vollmer, S, Vu, G, Vu, L, Waheed, Y, Winkler, A, Wiysonge, C, Yigit, V, Yirdaw, B, Yon, D, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yunusa, I, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zewdie, D, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zumla, A, Murray, C, Lim, S, Mosser, J, Singh Mtech, A, Hargono Dr, A, Galles N. C., Liu P. Y., Updike R. L., Fullman N., Nguyen J., Rolfe S., Sbarra A. N., Schipp M. F., Marks A., Abady G. G., Abbas K. M., Abbasi S. W., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdoli A., Abolhassani H., Abosetugn A. E., Adabi M., Adamu A. A., Adetokunboh O. O., Adnani Q. E. S., Advani S. M., Afzal S., Aghamir S. M. K., Ahinkorah B. O., Ahmad S., Ahmad T., Ahmadi S., Ahmed H., Ahmed M. B., Ahmed Rashid T., Ahmed Salih Y., Akalu Y., Aklilu A., Akunna C. J., Al Hamad H., Alahdab F., Albano L., Alemayehu Y., Alene K. A., Al-Eyadhy A., Alhassan R. K., Ali L., Aljunid S. M., Almustanyir S., Altirkawi K. A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amu H., Andrei C. L., Andrei T., Ansar A., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Antonazzo I. C., Antony B., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Artanti K. D., Arulappan J., Awan A. T., Awoke M. A., Ayza M. A., Azarian G., Azzam A. Y., B D. B., Babar Z. -U. -D., Balakrishnan S., Banach M., Bante S. A., Barnighausen T. W., Barqawi H. J., Barrow A., Bassat Q., Bayarmagnai N., Bejarano Ramirez D. F., Bekuma T. T., Belay H. G., Belgaumi U. I., Bhagavathula A. S., Bhandari D., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhaskar S., Bhattacharyya K., Bibi S., Bijani A., Biondi A., Boloor A., Braithwaite D., Buonsenso D., Butt Z. A., Camargos P., Carreras G., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C. A., Chakinala R. C., Charan J., Chatterjee S., Chattu S. K., Chattu V. K., Chowdhury F. R., Christopher D. J., Chu D. -T., Chung S. -C., Cortesi P. A., Costa V. M., Couto R. A. S., Dadras O., Dagnew A. B., Dagnew B., Dai X., Dandona L., Dandona R., De Neve J. -W., Derbew Molla M., Derseh B. T., Desai R., Desta A. A., Dhamnetiya D., Dhimal M. L., Dhimal M., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Djalalinia S., Dorostkar F., Edem B., Edinur H. A., Eftekharzadeh S., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., Elhadi M., El-Jaafary S. I., Elsharkawy A., Enany S., Erkhembayar R., Esezobor C. I., Eskandarieh S., Ezeonwumelu I. J., Ezzikouri S., Fares J., Faris P. S., Feleke B. E., Ferede T. Y., Fernandes E., Fernandes J. C., Ferrara P., Filip I., Fischer F., Francis M. R., Fukumoto T., Gad M. M., Gaidhane S., Gallus S., Garg T., Geberemariyam B. S., Gebre T., Gebregiorgis B. G., Gebremedhin K. B., Gebremichael B., Gessner B. D., Ghadiri K., Ghafourifard M., Ghashghaee A., Gilani S. A., Glavan I. -R., Glushkova E. V., Golechha M., Gonfa K. B., Gopalani S. V., Goudarzi H., Gubari M. I. M., Guo Y., Gupta V. B., Gupta V. K., Gutierrez R. A., Haeuser E., Halwani R., Hamidi S., Hanif A., Haque S., Harapan H., Hargono A., Hashi A., Hassan S., Hassanein M. H., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hay S. I., Hayat K., Hegazy M. I., Heidari G., Hezam K., Holla R., Hoque M. E., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Househ M., Hsieh V. C. -R., Huang J., Humayun A., Hussain R., Hussein N. R., Ibitoye S. E., Ilesanmi O. S., Ilic I. M., Ilic M. D., Inamdar S., Iqbal U., Irham L. M., Irvani S. S. N., Islam S. M. S., Ismail N. E., Itumalla R., Jha R. P., Joukar F., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kalhor R., Kamal Z., Kamande S. M., Kandel H., Karch A., Kassahun G., Kassebaum N. J., Katoto P. D., Kelkay B., Kengne A. P., Khader Y. S., Khajuria H., Khalil I. A., Khan E. A., Khan G., Khan J., Khan M., Khan M. A., Khang Y. -H., Khoja A. T., Khubchandani J., Kim G. R., Kim M. S., Kim Y. J., Kimokoti R. W., Kisa A., Kisa S., Korshunov V. A., Kosen S., Kuate Defo B., Kulkarni V., Kumar A., Kumar G. A., Kumar N., Kwarteng A., La Vecchia C., Lami F. H., Landires I., Lasrado S., Lassi Z. S., Lee H., Lee Y. Y., Levi M., Lewycka S., Li S., Liu X., Lobo S. W., Lopukhov P. D., Lozano R., Lutzky Saute R., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Makki A., Malik A. A., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansournia M. A., Mantovani L. G., Martins-Melo F. R., Matthews P. C., Medina J. R. C., Mendoza W., Menezes R. G., Mengesha E. W., Meretoja T. J., Mersha A. G., Mesregah M. K., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Milne G. J., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mirzaei H. R., Misra S., Mithra P., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamed T. A., Mohammad K. A., Mohammad Y., Mohammadi M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed A., Mohammed S., Mohapatra A., Mokdad A. H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moni M. A., Montasir A. A., Moore C. E., Moradi G., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mueller U. O., Munro S. B., Naghavi M., Naimzada M. D., Naveed M., Nayak B. P., Negoi I., Neupane Kandel S., Nguyen T. H., Nikbakhsh R., Ningrum D. N. A., Nixon M. R., Nnaji C. A., Noubiap J. J., Nunez-Samudio V., Nwatah V. E., Oancea B., Ochir C., Ogbo F. A., Olagunju A. T., Olakunde B. O., Onwujekwe O. E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S. S., Owolabi M. O., Padubidri J. R., Pakshir K., Park E. -C., Pashazadeh Kan F., Pathak M., Paudel R., Pawar S., Pereira J., Peres M. F. P., Perianayagam A., Pinheiro M., Pirestani M., Podder V., Polibin R. V., Pollok R. C. G., Postma M. J., Pottoo F. H., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahmani A. M., Rahmawaty S., Rajesh A., Ramshaw R. E., Ranasinghe P., Rao C. R., Rao S. J., Rathi P., Rawaf D. L., Rawaf S., Renzaho A. M. N., Rezaei N., Rezai M. S., Rios-Blancas M., Rogowski E. L. B., Ronfani L., Rwegerera G. M., Saad A. M., Sabour S., Saddik B., Saeb M. R., Saeed U., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M. A., Salam N., Salimzadeh H., Samaei M., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Sanmarchi F., Santric-Milicevic M. M., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Saxena D., Saxena S., Seidu A. -A., Seylani A., Shaikh M. A., Shamsizadeh M., Shetty P. H., Shigematsu M., Shin J. I., Sidemo N. B., Singh A., Singh J. A., Sinha S., Skryabin V. Y., Skryabina A. A., Soheili A., Tadesse E. G., Tamiru A. T., Tan K. -K., Tekalegn Y., Temsah M. -H., Thakur B., Thapar R., Thavamani A., Tobe-Gai R., Tohidinik H. R., Tovani-Palone M. R., Traini E., Tran B. X., Tripathi M., Tsegaye B., Tsegaye G. W., Ullah A., Ullah S., Unim B., Vacante M., Velazquez D. Z., Vo B., Vollmer S., Vu G. T., Vu L. G., Waheed Y., Winkler A. S., Wiysonge C. S., Yigit V., Yirdaw B. W., Yon D. K., Yonemoto N., Yu C., Yuce D., Yunusa I., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zewdie D. T., Zhang Z. -J., Zhong C., Zumla A., Murray C. J. L., Lim S. S., Mosser J. F., Aghamir S., Sahraian M., Mansournia M., Mirzaei H., Temsah M., Andrei C., Glavan I., Antonazzo I., Singh Mtech A., Padubidri J., Babar Z., De Neve J., Noubiap J., Chakinala R., Chattu S., Chattu V., Chu D., Chung S., Kumar G., Gilani S., Gupta V., Hargono Dr A., Islam S., Hsieh V., Irvani S. N., Ismail N., Khang Y., Yon D., Kim G., Park E., Shin J., Kim M., Kim Y., Lee Y., Medina J. C., Naimzada M., Rahmani A., Rezai M., Rao S., Saeb M., Seidu A., Tan K., Tohidinik H., Zhang Z., Galles, N, Liu, P, Updike, R, Fullman, N, Nguyen, J, Rolfe, S, Sbarra, A, Schipp, M, Marks, A, Abady, G, Abbas, K, Abbasi, S, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdoli, A, Abolhassani, H, Abosetugn, A, Adabi, M, Adamu, A, Adetokunboh, O, Adnani, Q, Advani, S, Afzal, S, Aghamir, S, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, M, Ahmed Rashid, T, Ahmed Salih, Y, Akalu, Y, Aklilu, A, Akunna, C, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Albano, L, Alemayehu, Y, Alene, K, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alhassan, R, Ali, L, Aljunid, S, Almustanyir, S, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amu, H, Andrei, C, Andrei, T, Ansar, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonazzo, I, Antony, B, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Artanti, K, Arulappan, J, Awan, A, Awoke, M, Ayza, M, Azarian, G, Azzam, A, B, D, Babar, Z, Balakrishnan, S, Banach, M, Bante, S, Barnighausen, T, Barqawi, H, Barrow, A, Bassat, Q, Bayarmagnai, N, Bejarano Ramirez, D, Bekuma, T, Belay, H, Belgaumi, U, Bhagavathula, A, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhattacharyya, K, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Boloor, A, Braithwaite, D, Buonsenso, D, Butt, Z, Camargos, P, Carreras, G, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Chakinala, R, Charan, J, Chatterjee, S, Chattu, S, Chattu, V, Chowdhury, F, Christopher, D, Chu, D, Chung, S, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Couto, R, Dadras, O, Dagnew, A, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, De Neve, J, Derbew Molla, M, Derseh, B, Desai, R, Desta, A, Dhamnetiya, D, Dhimal, M, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Dorostkar, F, Edem, B, Edinur, H, Eftekharzadeh, S, El Sayed, I, El Sayed Zaki, M, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, S, Elsharkawy, A, Enany, S, Erkhembayar, R, Esezobor, C, Eskandarieh, S, Ezeonwumelu, I, Ezzikouri, S, Fares, J, Faris, P, Feleke, B, Ferede, T, Fernandes, E, Fernandes, J, Ferrara, P, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Francis, M, Fukumoto, T, Gad, M, Gaidhane, S, Gallus, S, Garg, T, Geberemariyam, B, Gebre, T, Gebregiorgis, B, Gebremedhin, K, Gebremichael, B, Gessner, B, Ghadiri, K, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gilani, S, Glavan, I, Glushkova, E, Golechha, M, Gonfa, K, Gopalani, S, Goudarzi, H, Gubari, M, Guo, Y, Gupta, V, Gutierrez, R, Haeuser, E, Halwani, R, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Haque, S, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, S, Hassanein, M, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hegazy, M, Heidari, G, Hezam, K, Holla, R, Hoque, M, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Hsieh, V, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hussain, R, Hussein, N, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Inamdar, S, Iqbal, U, Irham, L, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Ismail, N, Itumalla, R, Jha, R, Joukar, F, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalhor, R, Kamal, Z, Kamande, S, Kandel, H, Karch, A, Kassahun, G, Kassebaum, N, Katoto, P, Kelkay, B, Kengne, A, Khader, Y, Khajuria, H, Khalil, I, Khan, E, Khan, G, Khan, J, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Khoja, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, G, Kim, M, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, 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Oancea, B, Ochir, C, Ogbo, F, Olagunju, A, Olakunde, B, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Owolabi, M, Padubidri, J, Pakshir, K, Park, E, Pashazadeh Kan, F, Pathak, M, Paudel, R, Pawar, S, Pereira, J, Peres, M, Perianayagam, A, Pinheiro, M, Pirestani, M, Podder, V, Polibin, R, Pollok, R, Postma, M, Pottoo, F, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Rahmawaty, S, Rajesh, A, Ramshaw, R, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, C, Rao, S, Rathi, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezai, M, Rios-Blancas, M, Rogowski, E, Ronfani, L, Rwegerera, G, Saad, A, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Saeb, M, Saeed, U, Sahebkar, A, Sahraian, M, Salam, N, Salimzadeh, H, Samaei, M, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sanmarchi, F, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sartorius, B, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Saxena, D, Saxena, S, Seidu, A, Seylani, A, Shaikh, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Shetty, P, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Sidemo, N, Singh, A, Singh, J, Sinha, S, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Soheili, A, Tadesse, E, Tamiru, A, Tan, K, Tekalegn, Y, Temsah, M, Thakur, B, Thapar, R, Thavamani, A, Tobe-Gai, R, Tohidinik, H, Tovani-Palone, M, Traini, E, Tran, B, Tripathi, M, Tsegaye, B, Tsegaye, G, Ullah, A, Ullah, S, Unim, B, Vacante, M, Velazquez, D, Vo, B, Vollmer, S, Vu, G, Vu, L, Waheed, Y, Winkler, A, Wiysonge, C, Yigit, V, Yirdaw, B, Yon, D, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yuce, D, Yunusa, I, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zewdie, D, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zumla, A, Murray, C, Lim, S, Mosser, J, Singh Mtech, A, Hargono Dr, A, Galles N. C., Liu P. Y., Updike R. L., Fullman N., Nguyen J., Rolfe S., Sbarra A. N., Schipp M. F., Marks A., Abady G. G., Abbas K. M., Abbasi S. W., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdoli A., Abolhassani H., Abosetugn A. E., Adabi M., Adamu A. A., Adetokunboh O. O., Adnani Q. E. S., Advani S. M., Afzal S., Aghamir S. M. K., Ahinkorah B. O., Ahmad S., Ahmad T., Ahmadi S., Ahmed H., Ahmed M. B., Ahmed Rashid T., Ahmed Salih Y., Akalu Y., Aklilu A., Akunna C. J., Al Hamad H., Alahdab F., Albano L., Alemayehu Y., Alene K. A., Al-Eyadhy A., Alhassan R. K., Ali L., Aljunid S. M., Almustanyir S., Altirkawi K. A., Alvis-Guzman N., Amu H., Andrei C. L., Andrei T., Ansar A., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Antonazzo I. C., Antony B., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Artanti K. D., Arulappan J., Awan A. T., Awoke M. A., Ayza M. A., Azarian G., Azzam A. Y., B D. B., Babar Z. -U. -D., Balakrishnan S., Banach M., Bante S. A., Barnighausen T. W., Barqawi H. J., Barrow A., Bassat Q., Bayarmagnai N., Bejarano Ramirez D. F., Bekuma T. T., Belay H. G., Belgaumi U. I., Bhagavathula A. S., Bhandari D., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhaskar S., Bhattacharyya K., Bibi S., Bijani A., Biondi A., Boloor A., Braithwaite D., Buonsenso D., Butt Z. A., Camargos P., Carreras G., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C. A., Chakinala R. C., Charan J., Chatterjee S., Chattu S. K., Chattu V. K., Chowdhury F. R., Christopher D. J., Chu D. -T., Chung S. -C., Cortesi P. A., Costa V. M., Couto R. A. S., Dadras O., Dagnew A. B., Dagnew B., Dai X., Dandona L., Dandona R., De Neve J. -W., Derbew Molla M., Derseh B. T., Desai R., Desta A. A., Dhamnetiya D., Dhimal M. L., Dhimal M., Dianatinasab M., Diaz D., Djalalinia S., Dorostkar F., Edem B., Edinur H. A., Eftekharzadeh S., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., Elhadi M., El-Jaafary S. I., Elsharkawy A., Enany S., Erkhembayar R., Esezobor C. I., Eskandarieh S., Ezeonwumelu I. J., Ezzikouri S., Fares J., Faris P. S., Feleke B. E., Ferede T. Y., Fernandes E., Fernandes J. C., Ferrara P., Filip I., Fischer F., Francis M. R., Fukumoto T., Gad M. M., Gaidhane S., Gallus S., Garg T., Geberemariyam B. S., Gebre T., Gebregiorgis B. G., Gebremedhin K. B., Gebremichael B., Gessner B. D., Ghadiri K., Ghafourifard M., Ghashghaee A., Gilani S. A., Glavan I. -R., Glushkova E. V., Golechha M., Gonfa K. B., Gopalani S. V., Goudarzi H., Gubari M. I. M., Guo Y., Gupta V. B., Gupta V. K., Gutierrez R. A., Haeuser E., Halwani R., Hamidi S., Hanif A., Haque S., Harapan H., Hargono A., Hashi A., Hassan S., Hassanein M. H., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hay S. I., Hayat K., Hegazy M. I., Heidari G., Hezam K., Holla R., Hoque M. E., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Househ M., Hsieh V. C. -R., Huang J., Humayun A., Hussain R., Hussein N. R., Ibitoye S. E., Ilesanmi O. S., Ilic I. M., Ilic M. D., Inamdar S., Iqbal U., Irham L. M., Irvani S. S. N., Islam S. M. S., Ismail N. E., Itumalla R., Jha R. P., Joukar F., Kabir A., Kabir Z., Kalhor R., Kamal Z., Kamande S. M., Kandel H., Karch A., Kassahun G., Kassebaum N. J., Katoto P. D., Kelkay B., Kengne A. P., Khader Y. S., Khajuria H., Khalil I. A., Khan E. A., Khan G., Khan J., Khan M., Khan M. A., Khang Y. -H., Khoja A. T., Khubchandani J., Kim G. R., Kim M. S., Kim Y. J., Kimokoti R. W., Kisa A., Kisa S., Korshunov V. A., Kosen S., Kuate Defo B., Kulkarni V., Kumar A., Kumar G. A., Kumar N., Kwarteng A., La Vecchia C., Lami F. H., Landires I., Lasrado S., Lassi Z. S., Lee H., Lee Y. Y., Levi M., Lewycka S., Li S., Liu X., Lobo S. W., Lopukhov P. D., Lozano R., Lutzky Saute R., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Makki A., Malik A. A., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansournia M. A., Mantovani L. G., Martins-Melo F. R., Matthews P. C., Medina J. R. C., Mendoza W., Menezes R. G., Mengesha E. W., Meretoja T. J., Mersha A. G., Mesregah M. K., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Milne G. J., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mirzaei H. R., Misra S., Mithra P., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamed T. A., Mohammad K. A., Mohammad Y., Mohammadi M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed A., Mohammed S., Mohapatra A., Mokdad A. H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moni M. A., Montasir A. A., Moore C. E., Moradi G., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mueller U. O., Munro S. B., Naghavi M., Naimzada M. D., Naveed M., Nayak B. P., Negoi I., Neupane Kandel S., Nguyen T. H., Nikbakhsh R., Ningrum D. N. A., Nixon M. R., Nnaji C. A., Noubiap J. J., Nunez-Samudio V., Nwatah V. E., Oancea B., Ochir C., Ogbo F. A., Olagunju A. T., Olakunde B. O., Onwujekwe O. E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S. S., Owolabi M. O., Padubidri J. R., Pakshir K., Park E. -C., Pashazadeh Kan F., Pathak M., Paudel R., Pawar S., Pereira J., Peres M. F. P., Perianayagam A., Pinheiro M., Pirestani M., Podder V., Polibin R. V., Pollok R. C. G., Postma M. J., Pottoo F. H., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M., Rahmani A. M., Rahmawaty S., Rajesh A., Ramshaw R. E., Ranasinghe P., Rao C. R., Rao S. J., Rathi P., Rawaf D. L., Rawaf S., Renzaho A. M. N., Rezaei N., Rezai M. S., Rios-Blancas M., Rogowski E. L. B., Ronfani L., Rwegerera G. M., Saad A. M., Sabour S., Saddik B., Saeb M. R., Saeed U., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M. A., Salam N., Salimzadeh H., Samaei M., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Sanmarchi F., Santric-Milicevic M. M., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Saxena D., Saxena S., Seidu A. -A., Seylani A., Shaikh M. A., Shamsizadeh M., Shetty P. H., Shigematsu M., Shin J. I., Sidemo N. B., Singh A., Singh J. A., Sinha S., Skryabin V. Y., Skryabina A. A., Soheili A., Tadesse E. G., Tamiru A. T., Tan K. -K., Tekalegn Y., Temsah M. -H., Thakur B., Thapar R., Thavamani A., Tobe-Gai R., Tohidinik H. R., Tovani-Palone M. R., Traini E., Tran B. X., Tripathi M., Tsegaye B., Tsegaye G. W., Ullah A., Ullah S., Unim B., Vacante M., Velazquez D. Z., Vo B., Vollmer S., Vu G. T., Vu L. G., Waheed Y., Winkler A. S., Wiysonge C. S., Yigit V., Yirdaw B. W., Yon D. K., Yonemoto N., Yu C., Yuce D., Yunusa I., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zewdie D. T., Zhang Z. -J., Zhong C., Zumla A., Murray C. J. L., Lim S. S., Mosser J. F., Aghamir S., Sahraian M., Mansournia M., Mirzaei H., Temsah M., Andrei C., Glavan I., Antonazzo I., Singh Mtech A., Padubidri J., Babar Z., De Neve J., Noubiap J., Chakinala R., Chattu S., Chattu V., Chu D., Chung S., Kumar G., Gilani S., Gupta V., Hargono Dr A., Islam S., Hsieh V., Irvani S. N., Ismail N., Khang Y., Yon D., Kim G., Park E., Shin J., Kim M., Kim Y., Lee Y., Medina J. C., Naimzada M., Rahmani A., Rezai M., Rao S., Saeb M., Seidu A., Tan K., Tohidinik H., and Zhang Z.
Abstract: Background: Measuring routine childhood vaccination is crucial to inform global vaccine policies and programme implementation, and to track progress towards targets set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) and Immunization Agenda 2030. Robust estimates of routine vaccine coverage are needed to identify past successes and persistent vulnerabilities. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020, Release 1, we did a systematic analysis of global, regional, and national vaccine coverage trends using a statistical framework, by vaccine and over time. Methods: For this analysis we collated 55 326 country-specific, cohort-specific, year-specific, vaccine-specific, and dose-specific observations of routine childhood vaccination coverage between 1980 and 2019. Using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, we produced location-specific and year-specific estimates of 11 routine childhood vaccine coverage indicators for 204 countries and territories from 1980 to 2019, adjusting for biases in country-reported data and reflecting reported stockouts and supply disruptions. We analysed global and regional trends in coverage and numbers of zero-dose children (defined as those who never received a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis [DTP] vaccine dose), progress towards GVAP targets, and the relationship between vaccine coverage and sociodemographic development. Findings: By 2019, global coverage of third-dose DTP (DTP3; 81·6% [95% uncertainty interval 80·4–82·7]) more than doubled from levels estimated in 1980 (39·9% [37·5–42·1]), as did global coverage of the first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1; from 38·5% [35·4–41·3] in 1980 to 83·6% [82·3–84·8] in 2019). Third-dose polio vaccine (Pol3) coverage also increased, from 42·6% (41·4–44·1) in 1980 to 79·8% (78·4–81·1) in 2019, and global coverage of newer vaccines increased rapidly between 2000 and 2019. The global number of zero-dose children fell by nearly 75% between 1980 and 2019
Published: 2021

4. Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018

Author: Kinyoki, D, Osgood-Zimmerman, A, Bhattacharjee, N, Schaeffer, L, Lazzar-Atwood, A, Lu, D, Ewald, S, Donkers, K, Letourneau, I, Collison, M, Schipp, M, Abajobir, A, Abbasi, S, Abbasi, N, Abbasifard, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd-Allah, F, Abdelalim, A, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdoli, A, Abdollahpour, I, Abedi, A, Abolhassani, H, Abraham, B, Abreu, L, Abrigo, M, Abualhasan, A, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abushouk, A, Accrombessi, M, Adabi, M, Adebayo, O, Adegbosin, A, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, O, Adeyinka, D, Adham, D, Advani, S, Agasthi, P, Aghaali, M, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, M, Aichour, M, Aji, B, Akinyemi, O, Aklilu, A, Akunna, C, Al-Aly, Z, Alanzi, T, Alcalde-Rabanal, J, Alemu, B, Alemu, A, Alhassan, R, Alif, S, Alipour, V, Alizade, H, Aljunid, S, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Al-Raddadi, R, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amini, S, Amiri, F, Amugsi, D, Anber, N, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, T, Anegago, M, Anjomshoa, M, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Anteneh, Z, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Aqeel, M, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Areri, H, Artaman, A, Arzani, A, Asaad, M, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, A, Asemahagn, M, Asghari Jafarabadi, M, Ashebir, M, Ataro, Z, Athari, S, Atout, M, Ausloos, M, Awoke, N, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Ayanore, M, Aynalem, Y, Ayza, M, Azadmehr, A, B, D, Babalola, T, Badawi, A, Badiye, A, Bahrami, M, Bairwa, M, Bakkannavar, S, Banik, P, Baraki, A, Barboza, M, Basaleem, H, Basu, S, Bayati, M, Baye, B, Bazmandegan, G, Bedi, N, Bekuma, T, Bell, M, Bensenor, I, Berhe, K, Berhe, A, Berhie, K, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhattarai, S, Bhutta, Z, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Biondi, A, Birhanu, M, Biswas, R, Bockarie, M, Bohlouli, S, Bohluli, M, Boloor, A, Borzouei, S, Bragazzi, N, Braithwaite, D, Brunoni, A, Burugina Nagaraja, S, Butt, Z, Caetano dos Santos, F, Camera, L, Car, J, Cardenas, R, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Castro, F, Cevik, M, Chanie, 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S., Keiyoro P. N., Kelkay B., Keramati M., Ketema D. B., Khalid N., Khammarnia M., Khan M. N., Khan M., Khan J., Khatab K., Khater A. M., Khater M. M., Khoja A. T., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y. -E., Kim Y. J., Kimokoti R. W., Kisa S., Kisa A., Kolola T., Koolivand A., Kosen S., Koul P. A., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Krishnamoorthy V., Kuate Defo B., Kugbey N., Kulkarni V., Kumar G. A., Kumar N., Kumar P., Kumar M., Kurmi O. P., Kusuma D., Lacey B., Lad D. P., Lal D. K., Lami F. H., Landires I., Larsson A. O., Lasrado S., Laurens M. B., La Vecchia C., Laxmaiah A., Lee P. H., Lee S. W. H., LeGrand K. E., Lewycka S., Li B., Li S., Liu X., Lopez J. C. F., Machado D. B., Madhava Kunjathur S., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Mahadeshwara Prasad D. R., Mahasha P. W., Maheri M., Mahotra N. B., Majeed A., Maled V., Maleki S., Malekzadeh R., Malta D. C., Mamun A. A., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M. A., Manzar M. D. D., Marrugo Arnedo C. A., Martins-Melo F. R., Masaka A., Maulik P. K., Mayala B. K., Mehari M., Mehndiratta M. M., Mehrabi Nasab E., Mehri F., Mehta K. M., Meitei W. B., Mekonnen T., Meles G. G., Melku M., Mendoza W., Menezes R. G., Mengesha M. B., Mengesha E. W., Meretoja T. J., Mersha A. M., Metekiya W. M., Miazgowski T., Michalek I. M., Mini G. K., Mir S. A., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Misra S., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohammad Y., Mohammad D. K., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N., Mohammadi S. M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed H. M., Mohammed S., Mohammed A. S., Mohammed J. A., Mohseni Bandpei M. A., Mokdad A. H., Molassiotis A., Monasta L., Moradi M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosapour A., Mouodi S., Mousavi S. M., Mousavi Khaneghah A., Mulu G. B. B., Munir M., Muriithi M. K., Murthy G. V. S., Mustafa G., Nabhan A. F., Naderi M., Nagarajan A. J., Nagaraju S. P., Naghavi M., Naik G., Naimzada M. D., Nangia V., Nansseu J. R., Naqvi A. A., Nascimento B. R., Nayak S., Nayak V. C., Nazari J., Ndejjo R., Negoi I., Negoi R. I., Netsere H. B., Nguefack-Tsague G., Ngunjiri J. W., Nguyen C. T., Nguyen D. N., Nguyen H. L. T., Nigatu Y. T., Nikbakhsh R., Nikpoor A. R., Nnaji C. A., Nong V. M., Noubiap J. J., Nunez-Samudio V., Nwatah V. E., Nyanhanda T., Oancea B., Ogbo F. A., Oghenetega O. B., Oh I. -H., Okello D. M., Oladnabi M., Olagunju A. T., Olusanya J. O., Olusanya B. O., Bali A. O., Omer M. O., Omonisi A. E. E., Onwujekwe O. E., Ortiz A., Ortiz-Panozo E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S. S., Owolabi M. O., Mahesh P. A., Padubidri J. R., Pakhare A. P., Pakshir K., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Pandi-Perumal S. R., Pangaribuan H. U., Pasupula D. K., Patel S. K., Patel U. K., Pathak A., Patton G. C., Toroudi H. P., Pereira J., Pescarini J. M., Pham H. Q., Pickering B. V., Pirouzpanah S., Pirsaheb M., Pokhrel K. N., Postma M. J., Pottoo F. H., Pourchamani H., Pourjafar H., Poustchi H., Prada S. I., Pribadi D. R. A., Syed Z. Q., Rabiee N., Rafiee A., Rahim F., Rahman M. H. U., Rahman M. A., Rahmani A. M., Rai R. K., Rajesh A., Ram P., Ramezanzadeh K., Ranabhat C. L., Rao S. J., Rao S., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawal L., Rawasia W. F., Rawassizadeh R., Regassa L. D., Reiner R. C., Reshmi B., Rezaei N., Rezahosseini O., Rezapour A., Riahi S. M., Ribeiro D., Ribeiro A. I., Rickard J., Roba H. S., Roever L., Ronfani L., Rostamian M., Rumisha S. F., Rwegerera G. M., Sabour S., Sadeghi E., Saeedi Moghaddam S., Sagar R., Sahebkar A., Sahraian M. A., Sajadi S. M., Salam N., Salem M. R., Kafil H. S., Santos I. S., Santric-Milicevic M. M., Saraswathy S. Y. I., Sarrafzadegan N., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sathish T., Saxena D., Sbarra A. N., Schwebel D. C., Senbeta A. M., Sengupta D., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S. G., Seylani A., Sha F., Shafaat O., Shahabi S., Shahbaz M., Shahid I., Shaikh M. A., Shaka M. F., Shalash A. S., Shamali M., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsi M. B., Shamsizadeh M., Shannawaz M., Sharafi K., Sharifi A., Sheikh A., Sheikhtaheri A., Shetty R. S., Shetty B. S. K., Shetty A., Shiferaw W. S., Shigematsu M., Il Shin J., Shiri R., Shirkoohi R., Shivarov V., Siabani S., Malleshappa S. K. S., Siddiqi T. J., Sidemo N. B., Singh B. B., Singh S., Sintayehu Y., Skryabin V. Y., Skryabina A. A., Sobhiyeh M. R., Soheili A., Soltani S., Sorrie M. B., Spurlock E. E., Sreeramareddy C. T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M. B., Sultan I., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Taddele B. W., Tadesse E. G., Taherkhani A., Tamir Z., Tamiru A. T., Tareque M. I., Tbakhi A., Teame H., Tefera Y. G., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekalegn Y., Tekle M. G., Teklehaimanot B. F., Temsah M. -H., Tesema G. A., Thankappan K. R., Thomas N., Tiki T., Tilahune A. B., Titova M. V., Tovani-Palone M. R., Tran K. B., Tran B. X., Tripathi R., Tripathy J. P., Truong P. N., Uddin R., Ullah A., Umeokonkwo C. D., Uneke C. J., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Usman M. S., Vacante M., Vakilian A., Tahbaz S. V., Valdez P. R., Vasseghian Y., Verma M., Violante F. S., Vo B., Wado Y. D., Waheed Y., Wang Y., Wang Y. -P., Wangdi K., Weldesamuel G. T., Werdecker A., Wiangkham T., Wickramasinghe N. D., Wiysonge C. S., Wonde T. E., Wu A. -M., Wu C., Xie Y., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S. H. Y., Yamada T., Yang M., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeheyis T. Y., Yeshaneh A., Yeshaw Y., Yeshitila Y. G., Yilma M. T., Yip P., Young M. F., Yousefi Z., Yousefinezhadi T., Yousof H. -A. S. A., Yousuf A. Y., Yu C., Yu Y., Zafar S., Zaidi S. S., Zaidi Z., Zakzuk J., Bin Zaman S., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandifar A., Zangeneh A., Zastrozhin M. S., Zastrozhina A., Zewdie D. T., Zewdie K. A., Zhang Y., Zhu C., Ziapour A., Kassebaum N. J., and Hay S. I.
Abstract: Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000–2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.
Published: 2021

5. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: James, S, Castle, C, Dingels, Z, Fox, J, Hamilton, E, Liu, Z, S Roberts, N, Sylte, D, Henry, N, Legrand, K, Abdelalim, A, Abdoli, A, Abdollahpour, I, Abdulkader, R, Abedi, A, Abosetugn, A, Abushouk, A, Adebayo, O, Agudelo-Botero, M, Ahmad, T, Ahmed, R, Ahmed, M, Eddine Aichour, M, Alahdab, F, Alamene, G, Alanezi, F, Alebel, A, Alema, N, Alghnam, S, Al-Hajj, S, Ali, B, Ali, S, Alikhani, M, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, N, Altirkawi, K, Abdeldayem Amer, Y, Amini, S, Loreche Amit, A, Andrei, C, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, T Antonio, C, Yaw Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Arefi, Z, Aremu, O, Ariani, F, Arora, A, Asaad, M, Asghari, B, Awoke, N, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Azarian, G, Badawi, A, Badiye, A, Bagli, E, Baig, A, Bairwa, M, Bakhtiari, A, Balachandran, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Banik, P, Banstola, A, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Barrero, L, Barzegar, A, Bayati, M, Baye, B, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Bekuma, T, Belete, H, Benjet, C, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berhe, K, Bhardwaj, P, Bhat, A, Bhattacharyya, K, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Bin Sayeed, M, Borges, G, Borzi, A, Boufous, S, Brazinova, A, Briko, N, Budhathoki, S, Car, J, Cardenas, R, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Catala-Lopez, F, Cerin, E, Chandan, J, Chanie, W, Chattu, S, Chattu, V, Chatziralli, I, Chaudhary, N, Cho, D, Kabir Chowdhury, M, Chu, D, Colquhoun, S, Constantin, M, Costa, V, Damiani, G, Daryani, A, Davila-Cervantes, C, Demeke, F, Demis, A, Demoz, G, Demsie, D, Derakhshani, A, Deribe, K, Desai, R, Nasab, M, Da Silva, D, Dibaji Forooshani, Z, Doyle, K, Driscoll, T, Dubljanin, E, Adema, B, Eagan, A, Eftekhari, A, Ehsani-Chimeh, E, Sayed Zaki, M, Elemineh, D, El-Jaafary, S, El-Khatib, Z, Ellingsen, C, Emamian, M, Endalew, D, Eskandarieh, S, Faris, P, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fatahi, Y, Fekadu, W, Ferede, T, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Feyissa, G, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Folayan, M, Foroutan, M, Francis, J, Franklin, R, Fukumoto, T, Geberemariyam, B, Gebre, A, Gebremedhin, K, Gebremeskel, G, Gebremichael, B, Gedefaw, G, Geta, B, Ghafourifard, M, Ghamari, F, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Gill, T, Goulart, A, Grada, A, Grivna, M, Mohialdeen Gubari, M, Guimaraes, R, Guo, Y, Gupta, G, Haagsma, J, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Bidgoli, H, Hall, B, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Haro, J, Hasan, M, Hasanzadeh, A, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hayat, K, Hendrie, D, Heydarpour, F, Hijar, M, Ho, H, Hoang, C, Hole, M, Holla, R, Hossain, N, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, G, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Inbaraj, L, Indriasih, E, Naghibi Irvani, S, Shariful Islam, S, Islam, M, Ivers, R, Jacobsen, K, Jahani, M, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, M, Jalilian, F, Jayaraman, S, Jayatilleke, A, Jha, R, John-Akinola, Y, Jonas, J, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jungari, S, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kadel, R, Kahsay, A, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kamil, T, Kanchan, T, Kapoor, N, Karami, M, Kasaeian, A, Kassaye, H, Kavetskyy, T, Kebede, H, Keiyoro, P, Kelbore, A, Kelkay, B, Khader, Y, Khafaie, M, Khalid, N, Khalil, I, Khalilov, R, Khammarnia, M, Khan, E, Khan, M, Khanna, T, Khazaie, H, Shadmani, F, Khundkar, R, Kiirithio, D, Kim, Y, Kim, D, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Komaki, H, M Kondlahalli, S, Korshunov, V, Koyanagi, A, G Kraemer, M, Krishan, K, Bicer, B, Kugbey, N, Kumar, V, Kumar, N, Kumar, G, Kumar, M, Kumaresh, G, Kurmi, O, Kuti, O, Vecchia, C, Lami, F, Lamichhane, P, Lang, J, Lansingh, V, Laryea, D, Lasrado, S, Latifi, A, Lauriola, P, Leasher, J, Huey Lee, S, Lenjebo, T, Levi, M, Li, S, Linn, S, Liu, X, Lopez, A, Lotufo, P, Lunevicius, R, Lyons, R, Madadin, M, El Razek, M, Mahotra, N, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Malagon-Rojas, J, Maled, V, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Manafi, N, Manafi, A, Manda, A, Manjunatha, N, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Maravilla, J, March, L, Mason-Jones, A, Masoumi, S, Massenburg, B, Maulik, P, Meles, G, Melese, A, 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Saxena, S, Sayyah, M, Schwebel, D, Seedat, S, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Seyedmousavi, S, Sha, F, Shaahmadi, F, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, M, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharif-Alhoseini, M, Sharifi, H, Sheikh, A, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Shiri, R, Siabani, S, Sigfusdottir, I, Singh, P, Singh, J, Sinha, D, Smarandache, C, R Smith, E, Soheili, A, Soleymani, B, Soltanian, A, Soriano, J, Sorrie, M, Soyiri, I, Stein, D, Stokes, M, Sufiyan, M, Rasul Suleria, H, Sykes, B, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, K, Taddele, B, Tadesse, D, Tamiru, A, Tarigan, I, Tefera, Y, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekle, M, Tekulu, G, Tesema, A, Tesfay, B, Thapar, R, Tilahune, A, Tlaye, K, Tohidinik, H, Topor-Madry, R, Tran, B, Tran, K, Tripathy, J, Tsai, A, Car, L, Ullah, S, Ullah, I, Umar, M, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Uthman, O, Valdez, P, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Waheed, Y, Weldesamuel, G, Werdecker, A, Wiangkham, T, Wolde, H, Woldeyes, D, Wondafrash, D, Wondmeneh, T, 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L., Castle C. D., Dingels Z. V., Fox J. T., Hamilton E. B., Liu Z., S Roberts N. L., Sylte D. O., Henry N. J., Legrand K. E., Abdelalim A., Abdoli A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R. S., Abedi A., Abosetugn A. E., Abushouk A. I., Adebayo O. M., Agudelo-Botero M., Ahmad T., Ahmed R., Ahmed M. B., Eddine Aichour M. T., Alahdab F., Alamene G. M., Alanezi F. M., Alebel A., Alema N. M., Alghnam S. A., Al-Hajj S., Ali B. A., Ali S., Alikhani M., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid S. M., Almasi-Hashiani A., Almasri N. A., Altirkawi K., Abdeldayem Amer Y. S., Amini S., Loreche Amit A. M., Andrei C. L., Ansari-Moghaddam A., T Antonio C. A., Yaw Appiah S. C., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Arefi Z., Aremu O., Ariani F., Arora A., Asaad M., Asghari B., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla B. P., Ayano G., Ayanore M. A., Azari S., Azarian G., Badawi A., Badiye A. D., Bagli E., Baig A. A., Bairwa M., Bakhtiari A., Balachandran A., Banach M., Banerjee S. K., Banik P. C., Banstola A., Barker-Collo S. L., Barnighausen T. W., Barrero L. H., Barzegar A., Bayati M., Baye B. A., Bedi N., Behzadifar M., Bekuma T. T., Belete H., Benjet C., Bennett D. A., Bensenor I. M., Berhe K., Bhardwaj P., Bhat A. G., Bhattacharyya K., Bibi S., Bijani A., Bin Sayeed M. S., Borges G., Borzi A. M., Boufous S., Brazinova A., Briko N. I., Budhathoki S. S., Car J., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J. M., Castaneda-Orjuela C. A., Castelpietra G., Catala-Lopez F., Cerin E., Chandan J. S., Chanie W. F., Chattu S. K., Chattu V. K., Chatziralli I., Chaudhary N., Cho D. Y., Kabir Chowdhury M. A., Chu D. -T., Colquhoun S. M., Constantin M. -M., Costa V. M., Damiani G., Daryani A., Davila-Cervantes C. A., Demeke F. M., Demis A. B., Demoz G. T., Demsie D. G., Derakhshani A., Deribe K., Desai R., Nasab M. D., Da Silva D. D., Dibaji Forooshani Z. S., Doyle K. E., Driscoll T. R., Dubljanin E., Adema B. D., Eagan A. W., Eftekhari A., Ehsani-Chimeh E., Sayed Zaki M. E., Elemineh D. A., El-Jaafary S. I., El-Khatib Z., Ellingsen C. L., Emamian M. H., Endalew D. A., Eskandarieh S., Faris P. S., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Fatahi Y., Fekadu W., Ferede T. Y., Fereshtehnejad S. -M., Fernandes E., Ferrara P., Feyissa G. T., Filip I., Fischer F., Folayan M. O., Foroutan M., Francis J. M., Franklin R. C., Fukumoto T., Geberemariyam B. S., Gebre A. K., Gebremedhin K. B., Gebremeskel G. G., Gebremichael B., Gedefaw G. A., Geta B., Ghafourifard M., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Gholamian A., Gill T. K., Goulart A. C., Grada A., Grivna M., Mohialdeen Gubari M. I., Guimaraes R. A., Guo Y., Gupta G., Haagsma J. A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Bidgoli H. H., Hall B. J., Hamadeh R. R., Hamidi S., Haro J. M., Hasan M. M., Hasanzadeh A., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hassen H. Y., Havmoeller R., Hayat K., Hendrie D., Heydarpour F., Hijar M., Ho H. C., Hoang C. L., Hole M. K., Holla R., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Hu G., Ibitoye S. E., Ilesanmi O. S., Ilic I., Ilic M. D., Inbaraj L. 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R., Indriasih E., Naghibi Irvani S. S., Shariful Islam S. M., Islam M. M., Ivers R. Q., Jacobsen K. H., Jahani M. A., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., Jalilian F., Jayaraman S., Jayatilleke A. U., Jha R. P., John-Akinola Y. O., Jonas J. B., Joseph N., Joukar F., Jozwiak J. J., Jungari S. B., Jurisson M., Kabir A., Kadel R., Kahsay A., Kalankesh L. R., Kalhor R., Kamil T. A., Kanchan T., Kapoor N., Karami M., Kasaeian A., Kassaye H. G., Kavetskyy T., Kebede H. K., Keiyoro P. N., Kelbore A. G., Kelkay B., Khader Y. S., Khafaie M. A., Khalid N., Khalil I. A., Khalilov R., Khammarnia M., Khan E. A., Khan M., Khanna T., Khazaie H., Shadmani F. K., Khundkar R., Kiirithio D. N., Kim Y. -E., Kim D., Kim Y. J., Kisa A., Kisa S., Komaki H., M Kondlahalli S. K., Korshunov V. A., Koyanagi A., G Kraemer M. U., Krishan K., Bicer B. K., Kugbey N., Kumar V., Kumar N., Kumar G. A., Kumar M., Kumaresh G., Kurmi O. P., Kuti O., Vecchia C. L., Lami F. H., Lamichhane P., Lang J. J., Lansingh V. C., Laryea D. O., Lasrado S., Latifi A., Lauriola P., Leasher J. L., Huey Lee S. W., Lenjebo T. L., Levi M., Li S., Linn S., Liu X., Lopez A. D., Lotufo P. A., Lunevicius R., Lyons R. A., Madadin M., El Razek M. M. A., Mahotra N. B., Majdan M., Majeed A., Malagon-Rojas J. N., Maled V., Malekzadeh R., Malta D. C., Manafi N., Manafi A., Manda A. -L., Manjunatha N., Mansour-Ghanaei F., Mansouri B., Mansournia M. A., Maravilla J. C., March L. M., Mason-Jones A. J., Masoumi S. Z., Massenburg B. B., Maulik P. K., Meles G. G., Melese A., Melketsedik Z. A., N Memiah P. T., Mendoza W., Menezes R. G., Mengesha M. B., Mengesha M. M., Meretoja T. J., Meretoja A., Merie H. E., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Miller T. R., Mini G. K., Mirica A., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh M., Mithra P., Moazen B., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad Y., Mohammad K. A., Darwesh A. M., Gholi Mezerji N. M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadoo-Khorasani M., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohammed J. A., Mohebi F., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradpour F., Morawska L., Velasquez I. M., Morisaki N., Morrison S. D., Mossie T. B., Muluneh A. G., Murthy S., Musa K. I., Mustafa G., Nabhan A. F., Nagarajan A. J., Naik G., Naimzada M. D., Najafi F., Nangia V., Nascimento B. R., Naserbakht M., Nayak V., Ndwandwe D. E., Negoi I., Ngunjiri J. W., Nguyen C. T., Thi Nguyen H. L., Nikbakhsh R., Anggraini Ningrum D. N., Nnaji C. A., Nyasulu P. S., Ogbo F. A., Oghenetega O. B., Oh I. -H., Okunga E. W., Olagunju A. T., Olagunju T. O., Bali A. O., Onwujekwe O. E., Asante K. O., Orpana H. M., Ota E., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S. S., Mahesh P. A., Padubidri J. R., Pakhale S., Pakshir K., Panda-Jonas S., Park E. -K., Patel S. K., Pathak A., Pati S., Patton G. C., Paulos K., Peden A. E., Filipino Pepito V. C., Pereira J., Pham H. Q., Phillips M. R., Pinheiro M., Polibin R. V., Polinder S., Poustchi H., Prakash S., Angga Pribadi D. R., Puri P., Syed Z. Q., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rafiee A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi S., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M. A., Rajabpour-Sanati A., Rajati F., Rakovac I., Ranganathan K., Rao S. J., Rashedi V., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Renjith V., N Renzaho A. M., Resnikoff S., Rezapour A., Ribeiro A. I., Rickard J., Rios Gonzalez C. M., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Saad A. M., Sabde Y. D., Sabour S., Saddik B., Safari S., Safari-Faramani R., Safarpour H., Safdarian M., Sajadi S. M., Salamati P., Salehi F., Zahabi S. S., Rashad Salem M. R., Salem H., Salman O., Salz I., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Riera L. S., Santric Milicevic M. M., Sarker A. R., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Sawyer S. M., Saxena S., Sayyah M., Schwebel D. C., Seedat S., Senthilkumaran S., Sepanlou S. G., Seyedmousavi S., Sha F., Shaahmadi F., Shahabi S., Shaikh M. A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsizadeh M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sharifi H., Sheikh A., Shigematsu M., Shin J. I., Shiri R., Siabani S., Sigfusdottir I. D., Singh P. K., Singh J. A., Sinha D. N., Smarandache C. -G., R Smith E. U., Soheili A., Soleymani B., Soltanian A. R., Soriano J. B., Sorrie M. B., Soyiri I. N., Stein D. J., Stokes M. A., Sufiyan M. B., Rasul Suleria H. A., Sykes B. L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K. M., Taddele B. W., Tadesse D. B., Tamiru A. T., Tarigan I. U., Tefera Y. M., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Tekle M. G., Tekulu G. H., Tesema A. K., Tesfay B. E., Thapar R., Tilahune A. B., Tlaye K. G., Tohidinik H. R., Topor-Madry R., Tran B. X., Tran K. B., Tripathy J. P., Tsai A. C., Car L. T., Ullah S., Ullah I., Umar M., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Uthman O. A., Valdez P. R., Vasankari T. J., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F. S., Vlassov V., Waheed Y., Weldesamuel G. T., Werdecker A., Wiangkham T., Wolde H. F., Woldeyes D. H., Wondafrash D. Z., Wondmeneh T. G., Wondmieneh A. B., Wu A. -M., Yadav R., Yadollahpour A., Yano Y., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Yoon S. -J., Youm Y., Younis M. Z., Yousefi Z., Yu Y., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Moghadam T. Z., Zaidi Z., Zaman S. B., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zarei A., Zare F., Zhang Z. -J., Zhang Y., Zodpey S., Dandona L., Dandona R., Degenhardt L., Dharmaratne S. D., Hay S. I., Mokdad A. H., Reiner Jr R. C., Sartorius B., and Vos T.
Abstract: Background: Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. Methods: We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings: In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation: Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.
Published: 2020

6. Subnational mapping of HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15-49 years in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000-18: a modelling study

Author: Sartorius, B, Van der Heide, J, Yang, M, Goosmann, E, Hon, J, Haeuser, E, Cork, M, Perkins, S, Jahagirdar, D, Schaeffer, L, Serfes, A, LeGrand, K, Abbastabar, H, Abebo, Z, Abosetugn, A, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Accrombessi, M, Adebayo, O, Adegbosin, A, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, O, Adeyinka, D, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmadi, K, Ahmed, M, Akalu, Y, Akinyemi, O, Akinyemi, R, Aklilu, A, Akunna, C, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, N, Alamneh, A, Alanzi, T, Alemu, B, Alhassan, R, Ali, T, Alipour, V, Amini, S, Ancuceanu, R, Ansari, F, Anteneh, Z, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Asemahagn, M, Jafarabadi, M, Asmare, W, Atnafu, D, Atout, M, Atreya, A, Ausloos, M, Awedew, A, Quintanilla, B, Ayanore, M, Aynalem, Y, Ayza, M, Azari, S, Azene, Z, Babar, Z-U-D, Baig, A, Balakrishnan, S, Banach, M, Barnighausen, T, Basu, S, Bayati, M, Bedi, N, Bekuma, T, Bezabhe, W, Bhagavathula, A, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, Z, Bibi, S, Bikbov, B, Birhan, T, Bitew, Z, Bockarie, M, Boloor, A, Brady, O, Bragazzi, N, Briko, A, Briko, N, Nagaraja, S, Butt, Z, Cardenas, R, Carvalho, F, Charan, J, Chatterjee, S, Chattu, S, Chattu, V, Chowdhury, M, Chu, D-T, Cook, A, Cormier, N, Cowden, R, Culquichicon, C, Dagnew, B, Dahlawi, S, Damiani, G, Daneshpajouhnejad, P, Daoud, F, Daryani, A, das Neves, J, Weaver, N, Molla, M, Deribe, K, Desta, A, Deuba, K, Dharmaratne, S, Dhungana, G, Diaz, D, Djalalinia, S, Doku, P, Dubljanin, E, Duko, B, Eagan, A, Earl, L, Eaton, J, Effiong, A, Zaki, M, El Tantawi, M, Elayedath, R, El-Jaafary, S, Elsharkawy, A, Eskandarieh, S, Eyawo, O, Ezzikouri, S, Fasanmi, A, Fasil, A, Fauk, N, Feigin, V, Ferede, T, Fernandes, E, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Foroutan, M, Francis, J, Fukumoto, T, Gad, M, Geberemariyam, B, Gebregiorgis, B, Gebremichael, B, Gesesew, H, Getacher, L, Ghadiri, K, Ghashghaee, A, Gilani, S, Ginindza, T, Glagn, M, Golechha, M, Gona, P, Gubari, M, Gugnani, H, Guido, D, Guled, R, Hall, B, Hamidi, S, Handiso, D, Hargono, A, Hashi, A, Hassanipour, S, 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S, Yeshaw, Y, Yeshitila, Y, Yilma, M, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yosef, T, Yusefzadeh, H, Zaidi, S, Zaki, L, Zamanian, M, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zewdie, D, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z-J, Ziapour, A, Hay, S, and Dwyer-Lindgren, L
Abstract: BACKGROUND: High-resolution estimates of HIV burden across space and time provide an important tool for tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts and assist with improving the precision and efficiency of targeting efforts. We aimed to assess HIV incidence and HIV mortality for all second-level administrative units across sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: In this modelling study, we developed a framework that used the geographically specific HIV prevalence data collected in seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care clinics to train a model that estimates HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15-49 years. We used a model-based geostatistical framework to estimate HIV prevalence at the second administrative level in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for 2000-18 and sought data on the number of individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) by second-level administrative unit. We then modified the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) to use these HIV prevalence and treatment estimates to estimate HIV incidence and mortality by second-level administrative unit. FINDINGS: The estimates suggest substantial variation in HIV incidence and mortality rates both between and within countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with 15 countries having a ten-times or greater difference in estimated HIV incidence between the second-level administrative units with the lowest and highest estimated incidence levels. Across all 44 countries in 2018, HIV incidence ranged from 2·8 (95% uncertainty interval 2·1-3·8) in Mauritania to 1585·9 (1369·4-1824·8) cases per 100 000 people in Lesotho and HIV mortality ranged from 0·8 (0·7-0·9) in Mauritania to 676·5 (513·6-888·0) deaths per 100 000 people in Lesotho. Variation in both incidence and mortality was substantially greater at the subnational level than at the national level and the highest estimated rates were accordingly higher. Among second-level administrative units, Guijá District, Gaza Province, Mozambique
Published: 2021

7. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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Augusto Santos, Silva, João Pedro, Singh, Ambrish, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Sitas, Freddy, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Soboka, Matiwos, Soriano, Joan B, Soroush, Ali, Soshnikov, Sergey, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stein, Dan J, Steiropoulos, Paschalis, Stortecky, Stefan, Straif, Kurt, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan, Sulo, Gerhard, Sundström, Johan, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu, Tadesse, Eyayou Girma, Tamiru, Animut Tagele, Tareke, Minale, Tareque, Md Ismail, Tarigan, Ingan Ukur, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thapar, Rekha, Tichopad, Ales, Tolani, Musliu Adetola, Topouzis, Fotis, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tripathy, Jaya Prasad, Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tymeson, Hayley D, Ullah, Anayat, Ullah, Saif, Unim, Brigid, Updike, Rachel L, Vacante, Marco, Valdez, Pascual R, Vardavas, Constantine, Varona Pérez, Patricia, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Madhur, Vetrova, Marina V, Vo, Bay, Vu, Giang Thu, Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Yanzhong, Welding, Kevin, Werdecker, Andrea, Whisnant, Joanna L, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yandrapalli, Srikanth, Yatsuya, Hiroshi, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yeshaw, Yigizie, Yimmer, Mohammed Zewdu, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zahirian Moghadam, Telma, Zaman, Muhammed Shahriar, Zamanian, Maryam, Zandian, Hamed, Zar, Heather J, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zavala-Arciniega, Luis, Zhang, Jianrong, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhong, Chenwen, Zuniga, Yves Miel H, and Gakidou, Emmanuela
Abstract: Background Ending the global tobacco epidemic is a defining challenge in global health. Timely and comprehensive estimates of the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden are needed to guide tobacco control efforts nationally and globally.Methods We estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. We modelled multiple smoking-related indicators from 3625 nationally representative surveys. We completed systematic reviews and did Bayesian meta-regressions for 36 causally linked health outcomes to estimate non-linear dose-response risk curves for current and former smokers. We used a direct estimation approach to estimate attributable burden, providing more comprehensive estimates of the health effects of smoking than previously available.Findings Globally in 2019, 1.14 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1.13-1.16) individuals were current smokers, who consumed 7.41 trillion (7.11-7.74) cigarette-equivalents of tobacco in 2019. Although prevalence of smoking had decreased significantly since 1990 among both males (27.5% [26. 5-28.5] reduction) and females (37.7% [35.4-39.9] reduction) aged 15 years and older, population growth has led to a significant increase in the total number of smokers from 0.99 billion (0.98-1.00) in 1990. Globally in 2019, smoking tobacco use accounted for 7.69 million (7.16-8.20) deaths and 200 million (185-214) disability-adjusted life-years, and was the leading risk factor for death among males (20.2% [19.3-21.1] of male deaths). 6.68 million [86.9%] of 7.69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use were among current smokers.Interpretation In the absence of intervention, the annual toll of 7.69 million deaths and 200 million disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking will increase over the coming decades. Substantial progres
Published: 2021

8. Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Ayanore, M, Aynalem, Y, Aynalem, G, Ayza, M, Azari, S, Azzopardi, P, B, D, Babaee, E, Badiye, A, Bahrami, M, Baig, A, Bakhshaei, M, Bakhtiari, A, Bakkannavar, S, Balachandran, A, Balassyano, S, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Banik, P, Bante, A, Bante, S, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barrero, L, Bassat, Q, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Baye, B, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Behzadifar, M, Bekuma, T, Bell, M, Bensenor, I, Berman, A, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, R, Bhagavathula, A, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, P, Bhat, A, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhattarai, S, Bhutta, Z, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Bilano, V, Biondi, A, Birihane, B, Bockarie, M, Bohlouli, S, Bojia, H, Bolla, S, Boloor, A, Brady, O, Braithwaite, D, Briant, P, Briggs, A, Briko, N, Burugina Nagaraja, S, Busse, R, Butt, Z, Caetano dos Santos, F, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Cámera, L, Cárdenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Castro, F, 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Abstract: Background: Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (≥65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0–100 based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC e
Published: 2020

9. Global, regional, and national mortality among young people aged 10–24 years, 1950–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Collaborators, GAM, Ward, JL, Azzopardi, PS, Francis, KL, Santelli, JS, Skirbekk, V, Sawyer, SM, Kassebaum, NJ, Mokdad, AH, Hay, SI, Abd-Allah, F, Abdoli, A, Abdollahi, M, Abedi, A, Abolhassani, H, Abreu, LG, Abrigo, MRM, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abushouk, AI, Adebayo, OM, Adekanmbi, V, Adham, D, Advani, SM, Afshari, K, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmed, AE, Aji, B, Akombi-Inyang, B, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Alcalde-Rabanal, JE, Alemu, BW, Al-Hajj, S, Alhassan, RK, Ali, S, Alicandro, G, Alijanzadeh, M, Aljunid, SM, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, NA, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Alonso, J, Al-Raddadi, RM, Altirkawi, KA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amini, S, Aminorroaya, A, Amit, AML, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Andrei, CL, Androudi, S, Ansari, F, Ansari, I, Antonio, CAT, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Appiah, SCY, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Ärnlöv, J, Asaad, M, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, AA, Atout, MMW, Ausloos, M, Avenyo, EK, Avila-Burgos, L, Quintanilla, 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Subjects: Male, Joves -- Mortalitat, ADOLESCENT HEALTH, CHILDREN, Socioeconomic Factor, Global Burden of Disease, RA0421, Cause of Death, Medicine, Young adult, Child, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Cause of death, education.field_of_study, Adolescent, Age Distribution, Female, Humans, Mortality, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, Mortality rate, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, Articles, Hälsovetenskaper, MIDDLE-INCOME, MENTAL-HEALTH, Adolescent health, INTERVENTIONS, Human, SUICIDE, Total fertility rate, Population, Adolescent Health, Adolescents -- Mortalitat, General & Internal Medicine, Health Sciences, QUALITY, Medicine [Science], Social determinants of health, INCOME COUNTRIES, education, business.industry, TRENDS, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Years of potential life lost, INJURIES, business, Demography
Abstract: Background Documentation of patterns and long-term trends in mortality in young people, which reflect huge changes in demographic and social determinants of adolescent health, enables identification of global investment priorities for this age group. We aimed to analyse data on the number of deaths, years of life lost, and mortality rates by sex and age group in people aged 10–24 years in 204 countries and territories from 1950 to 2019 by use of estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods We report trends in estimated total numbers of deaths and mortality rate per 100 000 population in young people aged 10–24 years by age group (10–14 years, 15–19 years, and 20–24 years) and sex in 204 countries and territories between 1950 and 2019 for all causes, and between 1980 and 2019 by cause of death. We analyse variation in outcomes by region, age group, and sex, and compare annual rate of change in mortality in young people aged 10–24 years with that in children aged 0–9 years from 1990 to 2019. We then analyse the association between mortality in people aged 10–24 years and socioeconomic development using the GBD Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite measure based on average national educational attainment in people older than 15 years, total fertility rate in people younger than 25 years, and income per capita. We assess the association between SDI and all-cause mortality in 2019, and analyse the ratio of observed to expected mortality by SDI using the most recent available data release (2017). Findings In 2019 there were 1·49 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·39–1·59) worldwide in people aged 10–24 years, of which 61% occurred in males. 32·7% of all adolescent deaths were due to transport injuries, unintentional injuries, or interpersonal violence and conflict; 32·1% were due to communicable, nutritional, or maternal causes; 27·0% were due to non-communicable diseases; and 8·2% were due to self-harm. Since 1950, deaths in this age group decreased by 30·0% in females and 15·3% in males, and sex-based differences in mortality rate have widened in most regions of the world. Geographical variation has also increased, particularly in people aged 10–14 years. Since 1980, communicable and maternal causes of death have decreased sharply as a proportion of total deaths in most GBD super-regions, but remain some of the most common causes in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, where more than half of all adolescent deaths occur. Annual percentage decrease in all-cause mortality rate since 1990 in adolescents aged 15–19 years was 1·3% in males and 1·6% in females, almost half that of males aged 1–4 years (2·4%), and around a third less than in females aged 1–4 years (2·5%). The proportion of global deaths in people aged 0–24 years that occurred in people aged 10–24 years more than doubled between 1950 and 2019, from 9·5% to 21·6%. Interpretation Variation in adolescent mortality between countries and by sex is widening, driven by poor progress in reducing deaths in males and older adolescents. Improving global adolescent mortality will require action to address the specific vulnerabilities of this age group, which are being overlooked. Furthermore, indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to jeopardise efforts to improve health outcomes including mortality in young people aged 10–24 years. There is an urgent need to respond to the changing global burden of adolescent mortality, address inequities where they occur, and improve the availability and quality of primary mortality data in this age group. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2021

10. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017 : results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Giulio Castelpietra, Feng Sha, Khalid A Altirkawi, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Ahmad Daryani, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Simon I. Hay, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Erin B Hamilton, Kate E. LeGrand, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Ana-Laura Manda, Aziz Eftekhari, Irfan Ullah, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Zichen Liu, Maida Umar, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Marina Pinheiro, Farhad Ghamari, Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani, Rajaram Yadav, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ramesh Holla, Farzad Jalilian, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Omar Mukhtar Salman, Bayew Kelkay, Tanuj Kanchan, Irina Filip, Michael R. Phillips, Hamid Reza Tohidinik, Demelash Abewa Elemineh, Reza Malekzadeh, Tomasz Miazgowski, Diana Silva, Samath D Dharmaratne, Eleonora Dubljanin, Fatemeh Zare, Jasvinder A. Singh, Hagazi Gebremedhin Kassaye, Nathaniel J Henry, Venkatesh Maled, Girikumar Kumaresh, Alireza Rafiei, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Arielle Wilder Eagan, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Gholamreza Roshandel, Jeevan Pereira, Tinuke O Olagunju, Olatunde Aremu, Mohammad Zamani, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Lidia Morawska, Bayisa Abdissa Baye, Eduarda Fernandes, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Ibrahim A Khalil, Hafte Kahsay Kebede, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Yuichiro Yano, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Antonio Maria Borzì, Delia Hendrie, Azeem Majeed, Vahid Rashedi, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Derrick A Bennett, Roba Khundkar, Mohammed Madadin, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Parul Puri, Lidia Sanchez Riera, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Jennifer Rickard, Saeed Shahabi, Tiffany K. Gill, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Alessandra C. Goulart, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury, Roya Safari-Faramani, Pawan Faris, Farhad Moradpour, Guilherme Borges, Sadia Bibi, Bartosz Miazgowski, Wubalem Fekadu, Rakhi Dandona, Ali Reza Soltanian, Alaa Badawi, Amir Hasanzadeh, Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Vinay Nangia, Gaurav Gupta, Farkhonde Salehi, Isabela M. Benseñor, Rekha Thapar, Yasser S. Amer, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Amanda J. Mason-Jones, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Ashraf Nabhan, Saeed Safari, Lorainne Tudor Car, Ayman Grada, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Keyvan Pakshir, Nefsu Awoke, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Adnan Kisa, Ghasem Azarian, Yogesh Sabde, Soufiane Boufous, Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Heather Orpana, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Tripti Khanna, Peter Nyasulu, Tommi Vasankari, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Andrea Werdecker, Sanghamitra Pati, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Sorin Hostiuc, Prateek Rastogi, Xuefeng Liu, Manasi Kumar, Josip Car, Chuanhua Yu, Aziz Rezapour, Narayana Manjunatha, Ritesh G. Menezes, Michael K. Hole, Asadollah Gholamian, Pascual R. Valdez, Lorenzo Monasta, Amit Arora, Marek Majdan, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Irini Chatziralli, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Filippo Ariani, Jeadran N. 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Subjects: Dánarmein, Fötlun, Dánartíðni, Lífslíkur, Life expectancy, 1106 Human Movement and Sports Sciences, burden of disease, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Global health, Medicine, LIFE EXPECTANCY, 030212 general & internal medicine, POPULATION, Cause of death, Original Research, RISK, education.field_of_study, Global disease burdens, Injuries, Sjúkdómar, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, Population health, Burden of disease, Global, global, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, Descriptive epidemiology, Lýðheilsa, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Public Health, TERRITORIES, descriptive epidemiology, Human, Population, 195 COUNTRIES, Humans, Life Expectancy, Morbidity, Wounds and Injuries, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 03 medical and health sciences, AGE, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Mortality, education, Disability, SEX-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, business.industry, Faraldsfræði, DISABILITY, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Quality-adjusted life year, Years of potential life lost, Áverkar, 1701 Psychology, Human medicine, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Demography
Abstract: Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. Methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care., Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation OPP1152504, "Peer Reviewed"
Published: 2020

11. Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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Simpson, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Vivekanand Jha, Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Amr Hassan, Akine Eshete Abosetugn, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Anna V. Korotkova, Brijesh Sathian, Marcello Tonelli, Olatunde Aremu, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Juan Jesus Carrero, Cameron J. Kneib, Ravi Prakash Jha, David H. Shaw, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Tanuj Kanchan, Khezar Hayat, Hamid Sharifi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Muktar Omer Omer, Fatemeh Amiri, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, David Edvardsson, Xiu Ju George Zhao, Hannah Han, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Adam E. Berman, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Thomas Pilgrim, Leila Doshmangir, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, David M. Pigott, Hadi Hassankhani, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Teklemariam Gultie, Arash Ziapour, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Ilse N. Dippenaar, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Emmanuela Gakidou, Abiyu Mekonnen Gebrehiwot, Maha El Tantawi, Xuefeng Liu, Zulfiqar A. 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University, Health Sciences, 10922180 - Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Lozano, R., Fullman, N., Mumford, J. 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Subjects: Index (economics), Servicios de Salud, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, universal health coverage, sustaibale develpment goal, global burden of disease, performance, systematic analysis, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Universal Health Insurance, RA0421, 11. Sustainability, Per capita, Medical economics, Disease, 030212 general & internal medicine, 10. No inequality, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, effective coverage of health services, GBD 2019 Universal Health Coverage Collaborators, education.field_of_study, Public health, Medical care, Sjúkdómar, 4. Education, 1. No poverty, Health coverage, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, Hälsovetenskaper, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Health services, 3. Good health, Global burden of disease, Health Expenditures, Humans, World Health Organization, Purchasing power parity, Scale (social sciences), Lýðheilsa, universal health coverag, CANCER SURVIVAL, ACCESS, Human, Heilsuhagfræði, medicine.medical_specialty, Health coverage, GBD, GBD, Universal health, GBD 2019, Population, Health expenditures, 3122 Cancers, Population health, 03 medical and health sciences, Health systems, Heilbrigðisvísindi, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, Development economics, Health Sciences, medicine, Heilbrigðisstefna, Alþjóðaheilbrigðisstofnunin, QUALITY, Global Burden of Disease Study, education, PROGRESS, Disease burden, Health services accessibility, CARE, Heilbrigðisþjónusta, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], Health Expenditure, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Morbility, Administración de los Servicios de Salud, Medical policy, Business, Heilbrigðiskerfi
Abstract: Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Background Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (>= 65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0-100 based on the 2.5th and 97.5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC effective coverage performance on the basis of pooled health spending per capita, representing UHC effective coverage index levels achieved in 2019 relative to country-level government health spending, prepaid private expenditures, and development assistance for health. To assess current trajectories towards the GPW13 UHC billion target-1 billion more people benefiting from UHC by 2023-we estimated additional population equivalents with UHC effective coverage from 2018 to 2023. Findings Globally, performance on the UHC effective coverage index improved from 45.8 (95% uncertainty interval 44.2-47.5) in 1990 to 60.3 (58.7-61.9) in 2019, yet country-level UHC effective coverage in 2019 still spanned from 95 or higher in Japan and Iceland to lower than 25 in Somalia and the Central African Republic. Since 2010, sub-Saharan Africa showed accelerated gains on the UHC effective coverage index (at an average increase of 2.6% [1.9-3.3] per year up to 2019); by contrast, most other GBD super-regions had slowed rates of progress in 2010-2019 relative to 1990-2010. Many countries showed lagging performance on effective coverage indicators for non-communicable diseases relative to those for communicable diseases and maternal and child health, despite non-communicable diseases accounting for a greater proportion of potential health gains in 2019, suggesting that many health systems are not keeping pace with the rising non-communicable disease burden and associated population health needs. In 2019, the UHC effective coverage index was associated with pooled health spending per capita (r=0.79), although countries across the development spectrum had much lower UHC effective coverage than is potentially achievable relative to their health spending. Under maximum efficiency of translating health spending into UHC effective coverage performance, countries would need to reach $1398 pooled health spending per capita (US$ adjusted for purchasing power parity) in order to achieve 80 on the UHC effective coverage index. From 2018 to 2023, an estimated 388.9 million (358.6-421.3) more population equivalents would have UHC effective coverage, falling well short of the GPW13 target of 1 billion more people benefiting from UHC during this time. Current projections point to an estimated 3.1 billion (3.0-3.2) population equivalents still lacking UHC effective coverage in 2023, with nearly a third (968.1 million [903.5-1040.3]) residing in south Asia. Interpretation The present study demonstrates the utility of measuring effective coverage and its role in supporting improved health outcomes for all people-the ultimate goal of UHC and its achievement. Global ambitions to accelerate progress on UHC service coverage are increasingly unlikely unless concerted action on non-communicable diseases occurs and countries can better translate health spending into improved performance. Focusing on effective coverage and accounting for the world's evolving health needs lays the groundwork for better understanding how close-or how far-all populations are in benefiting from UHC., Lucas Guimaraes Abreu acknowledges support from Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior -Brasil (Capes) -Finance Code 001, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) and Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG). Olatunji O Adetokunboh acknowledges South African Department of Science & Innovation, and National Research Foundation. Anurag Agrawal acknowledges support from the Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Senior Fellowship IA/CPHS/14/1/501489. Rufus Olusola Akinyemi acknowledges Grant U01HG010273 from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as part of the H3Africa Consortium. Rufus Olusola Akinyemi is further supported by the FLAIR fellowship funded by the UK Royal Society and the African Academy of Sciences. Syed Mohamed Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. Marcel Ausloos, Claudiu Herteliu, and Adrian Pana acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDSUEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. Till Winfried Barnighausen acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Juan J Carrero was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2019-01059). Felix Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. Vera Marisa Costa acknowledges support from grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma TransitA3ria DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. Jan-Walter De Neve acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Kebede Deribe acknowledges support by Wellcome Trust grant number 201900/Z/16/Z as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. Claudiu Herteliu acknowledges partial support by a grant co-funded by European Fund for Regional Development through Operational Program for Competitiveness, Project ID P_40_382. Praveen Hoogar acknowledges the Centre for Bio Cultural Studies (CBiCS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education(MAHE), Manipal and Centre for Holistic Development and Research (CHDR), Kalghatgi. Bing-Fang Hwang acknowledges support from China Medical University (CMU108-MF-95), Taichung, Taiwan. Mihajlo Jakovljevic acknowledges the Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-funded through the Grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. Aruna M Kamath acknowledges funding from the National Institutes of Health T32 grant (T32GM086270). Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi acknowledges funding from the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/13 & MC_UU_12017/15), Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13 & SPHSU15) and an NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02). Yun Jin Kim acknowledges support from the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001). Kewal Krishan acknowledges support from the DST PURSE grant and UGC Center of Advanced Study (CAS II) awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Manasi Kumar acknowledges support from K43 TW010716 Fogarty International Center/NIMH. Ben Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. Ivan Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de InvestigaciA3n (SNI), which is supported by the Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia Tecnologia e Innovacion (SENACYT), Panama. Jeffrey V Lazarus acknowledges support by a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Miguel Servet grant (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ESF, European Union [CP18/00074]). Peter T N Memiah acknowledges CODESRIA; HISTP. Subas Neupane acknowledges partial support from the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital. Shuhei Nomura acknowledges support from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (18K10082). Alberto Ortiz acknowledges support by ISCIII PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 Fondos FEDER, FRIAT, Comunidad de Madrid B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM. These funding sources had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication. George C Patton acknowledges support from a National Health & Medical Research Council Fellowship. Marina Pinheiro acknowledges support from FCT for funding through program DL 57/2016 -Norma transitA3ria. Alberto Raggi, David Sattin, and Silvia Schiavolin acknowledge support by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4 -Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). Daniel Cury Ribeiro acknowledges support from the Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship -Health Research Council of New Zealand (18/111). Perminder S Sachdev acknowledges funding from the NHMRC Australia. Abdallah M Samy acknowledges support from a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. Milena M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges support from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Contract No. 175087). Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez acknowledges institutional support from University of Applied and Environmental Sciences in Bogota, Colombia, and Carlos III Institute of Health in Madrid, Spain. Maria Ines Schmidt acknowledges grants from the Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (IATS and PrInt) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam acknowledges a fellowship from the National Heart Foundation of Australia and Deakin University. Aziz Sheikh acknowledges support from Health Data Research UK. Kenji Shibuya acknowledges Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Joan B Soriano acknowledges support by Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. Rafael Tabares-Seisdedos acknowledges partial support from grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla acknowledges support from the National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship, Australia. Marcello Tonelli acknowledges the David Freeze Chair in Health Services Research at the University of Calgary, AB, Canada., "Peer Reviewed"
Published: 2020

12. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Reitsma, Marissa B., Kendrick, Parkes J., Ababneh, Emad, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abdoli, Amir, Abedi, Aidin, Abhilash, E.S., Abila, Derrick Bary, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.E., Adebayo, Oladimeji M., Advani, Shailesh M., Aghaali, Mohammad, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Sohail, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmed, Haroon, Aji, Budi, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alanzi, Turki M., Alhabib, Khalid F., Ali, Liaqat, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amin, Tarek Tawfik, Amini, Saeed, Amu, Hubert, Amul, Gianna Gayle Herrera, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderson, Jason A., Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Antony, Benny, Anvari, Davood, Arabloo, Jalal, Arian, Nicholas D., Arora, Monika, Asaad, Malke, Ausloos, Marcel, Awan, Asma Tahir, Ayano, Getinet, Aynalem, Getie Lake, Azari, Samad, B, Darshan B., Badiye, Ashish D., Baig, Atif Amin, Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein, Banach, Maciej, Banik, Palash Chandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat, Basu, Sanjay, Bayati, Mohsen, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Behzadifar, Masoud, Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berfield, Kathleen S. Sachiko, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bibi, Sadia, Bijani, Ali, Bintoro, Bagas Suryo, Biondi, Antonio, Birara, Setognal, Braithwaite, Dejana, Brenner, Hermann, Brunoni, Andre R., Burkart, Katrin, Butt, Zahid A., Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J., Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia Sofia, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chen, Simiao, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Cirillo, Massimo, Costa, Vera Marisa, Couto, Rosa A.S., Dadras, Omid, Dai, Xiaochen, Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura, Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz, Darega Gela, Jiregna, Davletov, Kairat, Derbew Molla, Meseret, Dessie, Getenet Ayalew, Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Diaz, Daniel, Do, Hoa Thi, Douiri, Abdel, Duncan, Bruce B., Duraes, Andre Rodrigues, Eagan, Arielle Wilder, Ebrahimi Kalan, Mohammad, Edvardsson, Kristina, Elbarazi, Iffat, El Tantawi, Maha, Esmaeilnejad, Saman, Fadhil, Ibtihal, Faraon, Emerito Jose A., Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá, Farwati, Medhat, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fazlzadeh, Mehdi, Feigin, Valery L., Feldman, Rachel, Fernandez Prendes, Carlota, Ferrara, Pietro, Filip, Irina, Filippidis, Filippos, Fischer, Florian, Flor, Luisa Sorio, Foigt, Nataliya A., Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Foroutan, Masoud, Gad, Mohamed M., Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Gallus, Silvano, Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Giampaoli, Simona, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Glozah, Franklin N., Gnedovskaya, Elena V., Golechha, Mahaveer, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gorini, Giuseppe, Goudarzi, Houman, Goulart, Alessandra C., Greaves, Felix, Guha, Avirup, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Bhawna, Gupta, Rajat Das, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tarun, Gupta, Vin, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haider, Mohammad Rifat, Hamadeh, Randah R., Hankey, Graeme J., Hargono, Arief, Hartono, Risky Kusuma, Hassankhani, Hadi, Hay, Simon I., Heidari, Golnaz, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hezam, Kamal, Hird, Thomas R., Hole, Michael K., Holla, Ramesh, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Hsiao, Thomas, Huang, Junjie, Iannucci, Vincent C., Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Idrisov, Bulat, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M., Ilic, Milena D., Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Jessica Y., Islam, Rakibul M., Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islami, Farhad, Iso, Hiroyasu, Itumalla, Ramaiah, Iwagami, Masao, Jaafari, Jalil, Jain, Vardhmaan, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jang, Sung-In, Janjani, Hosna, Jayaram, Shubha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B., Joo, Tamas, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kalankesh, Leila R., Kanchan, Tanuj, Kandel, Himal, Kapoor, Neeti, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Katikireddi, rinivasa Vittal, Kebede, Hafte Kahsay, Kelkay, Bayew, Kennedy, Ryan David, Khoja, Abdullah T., Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Gyu Ri, Kim, Young-Eun, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kivimäki, Mika, Kosen, Soewarta, Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Kugbey, Nuworza, Kumar, G. Anil, Kumar, Nithin, Kurmi, Om P., Kusuma, Dian, Lacey, Ben, Lam, Jennifer O., Landires, Iván, Lasrado, Savita, Lauriola, Paolo, Lee, Doo Woong, Lee, Yo Han, Leung, Janni, Li, Shanshan, Lin, Hualiang, Linn, Shai, Liu, Wei, Lopez, Alan D., Lopukhov, Platon D., Lorkowski, Stefan, Lugo, Alessandra, Majeed, Azeem, Maleki, Afshin, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A., Manjunatha, Narayana, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martini, Santi, Mathur, Manu Raj, Medina-Solís, Carlo Eduardo, Mehata, Suresh, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G., Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Miazgowski, Bartosz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Miller, Ted R., Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mirzaei, Hamed, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi, Misra, Sanjeev, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H., Monasta, Lorenzo, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mossie, Tilahun Belete, Mubarik, Sumaira, Mullany, Erin C., Murray, Christopher J.L., Naghavi, Mohsen, Naghshtabrizi, Behshad, Nair, Sanjeev, Nalini, Mahdi, Nangia, Vinay, Naqvi, Atta Abbas, Narasimha Swamy, Sreenivas, Naveed, Muhammad, Nayak, Smitha, Nayak, Vinod C., Nazari, Javad, Nduaguba, Sabina O., Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nguyen, Son Hoang, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nixon, Molly R., Nnaji, Chukwudi A., Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nowak, Christoph, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru, Oh, In-Hwan, Olagunju, Andrew T., Oren, Eyal, Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S., Owolabi, Mayowa O., P A, Mahesh, Pakhale, Smita, Pakshir, Keyvan, Palladino, Raffaele, Pan, Liping, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Ashok, Parekh, Utsav, Park, Eun-Cheol, Park, Eun-Kee, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Patton, George C., Pawar, Shrikant, Pestell, Richard G., Pinheiro, Marina, Piradov, Michael A., Pirouzpanah, Saeed, Pokhrel, Khem Narayan, Polibin, Roman V., Prashant, Akila, Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga, Radfar, Amir, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Azizur, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rajai, Nazanin, Ram, Pradhum, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rathi, Priya, Rawal, Lal, Renzaho, Andre M.N., Reynales-Shigematsu, Luz Myriam, Rezapour, Aziz, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Riaz, Mavra A., Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Bedanta, Sacco, Simona, Saddik, Basema, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Salehi, Sana, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Samaei, Mehrnoosh, Samy, Abdallah M., Santos, Itamar S., Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sathian, Brijesh, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete, Schaub, Michael P., Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione Jayce Ceola, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwendicke, Falk, Seidu, Abdul-Aziz, Senthil Kumar, Nachimuthu, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Seylani, Allen, Shafaat, Omid, Shah, Syed Mahboob, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shalash, Ali S., Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shivakumar, K.M., Shivalli, Siddharudha, Shrestha, Roman, Siabani, Soraya, Sidemo, Negussie Boti, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, João Pedro, Singh, Ambrish, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Sitas, Freddy, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Soboka, Matiwos, Soriano, Joan B., Soroush, Ali, Soshnikov, Sergey, Soyiri, Ireneous N., Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stein, Dan J, Steiropoulos, Paschalis, Stortecky, Stefan, Straif, Kurt, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan, Sulo, Gerhard, Sundström, Johan, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu, Tadesse, Eyayou Girma, Tamiru, Animut Tagele, Tareke, Minale, Tareque, Md Ismail, Tarigan, Ingan Ukur, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thapar, Rekha, Tichopad, Ales, Tolani, Musliu Adetola, Topouzis, Fotis, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tripathy, Jaya Prasad, Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie, Tsilimparis, Nikolaos, Tymeson, Hayley D., Ullah, Anayat, Ullah, Saif, Unim, Brigid, Updike, Rachel L., Vacante, Marco, Valdez, Pascual R., Vardavas, Constantine, Varona Pérez, Patricia, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Madhur, Vetrova, Marina V., Vo, Bay, Vu, Giang Thu, Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Yanzhong, Welding, Kevin, Werdecker, Andrea, Whisnant, Joanna L., Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yandrapalli, Srikanth, Yatsuya, Hiroshi, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yeshaw, Yigizie, Yimmer, Mohammed Zewdu, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zahirian Moghadam, Telma, Zaman, Muhammed Shahriar, Zamanian, Maryam, Zandian, Hamed, Zar, Heather J., Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zavala-Arciniega, Luis, Zhang, Jianrong, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhong, Chenwen, Zuniga, Yves Miel H., Gakidou, Emmanuela, Reitsma, Marissa B, Kendrick, Parkes J, Ababneh, Emad, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abdoli, Amir, Abedi, Aidin, Abhilash, E S, Abila, Derrick Bary, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Advani, Shailesh M, Aghaali, Mohammad, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Sohail, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmed, Haroon, Aji, Budi, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alanzi, Turki M, Alhabib, Khalid F, Ali, Liaqat, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amin, Tarek Tawfik, Amini, Saeed, Amu, Hubert, Amul, Gianna Gayle Herrera, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderson, Jason A, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Antony, Benny, Anvari, Davood, Arabloo, Jalal, Arian, Nicholas D, Arora, Monika, Asaad, Malke, Ausloos, Marcel, Awan, Asma Tahir, Ayano, Getinet, Aynalem, Getie Lake, Azari, Samad, B, Darshan B, Badiye, Ashish D, Baig, Atif Amin, Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein, Banach, Maciej, Banik, Palash Chandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat, Basu, Sanjay, Bayati, Mohsen, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Behzadifar, Masoud, Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berfield, Kathleen S Sachiko, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bibi, Sadia, Bijani, Ali, Bintoro, Bagas Suryo, Biondi, Antonio, Birara, Setognal, Braithwaite, Dejana, Brenner, Hermann, Brunoni, Andre R, Burkart, Katrin, Butt, Zahid A, Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia Sofia, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chen, Simiao, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Cirillo, Massimo, Costa, Vera Marisa, Couto, Rosa A S, Dadras, Omid, Dai, Xiaochen, Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura, Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz, Darega Gela, Jiregna, Davletov, Kairat, Derbew Molla, Meseret, Dessie, Getenet Ayalew, Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Diaz, Daniel, Do, Hoa Thi, Douiri, Abdel, Duncan, Bruce B, Duraes, Andre Rodrigue, Eagan, Arielle Wilder, Ebrahimi Kalan, Mohammad, Edvardsson, Kristina, Elbarazi, Iffat, El Tantawi, Maha, Esmaeilnejad, Saman, Fadhil, Ibtihal, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá, Farwati, Medhat, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fazlzadeh, Mehdi, Feigin, Valery L, Feldman, Rachel, Fernandez Prendes, Carlota, Ferrara, Pietro, Filip, Irina, Filippidis, Filippo, Fischer, Florian, Flor, Luisa Sorio, Foigt, Nataliya A, Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Foroutan, Masoud, Gad, Mohamed M, Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Gallus, Silvano, Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Giampaoli, Simona, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Glozah, Franklin N, Gnedovskaya, Elena V, Golechha, Mahaveer, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gorini, Giuseppe, Goudarzi, Houman, Goulart, Alessandra C, Greaves, Felix, Guha, Avirup, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Bhawna, Gupta, Rajat Da, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tarun, Gupta, Vin, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haider, Mohammad Rifat, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hankey, Graeme J, Hargono, Arief, Hartono, Risky Kusuma, Hassankhani, Hadi, Hay, Simon I, Heidari, Golnaz, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hezam, Kamal, Hird, Thomas R, Hole, Michael K, Holla, Ramesh, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Hsiao, Thoma, Huang, Junjie, Iannucci, Vincent C, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Idrisov, Bulat, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Jessica Y, Islam, Rakibul M, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islami, Farhad, Iso, Hiroyasu, Itumalla, Ramaiah, Iwagami, Masao, Jaafari, Jalil, Jain, Vardhmaan, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jang, Sung-In, Janjani, Hosna, Jayaram, Shubha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B, Joo, Tama, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kalankesh, Leila R, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kandel, Himal, Kapoor, Neeti, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kebede, Hafte Kahsay, Kelkay, Bayew, Kennedy, Ryan David, Khoja, Abdullah T, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Gyu Ri, Kim, Young-Eun, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kivimäki, Mika, Kosen, Soewarta, Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Kugbey, Nuworza, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Nithin, Kurmi, Om P, Kusuma, Dian, Lacey, Ben, Lam, Jennifer O, Landires, Iván, Lasrado, Savita, Lauriola, Paolo, Lee, Doo Woong, Lee, Yo Han, Leung, Janni, Li, Shanshan, Lin, Hualiang, Linn, Shai, Liu, Wei, Lopez, Alan D, Lopukhov, Platon D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lugo, Alessandra, Majeed, Azeem, Maleki, Afshin, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A, Manjunatha, Narayana, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martini, Santi, Mathur, Manu Raj, Medina-Solís, Carlo Eduardo, Mehata, Suresh, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Miller, Ted R, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mirzaei, Hamed, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi, Misra, Sanjeev, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Morrison, Shane Dougla, Mossie, Tilahun Belete, Mubarik, Sumaira, Mullany, Erin C, Murray, Christopher J L, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naghshtabrizi, Behshad, Nair, Sanjeev, Nalini, Mahdi, Nangia, Vinay, Naqvi, Atta Abba, Narasimha Swamy, Sreeniva, Naveed, Muhammad, Nayak, Smitha, Nayak, Vinod C, Nazari, Javad, Nduaguba, Sabina O, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nguyen, Son Hoang, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nixon, Molly R, Nnaji, Chukwudi A, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacque, Nowak, Christoph, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru, Oh, In-Hwan, Olagunju, Andrew T, Oren, Eyal, Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Owolabi, Mayowa O, P A, Mahesh, Pakhale, Smita, Pakshir, Keyvan, Palladino, Raffaele, Pan, Liping, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Ashok, Parekh, Utsav, Park, Eun-Cheol, Park, Eun-Kee, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Patton, George C, Pawar, Shrikant, Pestell, Richard G, Pinheiro, Marina, Piradov, Michael A, Pirouzpanah, Saeed, Pokhrel, Khem Narayan, Polibin, Roman V, Prashant, Akila, Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga, Radfar, Amir, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Azizur, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rajai, Nazanin, Ram, Pradhum, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rathi, Priya, Rawal, Lal, Renzaho, Andre M N, Reynales-Shigematsu, Luz Myriam, Rezapour, Aziz, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Riaz, Mavra A, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Bedanta, Sacco, Simona, Saddik, Basema, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Salehi, Sana, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Samaei, Mehrnoosh, Samy, Abdallah M, Santos, Itamar S, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sathian, Brijesh, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete, Schaub, Michael P, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schneider, Ione Jayce Ceola, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwendicke, Falk, Seidu, Abdul-Aziz, Senthil Kumar, Nachimuthu, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Seylani, Allen, Shafaat, Omid, Shah, Syed Mahboob, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shalash, Ali S, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomar, Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shivakumar, K M, Shivalli, Siddharudha, Shrestha, Roman, Siabani, Soraya, Sidemo, Negussie Boti, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silva, João Pedro, Singh, Ambrish, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Virendra, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Sitas, Freddy, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Soboka, Matiwo, Soriano, Joan B, Soroush, Ali, Soshnikov, Sergey, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stein, Dan J, Steiropoulos, Paschali, Stortecky, Stefan, Straif, Kurt, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan, Sulo, Gerhard, Sundström, Johan, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu, Tadesse, Eyayou Girma, Tamiru, Animut Tagele, Tareke, Minale, Tareque, Md Ismail, Tarigan, Ingan Ukur, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thapar, Rekha, Tichopad, Ale, Tolani, Musliu Adetola, Topouzis, Foti, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tripathy, Jaya Prasad, Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie, Tsilimparis, Nikolao, Tymeson, Hayley D, Ullah, Anayat, Ullah, Saif, Unim, Brigid, Updike, Rachel L, Vacante, Marco, Valdez, Pascual R, Vardavas, Constantine, Varona Pérez, Patricia, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Madhur, Vetrova, Marina V, Vo, Bay, Vu, Giang Thu, Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Yanzhong, Welding, Kevin, Werdecker, Andrea, Whisnant, Joanna L, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yandrapalli, Srikanth, Yatsuya, Hiroshi, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yeshaw, Yigizie, Yimmer, Mohammed Zewdu, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zahirian Moghadam, Telma, Zaman, Muhammed Shahriar, Zamanian, Maryam, Zandian, Hamed, Zar, Heather J, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zavala-Arciniega, Lui, Zhang, Jianrong, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhong, Chenwen, Zuniga, Yves Miel H, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Collaborators, GBD 2019 Tobacco, Lacey, B, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine), Department of Public Health, Clinicum, Neurologian yksikkö, HUS Neurocenter, University of Helsinki, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, GBD 2019 Tobacco Collaborators, Reitsma, M, Kendrick, P, Ababneh, E, Abbafati, C, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abdoli, A, Abedi, A, Abhilash, E, Abila, D, Aboyans, V, Abu-Rmeileh, N, Adebayo, O, Advani, S, Aghaali, M, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, K, Ahmed, H, Aji, B, Akunna, C, Al-Aly, Z, Alanzi, T, Alhabib, K, Ali, L, Alif, S, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amin, T, Amini, S, Amu, H, Amul, G, Ancuceanu, R, Anderson, J, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonio, C, Antony, B, Anvari, D, Arabloo, J, Arian, N, Arora, M, Asaad, M, Ausloos, M, Awan, A, Ayano, G, Aynalem, G, Azari, S, B, D, Badiye, A, Baig, A, Bakhshaei, M, Banach, M, Banik, P, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barqawi, H, Basu, S, Bayati, M, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Behzadifar, M, Bekuma, T, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berfield, K, Bhagavathula, A, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Bintoro, B, Biondi, A, Birara, S, Braithwaite, D, Brenner, H, Brunoni, A, Burkart, K, Butt, Z, Caetano dos Santos, F, Cámera, L, Car, J, Cárdenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, J, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Cattaruzza, M, Chang, J, Chen, S, Chu, D, Chung, S, Cirillo, M, Costa, V, Couto, R, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Damasceno, A, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daneshpajouhnejad, P, Darega Gela, J, Davletov, K, Derbew Molla, M, Dessie, G, Desta, A, Dharmaratne, S, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Do, H, Douiri, A, Duncan, B, Duraes, A, Eagan, A, Ebrahimi Kalan, M, Edvardsson, K, Elbarazi, I, El Tantawi, M, Esmaeilnejad, S, Fadhil, I, Faraon, E, Farinha, C, Farwati, M, Farzadfar, F, Fazlzadeh, M, Feigin, V, Feldman, R, Fernandez Prendes, C, Ferrara, P, Filip, I, Filippidis, F, Fischer, F, Flor, L, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Foroutan, M, Gad, M, Gaidhane, A, Gallus, S, Geberemariyam, B, Ghafourifard, M, Ghajar, A, Ghashghaee, A, Giampaoli, S, Gill, P, Glozah, F, Gnedovskaya, E, Golechha, M, Gopalani, S, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Goulart, A, Greaves, F, Guha, A, Guo, Y, Gupta, B, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Gupta, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haider, M, Hamadeh, R, Hankey, G, Hargono, A, Hartono, R, Hassankhani, H, Hay, S, Heidari, G, Herteliu, C, Hezam, K, Hird, T, Hole, M, Holla, R, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hsiao, T, Huang, J, Iannucci, V, Ibitoye, S, Idrisov, B, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Inbaraj, L, Irvani, S, Islam, J, Islam, R, Islam, S, Islami, F, Iso, H, Itumalla, R, Iwagami, M, Jaafari, J, Jain, V, Jakovljevic, M, Jang, S, Janjani, H, Jayaram, S, Jeemon, P, Jha, R, Jonas, J, Joo, T, Jürisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalankesh, L, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Kapoor, N, Karimi, S, Katikireddi, S, Kebede, H, Kelkay, B, Kennedy, R, Khoja, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, G, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kivimäki, M, Kosen, S, Koulmane Laxminarayana, S, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Kugbey, N, Kumar, G, Kumar, N, Kurmi, O, Kusuma, D, Lam, J, Landires, I, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Lee, D, Lee, Y, Leung, J, Li, S, Lin, H, Linn, S, Liu, W, Lopez, A, Lopukhov, P, Lorkowski, S, Lugo, A, Majeed, A, Maleki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Manjunatha, N, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Martinez-Raga, J, Martini, S, Mathur, M, Medina-Solís, C, Mehata, S, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Miazgowski, B, Michalek, I, Miller, T, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Misra, S, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Monasta, L, Moni, M, Moradi, G, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradzadeh, R, Morrison, S, Mossie, T, Mubarik, S, Mullany, E, Murray, C, Naghavi, M, Naghshtabrizi, B, Nair, S, Nalini, M, Nangia, V, Naqvi, A, Narasimha Swamy, S, Naveed, M, Nayak, S, Nayak, V, Nazari, J, Nduaguba, S, Neupane Kandel, S, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, S, Nguyen, T, Nixon, M, Nnaji, C, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nowak, C, Ogbo, F, Oguntade, A, Oh, I, Olagunju, A, Oren, E, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Owolabi, M, P A, M, Pakhale, S, Pakshir, K, Palladino, R, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Parekh, U, Park, E, Pashazadeh Kan, F, Patton, G, Pawar, S, Pestell, R, Pinheiro, M, Piradov, M, Pirouzpanah, S, Pokhrel, K, Polibin, R, Prashant, A, Pribadi, D, Radfar, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, A, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Rajai, N, Ram, P, Ranabhat, C, Rathi, P, Rawal, L, Renzaho, A, Reynales-Shigematsu, L, Rezapour, A, Riahi, S, Riaz, M, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roy, A, Roy, B, Sacco, S, Saddik, B, Sahebkar, A, Salehi, S, Salimzadeh, H, Samaei, M, Samy, A, Santos, I, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sathian, B, Sawhney, M, Saylan, M, Schaub, M, Schmidt, M, Schneider, I, Schutte, A, Schwendicke, F, Seidu, A, Senthil Kumar, N, Sepanlou, S, Seylani, A, Shafaat, O, Shah, S, Shaikh, M, Shalash, A, Shannawaz, M, Sharafi, K, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shishani, K, Shivakumar, K, Shivalli, S, Shrestha, R, Siabani, S, Sidemo, N, Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silva, D, Silva, J, Singh, A, Singh, J, Singh, V, Sinha, D, Sitas, F, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Soboka, M, Soriano, J, Soroush, A, Soshnikov, S, Soyiri, I, Spurlock, E, Sreeramareddy, C, Stein, D, Steiropoulos, P, Stortecky, S, Straif, K, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Sulo, G, Sundström, J, Tabuchi, T, Tadakamadla, S, Taddele, B, Tadesse, E, Tamiru, A, Tareke, M, Tareque, M, Tarigan, I, Temsah, M, Thankappan, K, Thapar, R, Tichopad, A, Tolani, M, Topouzis, F, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tripathy, J, Tsegaye, G, Tsilimparis, N, Tymeson, H, Ullah, A, Ullah, S, Unim, B, Updike, R, Vacante, M, Valdez, P, Vardavas, C, Varona Pérez, P, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Verma, M, Vetrova, M, Vo, B, Vu, G, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Welding, K, Werdecker, A, Whisnant, J, Wickramasinghe, N, Yamagishi, K, Yandrapalli, S, Yatsuya, H, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yeshaw, Y, Yimmer, M, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Yusefzadeh, H, Zahirian Moghadam, T, Zaman, M, Zamanian, M, Zandian, H, Zar, H, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zavala-Arciniega, L, Zhang, J, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zuniga, Y, and Gakidou, E
Subjects: 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 0302 clinical medicine, HV, GBD 2019 Tobacco Collaborators, Prevalence, Global health, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, 610 Medicine & health, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, RISK, Tobacco control, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, Articles, Tobacco smoking, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, HAZARDS, 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, Environmental health, General & Internal Medicine, Tobacco, Premature Deaths, Population growth, Medicine [Science], Global Burden, Attributable Diseases, Risk factor, Mortality, PROGRESS, Disease burden, Estimation, Science & Technology, business.industry, Smoking Tobacco, MORTALITY, Former Smoker, GOAL, REDUCTION, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, PREMATURE DEATHS, business, RA, RC
Abstract: Background Ending the global tobacco epidemic is a defining challenge in global health. Timely and comprehensive estimates of the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden are needed to guide tobacco control efforts nationally and globally. Methods We estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. We modelled multiple smoking-related indicators from 3625 nationally representative surveys. We completed systematic reviews and did Bayesian meta-regressions for 36 causally linked health outcomes to estimate non-linear dose-response risk curves for current and former smokers. We used a direct estimation approach to estimate attributable burden, providing more comprehensive estimates of the health effects of smoking than previously available. Findings Globally in 2019, 1·14 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·13–1·16) individuals were current smokers, who consumed 7·41 trillion (7·11–7·74) cigarette-equivalents of tobacco in 2019. Although prevalence of smoking had decreased significantly since 1990 among both males (27·5% [26·5–28·5] reduction) and females (37·7% [35·4–39·9] reduction) aged 15 years and older, population growth has led to a significant increase in the total number of smokers from 0·99 billion (0·98–1·00) in 1990. Globally in 2019, smoking tobacco use accounted for 7·69 million (7·16–8·20) deaths and 200 million (185–214) disability-adjusted life-years, and was the leading risk factor for death among males (20·2% [19·3–21·1] of male deaths). 6·68 million [86·9%] of 7·69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use were among current smokers. Interpretation In the absence of intervention, the annual toll of 7·69 million deaths and 200 million disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking will increase over the coming decades. Substantial progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use has been observed in countries from all regions and at all stages of development, but a large implementation gap remains for tobacco control. Countries have a clear and urgent opportunity to pass strong, evidence-based policies to accelerate reductions in the prevalence of smoking and reap massive health benefits for their citizens. Funding Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2021

13. Perception and Experience of Youth About Youths Sexual and Reproductive Health Services in Western Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross Sectional Study.

Author: Tilahun T, Tesfaye Bekuma T, Getachew M, Oljira R, and Seme A
Abstract: Objectives: The use of youth sexual and reproductive health (YSRH) services is low in poor nations like Ethiopia. This puts individuals at risk for a variety of sexual and reproductive health issues. Thus, the goal of this study is to evaluate how young people in East Wollega, Western Ethiopia, perceive and use YSRH services., Methods: A community-based cross-sectional quantitative study mixed with a qualitative inquiry was conducted among 771 participants from February 1 to 28, 2020. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using pretested structured questionnaires adopted from reviewed works of literature on YSRH services. Data were entered using Epi Info version 7.0 and analyzed by SPSS version 20. The qualitative data was collected using interview guides and checklists. These data were analyzed using a thematic framework approach., Results: In this study, 48.2% of teens felt that the YSRH service units' location within the medical facilities was inconvenient and difficult to access. More than half, 71.3% of participants, concurred that the health providers offer services that are technically sound. The confidentiality of information is disputed by 18% of participants at YSRH service locations. The limited awareness and use of YSRH services was investigated. Because of their fear of embarrassment, lack of privacy, the providers' attitudes and workload, and the service unit's awkward location, the adolescents believe they lack the confidence to use YSRH services., Conclusion: Due to low awareness, providers' attitudes, and characteristics specific to health facilities, such as poorly placed service sites inside such facilities, a lack of services offered there, and a terrible work environment, youth had a negative opinion of YSRH services. Therefore, it is advised that families, local authorities, the medical field, the educational field, and the media all collaborate to alter public opinions of juveniles by utilizing youth-friendly strategies. The authors advise health facilities to respect young people's privacy, alter health workers' attitudes, let them use the services, remove obstacles to payment, designate enough health workers for both working and non-working hours, and reorganize the services., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2022.)
Published: 2022
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14. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of health professionals in Ethiopia toward COVID-19 prevention at early phase.

Author: Fetansa G, Etana B, Tolossa T, Garuma M, Tesfaye Bekuma T, Wakuma B, Etafa W, Fekadu G, and Mosisa A
Abstract: Introduction: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a potentially lethal disease having significant public health concerns. As the disease is new, nothing has been intervened yet. Therefore, here we show the health worker's knowledge, attitude, and practice toward COVID-19., Methods: The online cross-sectional study design was conducted from April to May 2020, among Ethiopia health workers. The data were collected online, downloaded by an Excel sheet, and transferred to IBM SPSS version 24. Using questionnaire containing four parts sociodemographic, knowledge, attitude, and practice assessing. Linear logistic regression and binary logistic regression were performed to test the association between the dependent and the independent variables. We reported the 95% confidence intervals of adjusted odds ratios with a statistical significance level at less than 0.05 p -values., Results and Conclusion: A total of 441 health workers were included in this study. The majority of participants were from urban (88.7%), nurses (53.1%), male (88.4%), and have a degree educational level (66.7%). The mean knowledge level of respondents was 10.13 ± 0.057 standard deviation. The majority of respondents had a positive attitude toward control of COVID-19, 88%, and 77% of respondents had confidence that Ethiopia will control COVID-19. Similarly, male (2.746, 95% confidence interval (1.23, 6.02)) and good knowledge level (1.98, 95% confidence interval (1.01, 3.09)) were found to be a determinant for attitude regarding control of COVID-19. Good knowledge level 1.6 (1.02, 2.6), male sex 2.2 (1.07, 4.6), masters 2.33 (1.06, 5.08), and medical doctors 5.99 (1.76, 20.4) to practice wearing a mask when going out of the home. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of the participant health workers are considerable, but may not be enough to control the disease. Sex, age, and profession of the health workers were determinant factors for knowledge about COVID-19. Therefore, training has to be considered for updating health care workers on COVID-19 prevention and controlled at the national level., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2021.)
Published: 2021
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14 results on '"Bekuma, T"'

1. Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2020, release 1

2. Global, regional, and national mortality among young people aged 10–24 years, 1950–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

3. Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020, Release 1

4. Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018

5. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

6. Subnational mapping of HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15-49 years in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000-18: a modelling study

7. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

8. Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

9. Global, regional, and national mortality among young people aged 10–24 years, 1950–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

10. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017 : results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

11. Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

12. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

13. Perception and Experience of Youth About Youths Sexual and Reproductive Health Services in Western Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross Sectional Study.

14. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of health professionals in Ethiopia toward COVID-19 prevention at early phase.

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