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To employ educational games in education as intended, it is required to show students' cognitive structures for this concept. As a result, the purpose of this research was to reveal the cognitive structures of secondary school students regarding educational games. The research was a survey-based descriptive study. A total of 340 secondary school students were included for this research, which included fifth graders (n = 80), sixth graders (n = 95), seventh graders (n = 69), and eighth graders (n = 96). Simple random sampling was used to choose the participants. Data were gathered using the Word Association Test and a drawing test. Six categories are used to organize the students' responses to the educational game's concept. "Individual gains," "lessons," "sports," "lesson tools/applications," "games," and "features of games" were all of these. Four categories were used to categorize the drawings made by the students to represent the concept of educational games: "physical ability games," "intelligent and strategy games," "puzzle," and "mixed games." As a result of this research, it is possible to conclude that students' cognitive structures for the concept of educational games include games played in classes, and educational games highlight the game aspect more. Besides that, there was little vocabulary diversity in their cognitive structures for the educational dimension. To enhance students' cognitive structures toward educational games, focus should be given to the instructional feature of educational games in research to be undertaken in the relevant field.

This embedded design mixed-method study aimed to evaluate the teaching materials developed by primary school teacher candidates using Web 2.0 tools in line with their learning styles. The participants comprised 60 primary school teacher candidates identified via purposive sampling. The data were collected with the Maggie McVay Lynch Learning Style Inventory and the Digital Teaching Material Development Self-Efficacy Scale, and from the products of the primary school teacher candidates. Inventory data were subjected to descriptive statistics, the product data were subjected to descriptive analysis and the scale data were subjected to the paired sample t-test of inferential statistics techniques. The results indicated that the majority of the primary school teacher candidates had visual learning styles and used Kahoot and LearningApps Web 2.0 tools for measurement-evaluation and Canva and Emaze for presentation purposes. In addition, the material development process according to learning styles significantly increased the participants' self-efficacy in developing digital teaching materials. Based on these results, it was suggested to determine the learning styles of teacher candidates to develop teaching materials accordingly.

Alcohol is a psychoactive substance that has addictive properties and affects health and nutrition. This study was conducted to evaluate the food preferences and food addictions of young adults according to their alcohol consumption status. In this study, sociodemographic characteristics, food addiction, alcohol, and food consumption frequency were assessed. Young adults were divided into 3 groups as non-consumers, 0–1 unit/day, and ≥1 unit/day alcohol consumers. The rate of smoking in participants who did not consume alcohol was lower than those who consumed 0–1 unit and ≥1 unit of alcohol (p < .001). The rate of physical activity in participants who consumed alcohol was higher than those who did not consume (p =.009). The mean body mass index of those who consumed ≥1 unit of alcohol was found to be higher than the other groups (p = .02). Daily average consumption of sunflower and pumpkin seeds, pastry products, popcorn, salty snacks, carbonated drinks, coffee, and energy drinks is positively correlated with the amount of alcohol consumption, while vegetables and fresh fruits are negatively correlated (p < .05). No statistically significant difference was found between the food addiction status of participants according to alcohol consumption. In conclusion, this study shows that alcohol consumption in young adults changes lifestyle habits as well as food preferences. It is very important to increase food and nutrition awareness in order to encourage healthy eating habits in participants who consume alcohol.

Introduction: PFAPA syndrome is an autoinflammatory disease seen in childhood characterized by recurrent fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis. This study aims to examine the clinical and laboratory features of PFAPA syndrome, assess responses to treatment, and particularly evaluate the disease from an immunological perspective. Materials and Methods: Forty-nine patients presenting to the Pediatric Immunology and Allergy outpatient clinic and meeting the diagnostic criteria for PFAPA were evaluated. Demographic information, symptoms, physical examination findings, laboratory results, and responses to treatment were meticulously recorded. Results: Our study included a total of 49 patients, comprising 30 males and 19 females, with a mean age at diagnosis of 3.5 years. Notable findings in immunological assessments included neutrophilia, leukocytosis, and in a few cases, lymphopenia, as well as changes in CD3 and CD19 subsets that highlighted the immunological aspect of the disease, indicating significant alterations in the adaptive immune system. Prednisolone treatment resulted in a response rate of 92.5%, with most patients showing a rapid improvement. Eighty-one point eight percent of patients receiving colchicine prophylaxis reported a decrease in symptoms. The symptoms in 13.5% of patients who underwent tonsillectomy either significantly decreased or completely resolved. Conclusion: Management of PFAPA syndrome varies in terms of immunological findings and response rates to treatment. Our study elucidates the effectiveness of prednisolone treatment, the benefits of colchicine prophylaxis, and the improvement in symptoms following tonsillectomy. Furthermore, it underscores the necessity of considering immunological factors in the diagnosis and treatment processes of PFAPA syndrome.

Empowering students to actively shape their learning is essential. Various student involvement models, such as design-based research, participatory design, and co-creation, emphasise students' growing role in shaping educational activities. Engaging students in course design, as seen in student co-creation, can enhance agency, improve the student experience, and boost outcomes. Considering this, we propose a systematic approach combining multi-criteria decision-making with constructive alignment theory to involve students as co-creators in course design. This approach aims to engage students in the course design process and co-create intended learning outcomes, which can be regarded as the primary participatory phase in developing a co-created course. By involving students, our approach aims to gain insight into their needs, prioritise their views, and guide the formulation of appropriate course specifications throughout the course design process. The approach is applied to a new multi-disciplinary engineering course, and the results are summarised following its corresponding steps. Students' feedback indicates that the approach positively influenced their motivation, engagement with course objectives, collaboration with teachers, and overall achievement of intended learning outcomes. This study's significance lies in its contribution to higher education, offering a more integrated and systematic approach to support co-creation between educators and learners in academic course design.

Total resection of glioblastoma (GB) tumors is nearly impossible, and systemic administration of temozolomide (TMZ) is often inadequate. This study presents a hybrid layered composite nanofiber network (LHN) designed for localized treatment in GB tumor bed. The LHN, consisting of polyvinyl alcohol and core-shell polylactic acid layers, was loaded with TMZ and rutin. In vitro analysis revealed that LHNTMZ and LHNrutin decelerated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and growth of stem-like cells, while the combination, LHNTMZ+rutin, significantly reduced sphere size compared to untreated and LHNTMZ-treated cells (P < 0.0001). In an orthotopic C6-induced GB rat model, LHNTMZ+rutin therapy demonstrated a more pronounced tumor-reducing effect than LHNTMZ alone. Tumor volume, assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, was significantly reduced in LHNTMZ+rutin-treated rats compared to untreated controls. Structural changes in tumor mitochondria, reduced membrane potential, and decreased PARP expression indicated the activation of apoptotic pathways in tumor cells, which was further confirmed by a reduction in PHH3, indicating decreased mitotic activity of tumor cells. Additionally, the local application of LHNs in the GB model mitigated aggressive tumor features without causing local tissue inflammation or adverse systemic effects. This was evidenced by a decrease in the angiogenesis marker CD31, the absence of inflammation or necrosis in H&E staining of the cerebellum, increased production of IFN-γ, decreased levels of interleukin-4 in splenic T cells, and lower serum AST levels. Our findings collectively indicate that LHNTMZ+rutin is a promising biocompatible model for the local treatment of GB.

The most important basic need in today's cities is water. Population growth in cities, climate change, and decreasing access to water resources make the issue of sustainable city and water relationship more important. In addition to the industry being the sector that consumes the most water, water use is also high in domestic use, agriculture, commercial, and tourism areas. Settlements at risk of water scarcity must take precautions to avoid becoming a waterless settlement in the future. To protect the delicate balance of nature, sustainability in urban areas should be ensured. Environmental pollution should be analyzed and suggestions should be presented for the solution to this pollution. Based on the concepts of sustainable city and urban water cycle, it also mentions how the city and water are and should be in a relationship. It contains concepts that will better express the relations of basic concepts with each other and complement the context. Sustainable use of water also contributes to the protection of natural ecosystems and biodiversity. Water resources management for sustainable cities plays an important role in achieving the goal of creating an environmentally friendly, healthy, and safe living space.

Resumo Fundamento A Terapia Antiplaquetária Dupla (DAPT, do inglês dual antiplatelet therapy) é o tratamento de escolha para pacientes com síndromes coronarianas agudas e crônicas, uma vez que ela reduz mortalidade e previne complicações trombóticas recorrentes. A avaliação da carga isquêmica e do risco de sangramento é crucial na escolha da DAPT e de sua duração. Objetivos O objetivo de nosso estudo foi conduzir um acompanhamento clínico prospectivo de pacientes recebendo terapia combinada (AAS 75mg + clopidogrel 75 mg). Nosso estudo é um estudo multicêntrico, transversal, observacional, do tipo coorte. Métodos Foram incluídos 1500 pacientes que iniciaram DAPT combinada para o tratamento de síndrome coronariana aguda ou síndrome coronariana crônica. Os desfechos primários foram internação hospitalar por qualquer motivo, internação por causa cardiovascular, infarto agudo do miocárdio, trombose de stent, revascularização de vaso alvo e sangramento; os desfechos secundários foram morte por qualquer razão ou por causa cardiovascular e acidente vascular cerebral. O nível de significância adotado na análise estatística foi 5%. Resultados A idade mediana foi 63 anos; 78,5% dos pacientes estavam recebendo DAPT por síndrome coronariana aguda. As taxas de internação por causas cardiovasculares, de infarto agudo do miocárdio, de trombose de stent e de revascularização de vaso alvo foram 7,9%, 2,3%, 1,3% e 4,2%, respectivamente. Enquanto a taxa de sangramento segundo a escala BARC tipo 1 foi de 3,3%, a taxa de sangramento BARC tipo 5, 3, ou 2 foi 0,6%. As taxas dos desfechos secundários morte por qualquer razão, morte por causa cardiovascular e acidente vascular cerebral foram 0,5%, 0,3% e 0,3%, respectivamente. Conclusão Nosso estudo mostrou que a DAPT em regime combinado de doses fixas de AAS e clopidogrel é eficaz e seguro em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda ou crônica adequadamente selecionados.

Abstract In the present study, a method is proposed for preparing novel ductile‐sticky materials that can be used as bone void fillers using hydrolyzed wool‐keratin (WK) and silk fibroin (SF). This methodology uses citric acid as a cross‐linking agent in preparing keratin paste (KP) owing to its non‐toxicity and plasticizing properties. The Keratin paste‐silk fibroin structure (KPSF) is obtained by adding SF, which possesses biocompatible and superior mechanical properties. Methanol treatment is employed on the KPSF mixture to convert the Silk I structure in the SF to Silk II, resulting in a water‐insoluble and tightly packed proteinaceous structure. The physicochemical properties of both bioscaffolds are investigated and discussed in detail by comparison. Based on the findings, the presence of SF in the KPSF structure contributed to properties such as flexibility and porosity. In ovo CAM analysis reveals that both materials exhibit proangiogenic properties and are biocompatible. KP and KPSF bioscaffolds can be converted into ductile‐sticky forms by adding water. It believes that these forms can easily apply to bone defect areas, particularly cavitary bone defects. Furthermore, KPSF bioscaffolds, with better mechanical properties, can be considered candidates for use in non‐load‐bearing bone tissue engineering applications.

Background: Optic neuritis, myelitis, and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) have been associated with antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G (anti-MOG-IgG). Furthermore, patients with radiological and demographic features atypical for multiple sclerosis (MS) with optic neuritis and myelitis also demonstrate antibodies against aquaporin-4 and anti-MOG-IgG. However, data on the diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, and prognosis in patients with anti-MOG-IgG are limited. Aims: To evaluate the clinical, radiological, and demographic characteristics of patients with anti-MOG-IgG. Study Design: Multicenter, retrospective, observational study. Methods: Patients with blood samples demonstrating anti-MOG-IgG that had been evaluated at the Neuroimmunology laboratory at Ondokuz Mayıs University’s Faculty of Medicine were included in the study. Results: Of the 104 patients with anti-MOG-IgG, 56.7% were women and 43.3% were men. Approximately 2.4% of the patients were diagnosed with MS, 15.8% with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), 39.4% with NMOSD, 31.3% with isolated optic neuritis, and 11.1% with isolated myelitis. Approximately 53.1% of patients with spinal involvement at clinical onset demonstrated a clinical course of NMOSD. Thereafter, 8.8% of these patients demonstrated a clinical course similar to MS and ADEM, and 28.1% demonstrated a clinical course of isolated myelitis. The response to acute attack treatment was lower and the disability was higher in patients aged > 40 years than patients aged < 40 years at clinical onset. Oligoclonal band was detected in 15.5% of the patients. Conclusion: For patients with NMOSD and without anti-NMO antibodies, the diagnosis is supported by the presence of anti-MOG-IgG. Furthermore, advanced age at clinical onset, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score at clinical onset, spinal cord involvement, and number of attacks may be negative prognostic factors in patients with anti-MOG-IgG.

Objective: Central neurocytoma (CN) is a rare benign tumor usually found in the lateral and third ventricles. This report highlights an exceptional case of CN in the fourth ventricle, leading to acute hydrocephalus due to bleeding. The patient later developed cerebellar mutism syndrome (CMS), a rare condition following posterior fossa surgery. We retrospectively analyzed data from a patient who experienced sudden loss of consciousness due to hemorrhagic fourth ventricular CN. Case presentation: A 43-year-old male presented with sudden loss of consciousness. Initial computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a large left cerebellar hemorrhagic lesion causing hydrocephalus. An external ventricular drainage catheter was inserted to alleviate hydrocephalus, followed by emergent surgery to address the mass. A second surgery was needed due to rebleeding, achieving complete tumor removal. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt was inserted for permanent hydrocephalus management. Post-surgery, the patient presented with significant neurological symptoms, including muteness, ataxia, and hypotonia, which improved with medical treatment involving fluoxetine and bromocriptine. A one-year follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed successful tumor removal with no signs of recurrence. Conclusion: This case emphasizes the unusual occurrence of CN in the fourth ventricle with bleeding and the possibility of CMS in adult patients after posterior fossa surgery.

Trabzon Hagia Sophia Mosque symbolizes significant cultural heritage with its historical diversity and distinctive architectural features. Today, this building is remarkable for its cultural transformation and historical layers. The study aims to address the transformation processes of the Hagia Sophia Mosque in the light of international conservation criteria, to understand the history of the building and to reveal the digital perspectives of this historical place. The study comprises a four-stage process: (1) investigating the building’s history through a literature review, (2) obtaining visual and technical data through fieldwork, (3) conducting a transformation analysis and generating a three-dimensional measured model, and (4) providing evaluations and recommendations on the building’s transformation and digital modeling in alignment with conservation criteria. The digital model of the building as a result of the study will be part of the preservation of such an important piece of cultural heritage for future generations. The study emphasizes the need for more effective integration of digital modeling techniques in conservation and documentation studies, extending from Hagia Sophia to various cultural heritage sites.

Abstract Previous evidence suggests elevated levels of oxidatively-induced DNA damage, particularly 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), and abnormalities in the repair of 8-OH-dG by the base excision repair (BER) in bipolar disorder (BD). However, the genetic disposition of these abnormalities remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the levels of oxidatively-induced DNA damage and BER mechanisms in individuals with BD and their siblings, as compared to healthy controls (HCs). 46 individuals with BD, 41 siblings of individuals with BD, and 51 HCs were included in the study. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was employed to evaluate the levels of 8-OH-dG in urine, which were then normalized based on urine creatinine levels. The real-time-polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the expression levels of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1), and DNA polymerase beta (POLβ). The levels of 8-OH-dG were found to be elevated in both individuals with BD and their siblings when compared to the HCs. The OGG1 and APE1 expressions were downregulated, while POLβ expressions were upregulated in both the patient and sibling groups compared to the HCs. Age, smoking status, and the number of depressive episodes had an impact on APE1 expression levels in the patient group while body mass index, smoking status, and past psychiatric history had an impact on 8-OH-dG levels in siblings. Both individuals with BD and unaffected siblings presented similar abnormalities regarding oxidatively-induced DNA damage and BER, suggesting a link between abnormalities in DNA damage/BER mechanisms and familial susceptibility to BD. Our findings suggest that targeting the oxidatively-induced DNA damage and BER pathway could offer promising therapeutic strategies for reducing the risk of age-related diseases and comorbidities in individuals with a genetic predisposition to BD.

IntroductionTo highlight the importance of hands-on experiences and mentorship in shaping the future workforce of specialized medical professionals via a Neurosurgery Training Camp.MethodsResponses of the questionnaire regarding the Neurosurgery Training Camp organized by Bursa Uludag University's Faculty of Medicine and the Turkish Neurosurgery Academy were reviewed retrospectively. A one-day program was organized to introduce neurosurgery to medical students. During the camp, the students participated in interactive presentations delivered by faculty members, had lunch together, became acquainted with neurosurgical tools and technologies, and performed interventions. With pre and postworkshop questionnaire, student's expectations and thoughts about camp was evaluated.ResultsForty-one students from 10 medical schools, spanning every year of study, attended the camp. Approximately 39% of the attendees (n = 16) were women and 61% (n = 25) were men. The post-workshop survey results demonstrated that 73% of the students (n = 30) were inclined to pursue a career in neurosurgery after the camp, 21.9% (n = 9) remained undecided, and 4.8% (n = 2) chose not to pursue neurosurgery. Feedback from the post-workshop questionnaire highlighted that all students perceived the camp as beneficial in providing insights into their future careers and aiding in making a decision regarding their career paths.DiscussionThe neurosurgical training camp effectively inspired and educated medical students about the discipline of neurosurgery. Furthermore, the camp effectively altered the career aspirations and perceptions of neurosurgery among the participating students.

Recent research points to the need for a specific research focus on language task engagement because task engagement can lead to increased motivation, persistence, satisfaction, and learner achievement (Early, Rogge, & Deci, 2014; Henri, Halverson, & Graham, 2015; Reeve & Lee, 2014); a major gap in the research in this area is the lack of a unifying model. This study responds to this gap in order to move understandings of language task engagement forward. To meet this purpose, the present study applies both descriptive and statistical data to develop and validate a model of language task engagement. The article describes the exploration of language task engagement from two main sources: (1) the large body of literature around engagement, which was used as one source of data for model-building, and (2) online surveys of student, teacher, and researcher perspectives that were collected and analyzed from multiple sources and contexts. To explain the model, the article first presents a brief justification for exploring the engagement construct, differentiating task engagement from related concepts. The paper then outlines the study methodology, presents and describes the model based on the literature and other data, and provides conclusions and recommendations.

Amaç: Araştırma kadınların jinekolojik yakınma çözümleri, jinekolojik kanserlerden korunma bilgi ve davranışları arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi amacıyla tanımlayıcı olarak yapılmıştır. Yöntem: Araştırmada örneklemi Kayseri ilinin bir ilçesinde bulunan 104 Kur’an kursuna devam eden 866 kadın oluşturmuştur. Veriler kadınların tanıtıcı, obstetrik ve jinekolojik durumlarını belirleyen sorulardan oluşan kişisel bilgi formu ve Jinekolojik kanserlerden korunma bilgi formu kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Veriler SPSS 23.0 programında, ortalama, standart sapma ve yüzdelik dağılımı, Pearson Korelasyon, Ki-Kare (Chi-square), t ve F testi (ANOVA) ile değerlendirilmiştir. Anlamlılık düzeyi 0,05 olarak alınmıştır. Bulgular: Jinekolojik yakınma yaşayan kadınların % 40,9’unun yaşadığı jinekolojik yakınmalarını utanma, çekinme, mahremiyet, korku gibi nedenlerle önemsemediği, %60,0’ının vajinal duş yaptığı, %67,9’unun Pap smear testi düzenli olarak yaptırmadığı, %70,2’sinin kendi kendine vulva muayenesini yapmadığı, %67,9’unun jinekolojik sağlığı koruma konusunda, %67,4’ ünün ise jinekolojik kanserden korunma konusunda bilgi almadığı ve jinekolojik kanserlerden korunma bilgi puan ortalamasının toplam 50 puan üzerinden 25,27±13,155 puan olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Araştırma sonucunda kadınların jinekolojik yakınma çözümleri, jinekolojik kanserlerden korunma bilgi ve davranışları arasında anlamlı fark bulunduğu (p < 0.05), jinekolojik yakınmalardan ve jinekolojik kanserlerden korunma konusunda bilgi ve danışmanlık gereksinimi olduğu belirlenmiştir.

The aim of this study was to investigate the opinions of teachers of the hearing-impaired children about serving as a special education teacher. The research was designed as a descriptive case study within the framework of qualitative research methods. Two criteria that the participants to be included in the study should have were determined as follows: graduating from universities' hearing-impaired teaching programs and serving as a special education classroom teacher in schools affiliated to the MNE. The participants consist of 51 teachers meeting the specified criteria. Semi-structured interviews were held with 5 of the participants, and data were collected from 46 of them through an open-ended questionnaire. Given the pandemic period conditions we currently experience, the e-interviews were conducted using Zoom, while open-ended questionnaires were collected via Google Forms. Descriptive analysis technique was used in the analysis of the research data. The descriptive analysis process consists of four stages: creating a thematic framework, processing of data according to the thematic framework, identification of findings, and interpretation of findings. Study findings revealed that the fact that teachers serve out-of-field they graduated from led them to feel insufficient in terms of professional knowledge and competency. Besides, it was observed that they failed to provide sufficient benefit to the students, they had difficulties communicating with families, they failed to cooperate with the school administrators or other colleagues and could not find the necessary support.

Abstract Autoreactive T lymphocytes crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the central nervous system (CNS) play a crucial role in the initiation of demyelination and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS). Recently, extracellular vesicles (EV) secreted by BBB endothelial cells (BBB-EC) have emerged as a unique form of cell-to-cell communication that contributes to cerebrovascular dysfunction. However, the precise impact of different size-based subpopulations of BBB-EC-derived EV (BBB-EV) on the early stages of MS remains unclear. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the content and function of distinct BBB-EV subpopulations in regulating BBB integrity and their role in T cell transendothelial migration, both in vitro and in vivo. Our study reveals that BBB-ECs release two distinct size based EV populations, namely small EV (sEV; 30-150 nm) and large EV (lEV; 150-300 nm), with a significantly higher secretion of sEV during inflammation. Notably, the expression patterns of cytokines and adhesion markers differ significantly between these BBB-EV subsets, indicating specific functional differences in the regulation of T cell migration. Through in vitro experiments, we demonstrate that lEV, which predominantly reflect their cellular source, play a major role in BBB integrity loss and the enhanced migration of pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17.1 cells. Conversely, sEV appear to protect BBB function by inducing an anti-inflammatory phenotype in BBB-EC. These findings align with our in vivo data, where the administration of sEV to mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) results in lower disease severity compared to the administration of lEV, which exacerbates disease symptoms. In conclusion, our study highlights the distinct and opposing effects of BBB-EV subpopulations on the BBB, both in vitro and in vivo. These findings underscore the need for further investigation into the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of BBB-EV in the context of MS.

As a result of the rapid depletion of resources and the damage caused by excessive consumption to the environment, resource management, and material reuse in the construction sector are a necessity for sustainability. This study aims to emphasize the importance of reuse. For this purpose, a workshop was conducted to transform the volumes provided by the out-of-use or ready-made materials into re-use spaces with a different function. The first stage of the study, which is carried out in three stages, is the preparatory stage, where the students do preliminary research on the subject; the second stage is the stage where the students do design studies, and the third stage is the stage where the evaluations regarding the design decisions and learning outcomes are made. At the end of the study, fourteen products were designed by the students, and eight of them were handled within the scope of the study. The direction of the advantages and disadvantages created by the properties of the materials in the design has been evaluated in terms of functionality, technique, and aesthetics. Then, the awareness and development of the students about reuse were evaluated. As a result of the study, it has been revealed that the materials that are out of use and/or produced for different purposes can have creative or guiding effects on the design, and while doing this, they can exhibit a beneficial and sustainable approach to the environment.

Target identification and evaluation is a critical step in the drug discovery process. Although time-intensive and complex, the challenge becomes even more acute in the realm of infectious disease, where the rapid emergence of new viruses, the swift mutation of existing targets, and partial effectiveness of approved antivirals can lead to outbreaks of significant public health concern. The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, serves as a prime example of this, where despite the allocation of substantial resources, Paxlovid is currently the only effective treatment. In that case, significant effort pre-pandemic had been expended to evaluate the biological target for the closely related SARS-CoV. In this work, we utilize the computational hot spot mapping method, FTMove, to rapidly identify and rank binding sites for a set of nine SARS-CoV-2 drug/potential drug targets. FTMove takes into account protein flexibility by mapping binding site hot spots across an ensemble of structures for a given target. To assess the applicability of the FTMove approach to a wide range of drug targets for viral pathogens, we also carry out a comprehensive review of the known SARS-CoV-2 ligandable sites. The approach is able to identify the vast majority of all known sites and a few additional sites, which may in fact be yet to be discovered as ligandable. Furthermore, a UMAP analysis of the FTMove features for each identified binding site is largely able to separate predicted sites with experimentally known binders from those without known binders. These results demonstrate the utility of FTMove to rapidly identify actionable sites across a range of targets for a given indication. As such, the approach is expected to be particularly useful for assessing target binding sites for any emerging pathogen, as well as for indications in other disease areas, and providing actionable starting points for structure-based drug design efforts.