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1. New Radiocarbon Dates from the Saka Time Settlements of Central Kazakhstan

Author

Beisenov Arman Z., Liu Yan, and Cao Huihui

Subjects
archaeology, central kazakhstan, tasmola culture, settlements, radiocarbon analyses, pottery of settlements, early saka period, Archaeology, CC1-960
Abstract

The features of the settlements of the Saka time in Central Kazakhstan are studied on the basis of materials from more than 70 objects that have been discovered to date. Along with the study of such important aspects as topography and planigraphy, house building, ceramic complex, determining the function of stone tools, etc., the dating of monuments using modern natural science methods is relevant. The article publishes for the frst time the results of a new series of radiocarbon analyzes that were carried out at the end of 2021 on bone samples from two settlements. A total of 7 new dates from the Tasmola settlements of Abylai and Kulzhan-I were obtained in the 14C Chronology Laboratory at Lanzhou University, China. All dates ft within the framework of the 8th – 6th centuries BC. It seems important that the upper limit of calibrated dates does not go beyond the middle of the 6th century BC. The new dates are consistent with the previously made archaeological dates of the settlements of Central Kazakhstan. According to materials of the study of the monuments of the Scythian-Saka era of Kazakhstan, Sayan-Altay, this milestone is the time of the end of the Early Scythian period in the ancient history of the steppe Eurasia. There are still not enough radiocarbon dates for the settlements of the Saka time in Central Kazakhstan. Therefore, it is planned to continue work in this direction.

Published
2022
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2. Traceological Study of Stone Tools in the Settlement of Saka Time Abilay, Central Kazakhstan

Author

Beisenov Arman Z., Gorashchuk Igor V., and Duysenbay Daniyar B.

Subjects
аrchаeology, central kazakhstan, tasmola culture, settlement, stone tools, traceological research, types of production, Archaeology, CC1-960
Abstract

According to modern data, about 60 small settlements have been discovered on the territory of Central Kazakhstan, dating back to the time of the Tasmola culture (VIII–V centuries BC). Since 2016, annual excavations have been carried out at the Abylai settlement, which is located in the Karaganda region. In the excavation area, in addition to fragments of pottery and animal bones, over 480 stone tools were found. In the fall of 2020, for the first time, traceological studies of stone tools were carried out, the results of which are reflected in this article. Of the 150 copies, 139 were identified as functions. Of these, 130 tools were used in various industries. According to quantitative data, tools for cultivating the land are in first place – 57.3%, followed by tools for processing vegetation (24.5%), leatherworking (10.2%), for straightening metal products (whetstones, 8%). It is planned to continue the ongoing research on stone tools.

Published
2021
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3. New Isotopic Data on the Diet of the Saka Period Population from Central Kazakhstan

Author

Beisenov Arman Z., Svyatko Svetlana V., Duysenbay Daniyar B., Akhiyarov Islam K., and Paula J. Reimer

Subjects
archaeology, stable isotope analysis, palaeodiet, tasmola сulture, central kazakhstan, burial, settlement, methodology, ultrafiltration method, Archaeology, CC1-960
Abstract

This paper presents the results of stable isotope analysis of the Saka period population of Central Kazakhstan. The analysed materials originate from 37 sites of the Tasmola Culture which is presently dated to the 8th – 5th c. BC. The sample include 31 humans from 31 burials and 6 animals from three settlements and three burials. Human isotopic results are widely scattered both in δ13C, and in δ15N ratios from the cemeteries of Koitas, Taldy-2, Akbeit and Karashoky. The obtained data suggests the presence of millet in Central Kazakhstan in the beginning of the Early Iron Age, either as agricultural crop or imported product. The findings of a small quantity of millet and barley grains in the cultural layer of one of the Tasmola Culture settlements supports this hypothesis. These findings represent the first phase of the research. A more representative series of samples, including faunal, is needed for a more comprehensive investigation of the topic.

Published
2020
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5. The Mound with 'Mustaches'Atasu-2

Author

Beisenov Arman Z., Torgoev Аsan I., Duysenbay Daniyar B., and Akhiyarov Islam K.

Subjects
archaeology, Central Kazakhstan, Atasu river, mound with “mustaches”, stone statue, excavations, details of horse harness, arrowheads, chronology, Hunnish time, Archaeology, CC1-960
Abstract

The results of excavations of barrow with “mustaches” at Atasu river (Central Kazakhstan, Karaganda region) are presented in the paper. Barrows with "mustaches" are a little-studied type of ancient monuments. Monuments of this type were dated back to the periods of the Saks, Huns, Türks. More precise definition of their cultural and chronological affiliation is regarded as difficult but important aim. The barrow with "mustaches" Atasu-2 consists of one rounded stone mound and two stone ridges oriented to the east. In 1977, near the mound was found a stone sculpture of the Saka type. Since 2015, investigation at Atasu area were conducted under the leadership of A.Z. Beisenov. Two pits were discovered under the embankment where the iron arrowheads and items of horse harness were found. Details of horse harness are represented by the different tips of the belts plaques, the head piece and the lining of the forward parts of the saddle flanges. The details of the set are made of an alloy of gold and silver in a polychrome style which has analogies in the archaeological sites of the Hunnish time in Eastern Europe. By analogies the complex is dated by the authors of the middle / second half of the 5th century, and is synchronized with the antiquities of the horizon D2 / D3 of the central European chronology of J. Teiral. The presented materials replenish in science a few information on the Hunnish time of Central Kazakhstan.

Published
2018
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6. Ancient Item Spoilage Ritual Used in Nomadic Burial Rite

Author

Beisenov Arman Z. and Dzhumabekova Gulnara S.

Subjects
archaeology, the Early Iron Age, the Early Sarmatian period, West Kazakhstan, ritual item spoilage, bronze cauldron, Archaeology, CC1-960
Abstract

The article considers the findings of items in ancient burials which were intentionally spoiled prior to deposition in graves. This tradition was widely spread both in terms of chronology and geography, and therefore cannot be attributed to any individual cultures or regions. The authors present new information on the ritual obtained during an investigation of Borsyk burial mound of the Middle Sarmatian period located in West Kazakhstan. The central grave of barrow 6 contained a heavily damaged bronze cauldron. The grave was looted in antiquity. Individual scattered bones of a human skeleton and minor gold foil adornments from the ceremonial dress of a nobleman were discovered in the grave. The authors suggest that the cauldron was intentionally deformed by the participants of an ancient mortuary and memorial ritual. According to the principal hypothesis concerning the essence of this ritual, spoilage of the items was related to the idea of assign the items with “different” and “transcendent” properties, which resulted from the necessity of burying the owner. Cauldrons played an important role in the life of steppe leaders. The authors assume a sacral nature of the use of cauldrons in the culture of steppe peoples associated with feasts, battles, and sacred hunting. Perhaps, there was a tradition of burying cauldrons together with their owners after spoiling the items in view of the concept of the other world and the role of a heroic leader therein.

Published
2017
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7. Stone Age Yersinia pestis genomes shed light on the early evolution, diversity, and ecology of plague

Author

Max Planck Society, Max Planck - Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, European Research Council, Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), German Research Foundation, Diputación Foral de Álava, Eusko Jaurlaritza, Ministry of Education and Science (Kazakhstan), Andrades Valtueña, Aida, Neumann, Gunnar U., Spyrou, María A., Musralina, Lyazzat, Aron, Franziska, Beisenov, Arman Z., Belinskiy, Andrej B., Bos, Kirsten, Buzhilova, Alexandra, Conrad, Matthias, Djansugurova, Leyla B., Dobeš, Miroslav, Ernée, Michal, Fernández-Eraso, Javier, Frohlich, Bruno, Furmanek, Mirosław, Hałuszko, Agata, Hansen, Svend, Harney, Éadaoin, Hiss, Alina N., Hübner, Alexander, Key, Félix M., Khussainova, Elmira, Kitov, Egor, Kitova, Alexandra O., Knipper, Corina, Kühnert, Denise, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Littleton, Judith, Massy, Ken, Mittnik, Alissa, Mujika-Alustiza, José Antonio, Olalde, Iñigo, Papac, Luka, Penske, Sandra, Peška, Jaroslav, Pinhasi, Ron, Reich, David, Reinhold, Sabine, Stahl, Raphaela, Stäuble, Harald, Tukhbatova, Rezeda I., Vasilyev, Sergey, Veselovskaya, Elizaveta, Warinner, Christina, Stockhammer, Philipp W., Haak, Wolfgang, Krause, Johannes, Herbig, Alexander, Max Planck Society, Max Planck - Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, European Research Council, Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), German Research Foundation, Diputación Foral de Álava, Eusko Jaurlaritza, Ministry of Education and Science (Kazakhstan), Andrades Valtueña, Aida, Neumann, Gunnar U., Spyrou, María A., Musralina, Lyazzat, Aron, Franziska, Beisenov, Arman Z., Belinskiy, Andrej B., Bos, Kirsten, Buzhilova, Alexandra, Conrad, Matthias, Djansugurova, Leyla B., Dobeš, Miroslav, Ernée, Michal, Fernández-Eraso, Javier, Frohlich, Bruno, Furmanek, Mirosław, Hałuszko, Agata, Hansen, Svend, Harney, Éadaoin, Hiss, Alina N., Hübner, Alexander, Key, Félix M., Khussainova, Elmira, Kitov, Egor, Kitova, Alexandra O., Knipper, Corina, Kühnert, Denise, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Littleton, Judith, Massy, Ken, Mittnik, Alissa, Mujika-Alustiza, José Antonio, Olalde, Iñigo, Papac, Luka, Penske, Sandra, Peška, Jaroslav, Pinhasi, Ron, Reich, David, Reinhold, Sabine, Stahl, Raphaela, Stäuble, Harald, Tukhbatova, Rezeda I., Vasilyev, Sergey, Veselovskaya, Elizaveta, Warinner, Christina, Stockhammer, Philipp W., Haak, Wolfgang, Krause, Johannes, and Herbig, Alexander

Abstract

[Significance] The bacterium Yersinia pestis has caused numerous historically documented outbreaks of plague and research using ancient DNA could demonstrate that it already affected human populations during the Neolithic. However, the pathogen’s genetic diversity, geographic spread, and transmission dynamics during this early period of Y. pestis evolution are largely unexplored. Here, we describe a set of ancient plague genomes up to 5,000 y old from across Eurasia. Our data demonstrate that two genetically distinct forms of Y. pestis evolved in parallel and were both distributed across vast geographic distances, potentially occupying different ecological niches. Interpreted within the archeological context, our results suggest that the spread of plague during this period was linked to increased human mobility and intensification of animal husbandry., The bacterial pathogen Yersinia pestis gave rise to devastating outbreaks throughout human history, and ancient DNA evidence has shown it afflicted human populations as far back as the Neolithic. Y. pestis genomes recovered from the Eurasian Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age (LNBA) period have uncovered key evolutionary steps that led to its emergence from a Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-like progenitor; however, the number of reconstructed LNBA genomes are too few to explore its diversity during this critical period of development. Here, we present 17 Y. pestis genomes dating to 5,000 to 2,500 y BP from a wide geographic expanse across Eurasia. This increased dataset enabled us to explore correlations between temporal, geographical, and genetic distance. Our results suggest a nonflea-adapted and potentially extinct single lineage that persisted over millennia without significant parallel diversification, accompanied by rapid dispersal across continents throughout this period, a trend not observed in other pathogens for which ancient genomes are available. A stepwise pattern of gene loss provides further clues on its early evolution and potential adaptation. We also discover the presence of the flea-adapted form of Y. pestis in Bronze Age Iberia, previously only identified in in the Caucasus and the Volga regions, suggesting a much wider geographic spread of this form of Y. pestis. Together, these data reveal the dynamic nature of plague’s formative years in terms of its early evolution and ecology.

Published
2022

8. Ten millennia of hepatitis B virus evolution

Author

Kocher, Arthur, primary, Papac, Luka, additional, Barquera, Rodrigo, additional, Key, Felix M., additional, Spyrou, Maria A., additional, Hübler, Ron, additional, Rohrlach, Adam B., additional, Aron, Franziska, additional, Stahl, Raphaela, additional, Wissgott, Antje, additional, van Bömmel, Florian, additional, Pfefferkorn, Maria, additional, Mittnik, Alissa, additional, Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa, additional, Neumann, Gunnar U., additional, Rivollat, Maïté, additional, van de Loosdrecht, Marieke S., additional, Majander, Kerttu, additional, Tukhbatova, Rezeda I., additional, Musralina, Lyazzat, additional, Ghalichi, Ayshin, additional, Penske, Sandra, additional, Sabin, Susanna, additional, Michel, Megan, additional, Gretzinger, Joscha, additional, Nelson, Elizabeth A., additional, Ferraz, Tiago, additional, Nägele, Kathrin, additional, Parker, Cody, additional, Keller, Marcel, additional, Guevara, Evelyn K., additional, Feldman, Michal, additional, Eisenmann, Stefanie, additional, Skourtanioti, Eirini, additional, Giffin, Karen, additional, Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto, additional, Friederich, Susanne, additional, Schimmenti, Vittoria, additional, Khartanovich, Valery, additional, Karapetian, Marina K., additional, Chaplygin, Mikhail S., additional, Kufterin, Vladimir V., additional, Khokhlov, Aleksandr A., additional, Chizhevsky, Andrey A., additional, Stashenkov, Dmitry A., additional, Kochkina, Anna F., additional, Tejedor-Rodríguez, Cristina, additional, de Lagrán, Íñigo García-Martínez, additional, Arcusa-Magallón, Héctor, additional, Garrido-Pena, Rafael, additional, Royo-Guillén, José Ignacio, additional, Nováček, Jan, additional, Rottier, Stéphane, additional, Kacki, Sacha, additional, Saintot, Sylvie, additional, Kaverzneva, Elena, additional, Belinskiy, Andrej B., additional, Velemínský, Petr, additional, Limburský, Petr, additional, Kostka, Michal, additional, Loe, Louise, additional, Popescu, Elizabeth, additional, Clarke, Rachel, additional, Lyons, Alice, additional, Mortimer, Richard, additional, Sajantila, Antti, additional, de Armas, Yadira Chinique, additional, Hernandez Godoy, Silvia Teresita, additional, Hernández-Zaragoza, Diana I., additional, Pearson, Jessica, additional, Binder, Didier, additional, Lefranc, Philippe, additional, Kantorovich, Anatoly R., additional, Maslov, Vladimir E., additional, Lai, Luca, additional, Zoledziewska, Magdalena, additional, Beckett, Jessica F., additional, Langová, Michaela, additional, Danielisová, Alžběta, additional, Ingman, Tara, additional, Atiénzar, Gabriel García, additional, de Miguel Ibáñez, Maria Paz, additional, Romero, Alejandro, additional, Sperduti, Alessandra, additional, Beckett, Sophie, additional, Salter, Susannah J., additional, Zilivinskaya, Emma D., additional, Vasil’ev, Dmitry V., additional, von Heyking, Kristin, additional, Burger, Richard L., additional, Salazar, Lucy C., additional, Amkreutz, Luc, additional, Navruzbekov, Masnav, additional, Rosenstock, Eva, additional, Alonso-Fernández, Carmen, additional, Slavchev, Vladimir, additional, Kalmykov, Alexey A., additional, Atabiev, Biaslan Ch., additional, Batieva, Elena, additional, Calmet, Micaela Alvarez, additional, Llamas, Bastien, additional, Schultz, Michael, additional, Krauß, Raiko, additional, Jiménez-Echevarría, Javier, additional, Francken, Michael, additional, Shnaider, Svetlana, additional, de Knijff, Peter, additional, Altena, Eveline, additional, Van de Vijver, Katrien, additional, Fehren-Schmitz, Lars, additional, Tung, Tiffiny A., additional, Lösch, Sandra, additional, Dobrovolskaya, Maria, additional, Makarov, Nikolaj, additional, Read, Chris, additional, Van Twest, Melanie, additional, Sagona, Claudia, additional, Ramsl, Peter C., additional, Akar, Murat, additional, Yener, K. Aslihan, additional, Ballestero, Eduardo Carmona, additional, Cucca, Francesco, additional, Mazzarello, Vittorio, additional, Utrilla, Pilar, additional, Rademaker, Kurt, additional, Fernández-Domínguez, Eva, additional, Baird, Douglas, additional, Semal, Patrick, additional, Márquez-Morfín, Lourdes, additional, Roksandic, Mirjana, additional, Steiner, Hubert, additional, Salazar-García, Domingo Carlos, additional, Shishlina, Natalia, additional, Erdal, Yilmaz Selim, additional, Hallgren, Fredrik, additional, Boyadzhiev, Yavor, additional, Boyadzhiev, Kamen, additional, Küßner, Mario, additional, Sayer, Duncan, additional, Onkamo, Päivi, additional, Skeates, Robin, additional, Rojo-Guerra, Manuel, additional, Buzhilova, Alexandra, additional, Khussainova, Elmira, additional, Djansugurova, Leyla B., additional, Beisenov, Arman Z., additional, Samashev, Zainolla, additional, Massy, Ken, additional, Mannino, Marcello, additional, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, additional, Mannermaa, Kristiina, additional, Balanovsky, Oleg, additional, Deguilloux, Marie-France, additional, Reinhold, Sabine, additional, Hansen, Svend, additional, Kitov, Egor P., additional, Dobeš, Miroslav, additional, Ernée, Michal, additional, Meller, Harald, additional, Alt, Kurt W., additional, Prüfer, Kay, additional, Warinner, Christina, additional, Schiffels, Stephan, additional, Stockhammer, Philipp W., additional, Bos, Kirsten, additional, Posth, Cosimo, additional, Herbig, Alexander, additional, Haak, Wolfgang, additional, Krause, Johannes, additional, and Kühnert, Denise, additional

Published
2021
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9. Ten millennia of hepatitis B virus evolution

Author

Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Prehistoria, Arqueología, Historia Antigua, Filología Griega y Filología Latina, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico, Kocher, Arthur, Papac, Luka, Barquera, Rodrigo, Key, Felix M., Spyrou, Maria A., Hübler, Ron, Rohrlach, Adam B., Aron, Franziska, Stahl, Raphaela, Wissgott, Antje, van Bömmel, Florian, Pfefferkorn, Maria, Mittnik, Alissa, Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa, Neumann, Gunnar U., Rivollat, Maïté, van de Loosdrecht, Marieke S., Majander, Kerttu, Tukhbatova, Rezeda I., Musralina, Lyazzat, Ghalichi, Ayshin, Penske, Sandra, Sabin, Susanna, Michel, Megan, Gretzinger, Joscha, Nelson, Elizabeth A., Ferraz, Tiago, Nägele, Kathrin, Parker, Cody, Keller, Marcel, Guevara, Evelyn K., Feldman, Michal, Eisenmann, Stefanie, Skourtanioti, Eirini, Giffin, Karen, Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto, Friederich, Susanne, Schimmenti, Vittoria, Khartanovich, Valery, Karapetian, Marina K., Chaplygin, Mikhail S., Kufterin, Vladimir V., Khokhlov, Aleksandr A., Chizhevsky, Andrey A., Stashenkov, Dmitry A., Kochkina, Anna F., Tejedor-Rodríguez, Cristina, García-Martínez-de-Lagrán, Íñigo, Arcusa Magallón, Héctor, Garrido-Pena, Rafael, Royo-Guillén, José I., Nováček, Jan, Rottier, Stéphane, Kacki, Sacha, Saintot, Sylvie, Kaverzneva, Elena, Belinskiy, Andrej B., Velemínský, Petr, Limburský, Petr, Kostka, Michal, Loe, Louise, Popescu, Elizabeth, Clarke, Rachel, Lyons, Alice, Mortimer, Richard, Sajantila, Antti, Chinique de Armas, Yadira, Hernandez Godoy, Silvia Teresita, Hernández-Zaragoza, Diana I., Pearson, Jessica, Binder, Didier, Lefranc, Philippe, Kantorovich, Anatoly R., Maslov, Vladimir E., Lai, Luca, Zoledziewska, Magdalena, Beckett, Jessica F., Langová, Michaela, Danielisová, Alžběta, Ingman, Tara, García Atiénzar, Gabriel, Miguel Ibáñez, María Paz de, Romero, Alejandro, Sperduti, Alessandra, Beckett, Sophie, Salter, Susannah J., Zilivinskaya, Emma D., Vasilev, Dmitry V., von Heyking, Kristin, Burger, Richard L., Salazar, Lucy C., Amkreutz, Luc, Navruzbekov, Masnav, Rosenstock, Eva, Alonso-Fernández, Carmen, Slavchev, Vladimir, Kalmykov, Alexey A., Atabiev, Biaslan Ch., Batieva, Elena, Alvarez Calmet, Micaela, Llamas, Bastien, Schultz, Michael, Krauß, Raiko, Jiménez Echevarría, Javier, Francken, Michael, Shnaider, Svetlana, de Knijff, Peter, Altena, Eveline, Van de Vijver, Katrien, Fehren-Schmitz, Lars, Tung, Tiffiny A., Lösch, Sandra, Dobrovolskaya, Maria, Makarov, Nikolaj, Read, Chris, Van Twest, Melanie, Sagona, Claudia, Ramsl, Peter C., Akar, Murat, Yener, K. Aslihan, Carmona Ballestero, Eduardo, Cucca, Francesco, Mazzarello, Vittorio, Utrilla, Pilar, Rademaker, Kurt, Fernández Domínguez, Eva, Baird, Douglas, Semal, Patrick, Márquez-Morfín, Lourdes, Roksandic, Mirjana, Steiner, Hubert, Salazar-García, Domingo C., Shishlina, Natalia, Erdal, Yilmaz Selim, Hallgren, Fredrik, Boyadzhiev, Yavor, Boyadzhiev, Kamen, Küßner, Mario, Sayer, Duncan, Onkamo, Päivi, Skeates, Robin, Rojo-Guerra, Manuel A., Buzhilova, Alexandra, Khussainova, Elmira, Djansugurova, Leyla B., Beisenov, Arman Z., Samashev, Zainolla, Massy, Ken, Mannino, Marcello, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Mannermaa, Kristiina, Balanovsky, Oleg, Deguilloux, Marie-France, Reinhold, Sabine, Hansen, Svend, Kitov, Egor P., Dobeš, Miroslav, Ernée, Michal, Meller, Harald, Alt, Kurt W., Prüfer, Kay, Warinner, Christina, Schiffels, Stephan, Stockhammer, Philipp W., Bos, Kirsten, Posth, Cosimo, Herbig, Alexander, Haak, Wolfgang, Krause, Johannes, Kühnert, Denise, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Prehistoria, Arqueología, Historia Antigua, Filología Griega y Filología Latina, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico, Kocher, Arthur, Papac, Luka, Barquera, Rodrigo, Key, Felix M., Spyrou, Maria A., Hübler, Ron, Rohrlach, Adam B., Aron, Franziska, Stahl, Raphaela, Wissgott, Antje, van Bömmel, Florian, Pfefferkorn, Maria, Mittnik, Alissa, Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa, Neumann, Gunnar U., Rivollat, Maïté, van de Loosdrecht, Marieke S., Majander, Kerttu, Tukhbatova, Rezeda I., Musralina, Lyazzat, Ghalichi, Ayshin, Penske, Sandra, Sabin, Susanna, Michel, Megan, Gretzinger, Joscha, Nelson, Elizabeth A., Ferraz, Tiago, Nägele, Kathrin, Parker, Cody, Keller, Marcel, Guevara, Evelyn K., Feldman, Michal, Eisenmann, Stefanie, Skourtanioti, Eirini, Giffin, Karen, Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto, Friederich, Susanne, Schimmenti, Vittoria, Khartanovich, Valery, Karapetian, Marina K., Chaplygin, Mikhail S., Kufterin, Vladimir V., Khokhlov, Aleksandr A., Chizhevsky, Andrey A., Stashenkov, Dmitry A., Kochkina, Anna F., Tejedor-Rodríguez, Cristina, García-Martínez-de-Lagrán, Íñigo, Arcusa Magallón, Héctor, Garrido-Pena, Rafael, Royo-Guillén, José I., Nováček, Jan, Rottier, Stéphane, Kacki, Sacha, Saintot, Sylvie, Kaverzneva, Elena, Belinskiy, Andrej B., Velemínský, Petr, Limburský, Petr, Kostka, Michal, Loe, Louise, Popescu, Elizabeth, Clarke, Rachel, Lyons, Alice, Mortimer, Richard, Sajantila, Antti, Chinique de Armas, Yadira, Hernandez Godoy, Silvia Teresita, Hernández-Zaragoza, Diana I., Pearson, Jessica, Binder, Didier, Lefranc, Philippe, Kantorovich, Anatoly R., Maslov, Vladimir E., Lai, Luca, Zoledziewska, Magdalena, Beckett, Jessica F., Langová, Michaela, Danielisová, Alžběta, Ingman, Tara, García Atiénzar, Gabriel, Miguel Ibáñez, María Paz de, Romero, Alejandro, Sperduti, Alessandra, Beckett, Sophie, Salter, Susannah J., Zilivinskaya, Emma D., Vasilev, Dmitry V., von Heyking, Kristin, Burger, Richard L., Salazar, Lucy C., Amkreutz, Luc, Navruzbekov, Masnav, Rosenstock, Eva, Alonso-Fernández, Carmen, Slavchev, Vladimir, Kalmykov, Alexey A., Atabiev, Biaslan Ch., Batieva, Elena, Alvarez Calmet, Micaela, Llamas, Bastien, Schultz, Michael, Krauß, Raiko, Jiménez Echevarría, Javier, Francken, Michael, Shnaider, Svetlana, de Knijff, Peter, Altena, Eveline, Van de Vijver, Katrien, Fehren-Schmitz, Lars, Tung, Tiffiny A., Lösch, Sandra, Dobrovolskaya, Maria, Makarov, Nikolaj, Read, Chris, Van Twest, Melanie, Sagona, Claudia, Ramsl, Peter C., Akar, Murat, Yener, K. Aslihan, Carmona Ballestero, Eduardo, Cucca, Francesco, Mazzarello, Vittorio, Utrilla, Pilar, Rademaker, Kurt, Fernández Domínguez, Eva, Baird, Douglas, Semal, Patrick, Márquez-Morfín, Lourdes, Roksandic, Mirjana, Steiner, Hubert, Salazar-García, Domingo C., Shishlina, Natalia, Erdal, Yilmaz Selim, Hallgren, Fredrik, Boyadzhiev, Yavor, Boyadzhiev, Kamen, Küßner, Mario, Sayer, Duncan, Onkamo, Päivi, Skeates, Robin, Rojo-Guerra, Manuel A., Buzhilova, Alexandra, Khussainova, Elmira, Djansugurova, Leyla B., Beisenov, Arman Z., Samashev, Zainolla, Massy, Ken, Mannino, Marcello, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Mannermaa, Kristiina, Balanovsky, Oleg, Deguilloux, Marie-France, Reinhold, Sabine, Hansen, Svend, Kitov, Egor P., Dobeš, Miroslav, Ernée, Michal, Meller, Harald, Alt, Kurt W., Prüfer, Kay, Warinner, Christina, Schiffels, Stephan, Stockhammer, Philipp W., Bos, Kirsten, Posth, Cosimo, Herbig, Alexander, Haak, Wolfgang, Krause, Johannes, and Kühnert, Denise

Abstract

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health problem, but its past diversity and dispersal routes are largely unknown. We generated HBV genomic data from 137 Eurasians and Native Americans dated between ~10,500 and ~400 years ago. We date the most recent common ancestor of all HBV lineages to between ~20,000 and 12,000 years ago, with the virus present in European and South American hunter-gatherers during the early Holocene. After the European Neolithic transition, Mesolithic HBV strains were replaced by a lineage likely disseminated by early farmers that prevailed throughout western Eurasia for ~4000 years, declining around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. The only remnant of this prehistoric HBV diversity is the rare genotype G, which appears to have reemerged during the HIV pandemic.

Published
2021

10. Ten millennia of hepatitis B virus evolution

Author

Max Planck Society, European Commission, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, German Research Foundation, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Wenner-Gren Foundation, Ministry of Education and Science (Kazakhstan), Kocher, Arthur, Papac, Luka, Barquera, Rodrigo, Key, Félix M., Spyrou, María A., Hübler, Ron, Rohrlach, Adam B., Aron, Franziska, Stahl, Raphaela, Wissgott, Antje, Van Bömmel, Florian, Arcusa-Magallón, Héctor, Garrido-Pena, Rafael, Schultz, Michael, Royo-Guillén, José Ignacio, Nováček, Jan, Rottier, Stéphane, Kacki, Sacha, Saintot, Sylvie, Kaverzneva, Elena, Belinskiy, Andrej B., Akar, Murat, Velemínský, Petr, Limburský, Petr, Kostka, Michal, Krauß, Raiko, Loe, Louise, Popescu, Elizabeth, Clarke, Rachel, Lyons, Alice, Mortimer, Richard, Sajantila, Antti, Yener, K. Aslihan, Chinique de Armas, Yadira, Hernández Godoy, Silvia Teresita, Hernández-Zaragoza, Diana I., Pearson, Jessica, Jiménez Echevarría, Javier, Binder, Didier, Lefranc, Philippe, Kantorovich, Anatoly R., Maslov, Vladimir E., Lai, Luca, Mittnik, Alissa, Zoledziewska, Magdalena, Beckett, Jessica F., Langová, Michaela, Danielisová, Alžběta, Ingman, Tara, Francken, Michael, García Atiénzar, Gabriel, Miguel Ibáñez, María Paz de, Romero Jódar, Alejandro, Sperduti, Alessandra, Carmona Ballestero, Eduardo, Beckett, Sophie, Salter, Susannah J., Zilivinskaya, Emma D., Vasilev, Dmitry V., Heyking, Kristin von, Burger, Richard L., Shnaider, Svetlana, Salazar, Lucy C., Amkreutz, Luc, Navruzbekov, Masnav, Cucca, Francesco, Rosenstock, Eva, Alonso-Fernández, Carmen, Slavchev, Vladimir, Kalmykov, Alexey A., Atabiev, Biaslan Ch., Batieva, Elena, Álvarez Calmet, Micaela, Knijff, Peter de, Altena, Eveline, Van de Vijver, Katrien, Mazzarello, Vittorio, Fehren-Schmitz, Lars, Pfefferkorn, María, Tung, Tiffiny A., Lösch, Sandra, Dobrovolskaya, María, Makarov, Nikolaj, Read, Chris, Van Twest, Melanie, Sagona, Claudia, Ramsl, Peter C., Utrilla, Pilar, Rademaker, Kurt, Fernández-Domínguez, Eva, Baird, Douglas, Guevara, Evelyn K., Semal, Patrick, Márquez-Morfín, Lourdes, Roksandic, Mirjana, Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa, Steiner, Hubert, Salazar García, Domingo Carlos, Shishlina, Natalia, Selim Erdal, Yilmaz, Hallgren, Fredrik, Boyadzhiev, Yavor, Feldman, Michal, Boyadzhiev, Kamen, Küßner, Mario, Sayer, Duncan, Onkamo, Päivi, Neumann, Gunnar U., Skeates, Robin, Rojo-Guerra, Manuel, Buzhilova, Alexandra, Khussainova, Elmira, Djansugurova, Leyla B., Eisenmann, Stefanie, Beisenov, Arman Z., Samashev, Zainolla, Massy, Ken, Mannino, Marcello A., Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Rivollat, Maïté, Mannermaa, Kristiina, Balanovsky, Oleg, Deguilloux, Marie-France, Reinhold, Sabine, Skourtanioti, Eirini, Hansen, Svend, Kitov, Egor, Dobeš, Miroslav, Ernée, Michal, Meller, Harald, Alt, Kurt W., Van de Loosdrech, Marieke S., Prüfer, Kay, Warinner, Christina, Schiffels, Stephan, Giffin, Karen, Stockhammer, Philipp W., Bos, Kirsten, Posth, Cosimo, Herbig, Alexander, Haak, Wolfgang, Krause, Johannes, Kühnert, Denise, Majander, Kerttu, Tukhbatova, Rezeda I., Musralina, Lyazzat, Gnecchi Ruscone, Guido Alberto, Ghalichi, Ayshin, Penske, Sandra, Sabin, Susanna, Michel, Megan, Gretzinger, Joscha, Nelson, Elizabeth A., Ferraz, Tiago, Nägele, Kathrin, Parker, Cody, Keller, Marcel, Friederich, Susanne, Schimmenti, Vittoria, Khartanovich, Valery, Karapetian, Marina K., Llamas, Bastien, Chaplygin, Mikhail S., Kufterin, Vladimir V., Khokhlov, Aleksander, Chizhevsky, Andrey A., Stashenkov, Dmitry A., Kochkina, Anna F., Tejedor-Rodríguez, Cristina, García-Martínez de Lagrán, Íñigo, Max Planck Society, European Commission, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, German Research Foundation, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Wenner-Gren Foundation, Ministry of Education and Science (Kazakhstan), Kocher, Arthur, Papac, Luka, Barquera, Rodrigo, Key, Félix M., Spyrou, María A., Hübler, Ron, Rohrlach, Adam B., Aron, Franziska, Stahl, Raphaela, Wissgott, Antje, Van Bömmel, Florian, Arcusa-Magallón, Héctor, Garrido-Pena, Rafael, Schultz, Michael, Royo-Guillén, José Ignacio, Nováček, Jan, Rottier, Stéphane, Kacki, Sacha, Saintot, Sylvie, Kaverzneva, Elena, Belinskiy, Andrej B., Akar, Murat, Velemínský, Petr, Limburský, Petr, Kostka, Michal, Krauß, Raiko, Loe, Louise, Popescu, Elizabeth, Clarke, Rachel, Lyons, Alice, Mortimer, Richard, Sajantila, Antti, Yener, K. Aslihan, Chinique de Armas, Yadira, Hernández Godoy, Silvia Teresita, Hernández-Zaragoza, Diana I., Pearson, Jessica, Jiménez Echevarría, Javier, Binder, Didier, Lefranc, Philippe, Kantorovich, Anatoly R., Maslov, Vladimir E., Lai, Luca, Mittnik, Alissa, Zoledziewska, Magdalena, Beckett, Jessica F., Langová, Michaela, Danielisová, Alžběta, Ingman, Tara, Francken, Michael, García Atiénzar, Gabriel, Miguel Ibáñez, María Paz de, Romero Jódar, Alejandro, Sperduti, Alessandra, Carmona Ballestero, Eduardo, Beckett, Sophie, Salter, Susannah J., Zilivinskaya, Emma D., Vasilev, Dmitry V., Heyking, Kristin von, Burger, Richard L., Shnaider, Svetlana, Salazar, Lucy C., Amkreutz, Luc, Navruzbekov, Masnav, Cucca, Francesco, Rosenstock, Eva, Alonso-Fernández, Carmen, Slavchev, Vladimir, Kalmykov, Alexey A., Atabiev, Biaslan Ch., Batieva, Elena, Álvarez Calmet, Micaela, Knijff, Peter de, Altena, Eveline, Van de Vijver, Katrien, Mazzarello, Vittorio, Fehren-Schmitz, Lars, Pfefferkorn, María, Tung, Tiffiny A., Lösch, Sandra, Dobrovolskaya, María, Makarov, Nikolaj, Read, Chris, Van Twest, Melanie, Sagona, Claudia, Ramsl, Peter C., Utrilla, Pilar, Rademaker, Kurt, Fernández-Domínguez, Eva, Baird, Douglas, Guevara, Evelyn K., Semal, Patrick, Márquez-Morfín, Lourdes, Roksandic, Mirjana, Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa, Steiner, Hubert, Salazar García, Domingo Carlos, Shishlina, Natalia, Selim Erdal, Yilmaz, Hallgren, Fredrik, Boyadzhiev, Yavor, Feldman, Michal, Boyadzhiev, Kamen, Küßner, Mario, Sayer, Duncan, Onkamo, Päivi, Neumann, Gunnar U., Skeates, Robin, Rojo-Guerra, Manuel, Buzhilova, Alexandra, Khussainova, Elmira, Djansugurova, Leyla B., Eisenmann, Stefanie, Beisenov, Arman Z., Samashev, Zainolla, Massy, Ken, Mannino, Marcello A., Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Rivollat, Maïté, Mannermaa, Kristiina, Balanovsky, Oleg, Deguilloux, Marie-France, Reinhold, Sabine, Skourtanioti, Eirini, Hansen, Svend, Kitov, Egor, Dobeš, Miroslav, Ernée, Michal, Meller, Harald, Alt, Kurt W., Van de Loosdrech, Marieke S., Prüfer, Kay, Warinner, Christina, Schiffels, Stephan, Giffin, Karen, Stockhammer, Philipp W., Bos, Kirsten, Posth, Cosimo, Herbig, Alexander, Haak, Wolfgang, Krause, Johannes, Kühnert, Denise, Majander, Kerttu, Tukhbatova, Rezeda I., Musralina, Lyazzat, Gnecchi Ruscone, Guido Alberto, Ghalichi, Ayshin, Penske, Sandra, Sabin, Susanna, Michel, Megan, Gretzinger, Joscha, Nelson, Elizabeth A., Ferraz, Tiago, Nägele, Kathrin, Parker, Cody, Keller, Marcel, Friederich, Susanne, Schimmenti, Vittoria, Khartanovich, Valery, Karapetian, Marina K., Llamas, Bastien, Chaplygin, Mikhail S., Kufterin, Vladimir V., Khokhlov, Aleksander, Chizhevsky, Andrey A., Stashenkov, Dmitry A., Kochkina, Anna F., Tejedor-Rodríguez, Cristina, and García-Martínez de Lagrán, Íñigo

Abstract

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health problem, but its past diversity and dispersal routes are largely unknown. We generated HBV genomic data from 137 Eurasians and Native Americans dated between ~10,500 and ~400 years ago. We date the most recent common ancestor of all HBV lineages to between ~20,000 and 12,000 years ago, with the virus present in European and South American hunter-gatherers during the early Holocene. After the European Neolithic transition, Mesolithic HBV strains were replaced by a lineage likely disseminated by early farmers that prevailed throughout western Eurasia for ~4000 years, declining around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. The only remnant of this prehistoric HBV diversity is the rare genotype G, which appears to have reemerged during the HIV pandemic.

Published
2021

11. High mitochondrial diversity of domesticated goats persisted among Bronze and Iron Age pastoralists in the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor

Author

Hermes, Taylor R., primary, Frachetti, Michael D., additional, Voyakin, Dmitriy, additional, Yerlomaeva, Antonina S., additional, Beisenov, Arman Z., additional, Doumani Dupuy, Paula N., additional, Papin, Dmitry V., additional, Motuzaite Matuzeviciute, Giedre, additional, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, additional, Houle, Jean-Luc, additional, Tishkin, Alexey A., additional, Nebel, Almut, additional, Krause-Kyora, Ben, additional, and Makarewicz, Cheryl A., additional

Published
2020
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14. High mitochondrial diversity of domesticated goats persisted among Bronze and Iron Age pastoralists in the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor

Author

Hermes, Taylor R., Frachetti, Michael D., Voyakin, Dmitriy, Yerlomaeva, Antonina S., Beisenov, Arman Z., Doumani Dupuy, Paula N., Papin, Dmitry V., Motuzaite Matuzeviciute, Giedre, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Houle, Jean-Luc, Tishkin, Alexey A., Nebel, Almut, Krause-Kyora, Ben, and Makarewicz, Cheryl A.

Subjects
Heredity, Biochemistry, Geographical Locations, Domestication, History, Ancient, Phylogeny, Mammals, goats, mitochondrial diversity, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Goats, Eukaryota, Agriculture, Ruminants, Cytochromes b, Mitochondrial DNA, Nucleic acids, Genetic Mapping, Phylogeography, Animals, Domestic, Vertebrates, Medicine, Research Article, Asia, Livestock, Forms of DNA, Animal Types, Science, Animals, Wild, DNA, Mitochondrial, Middle East, Genetics, Animals, Domestic Animals, Ecosystem, Evolutionary Biology, Population Biology, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Paleontology, Genetic Variation, DNA, Genetics, Population, Haplotypes, Amniotes, People and Places, Earth Sciences, Haplogroups, Paleogenetics, Zoology, Population Genetics
Abstract

Goats were initially managed in the Near East approximately 10,000 years ago and spread across Eurasia as economically productive and environmentally resilient herd animals. While the geographic origins of domesticated goats (Capra hircus) in the Near East have been long-established in the zooarchaeological record and, more recently, further revealed in ancient genomes, the precise pathways by which goats spread across Asia during the early Bronze Age (ca. 3000 to 2500 cal BC) and later remain unclear. We analyzed sequences of hypervariable region 1 and cytochrome b gene in the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) of goats from archaeological sites along two proposed transmission pathways as well as geographically intermediary sites. Unexpectedly high genetic diversity was present in the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor (IAMC), indicated by mtDNA haplotypes representing common A lineages and rarer C and D lineages. High mtDNA diversity was also present in central Kazakhstan, while only mtDNA haplotypes of lineage A were observed from sites in the Northern Eurasian Steppe (NES). These findings suggest that herding communities living in montane ecosystems were drawing from genetically diverse goat populations, likely sourced from communities in the Iranian Plateau, that were sustained by repeated interaction and exchange. Notably, the mitochondrial genetic diversity associated with goats of the IAMC also extended into the semi-arid region of central Kazakhstan, while NES communities had goats reflecting an isolated founder population, possibly sourced via eastern Europe or the Caucasus region.

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