Search

Osteomyelitis caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can have severe consequences and a poor prognosis. Physicians therefore need to be alert to this condition, especially in immunocompromised patients. Although the pathogenesis of NTM osteomyelitis is still unclear, studies in immunodeficient individuals have revealed close relationships between NTM osteomyelitis and defects associated with the interleukin-12–interferon-γ–tumor necrosis factor-α axis, as well as human immunodeficiency virus infection, various immunosuppressive conditions, and diabetes mellitus. Culture and species identification from tissue biopsies or surgical debridement tissue play crucial roles in diagnosing NTM osteomyelitis. Suitable imaging examinations are also important. Adequate surgical debridement and the choice of appropriate, combined antibiotics for long-term anti-mycobacterial chemotherapy, based on in vitro drug susceptibility tests, are the main therapies for these bone infections. Bacillus Calmette–Guerin vaccination might have limited prophylactic value. The use of multiple drugs and long duration of treatment mean that the therapeutic process needs to be monitored closely to detect potential side effects. Adequate duration of anti-mycobacterial chemotherapy together with regular monitoring with blood and imaging tests are key factors determining the recovery outcome in patients with NTM osteomyelitis.

To the Editor: Mycobacteria are commonly characterized by positive acid-fast staining. Most mycobacterial species belong to the nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), excluding species in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and M. leprae. Both M. tuberculosis and NTM can induce pulmonary infection with similar symptoms and pulmonary radiographic findings (1). These similarities have led to difficulty in distinguishing these infections clinically. As in many developing countries, the acid-fast stain is the only bacteriologic basis for diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) in primary health care institutions in China, where facilities are limited for M. tuberculosis culture, strain identification, and drug resistance detection. Thus, NTM is easily misdiagnosed as M. tuberculosis, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB is unable to be accurately identified. Patients with misdiagnosed TB usually are treated with the standard anti-TB regimens recommended by the Chinese government (i.e., 2HRZE/4HR [2 months of isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), pyrazinmid, and ethambutol, followed by 4 months of INH and RIF 1 time daily] and 2H3R3Z3E3/4H3R3 [2 months of INH, RIF, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol followed by 4 months of INH and RIF 3 times weekly]) (2), which often results in treatment failures. Misdiagnosis is a key hurdle for effective prevention and treatment of TB (3–5). To evaluate the effect of misdiagnosis on TB prevention, we determined the proportion of patients with MDR TB and NTM infection in primary health care institutions in Zhejiang Province, China. Our findings would be useful for improving TB prevention and treatment. During 2011–2012, sputum samples from 13,882 patients suspected of having TB in 8 counties in Zhejiang Province were used to culture mycobacteria. Each sample was seeded onto 2 pieces of Lowenstein-Jensen medium. A total of 1,410 samples grew mycobacteria confirmed as acid-fast bacilli by using Ziehl-Neelsen staining. The 1,410 samples were further identified by using the Mycobacteria Identification Array Kit (CapitalBio, Beijing, China). The kit contains 17 types of bacilli-specific 16S rRNA probes (i.e., M. tuberculosis complex, M. avium, M. intracellulare, M. gilvum, M. xenopi, M. smegmatis, M. aurum, M. terrae, M. gordonae, M. chelonae/abscessus, M. phlei, M. scrofulaceum, M. fortuitum, M. szulgai, M. ulcerans, M. marinum, and M. kansasii). With this method, M. tuberculosis and NTM can be distinguished, and the species of NTM can be identified (6–8). Of 1,410 positive strains, we identified 1,332 (94.5%) as M. tuberculosis and 78 (5.5%) as NTM. NTM strains were further identified as follows: M. intracellulare, 39 isolates; M. chelonae/abscessus, 12 isolates, M. kansasii, 13 isolates; M. avium, 3 isolates; M. fortuitum, 4 isolates; and M. scrofulaceum and M. szulgai, 1 isolate each. For 5 isolates, strain could not be classified. We detected drug resistance of 1,332 M. tuberculosis strains using a Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Detection Array Kit (CapitalBio) (9). The mutant points for RIF resistance were identified as follows: rpoB/C531G, C531T, CG531AC, A526C, A526G, A526T, C526A, C526G, C526T, T533C, A516G, A516T, G516T, T511C, T511G, C513A, A513T, and C522T (Table). Moreover, the kit contained 5 mutant points for INH resistance, including katG (G315A, G315C, G315T, and C315) and inhA (C-15T) (Table). Of 1,332 M. tuberculosis strains, we identified 1,115 (83.7%) RIF/INH-sensitive strains, 88 (6.6%) MDR TB strains, 83 (6.2%) INH-resistant strains, and 47 (3.5%) RIF-resistant strains. Of the 1,410 positive strains, 88 (6.2%) were MDR M. tuberculosis strains. Table Gene mutations of 214 drug-resistant tubercle bacilli, Zhejiang Province, China, 2011–2012 The epidemiology of TB in Zhejiang Province reflects the situation in China and some developing countries (10). The clinical diagnosis and treatment of >80% TB cases in China is performed mainly by primary health care institutions. However, almost 80% of these medical institutions do not have the capability to culture M. tuberculosis, detect drug resistance, and identify strains (7). Of 1,410 strains obtained from the patients in 8 counties of Zhejiang Province, 218 (15.5%) were MDR TB, INH resistant, and RIF resistant. These affected patients could not be effectively treated with the national standard regimens. Specifically, 88 patients with MDR TB would be at risk for extensively drug-resistant TB, and 83 patients with INH-resistant TB and 47 with RIF-resistant TB would be at risk for MDR TB. In addition, we identified 78 (5.5%) NTM strains. With the acid-fast stain, these illnesses would be misidentified as TB and, in most instances, also would be reported as treatment failures. Clearly, accurate diagnosis provided by the technologies used in this study for distinguishing NTM and M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium strain identification, and drug-resistance detection would increase the cure rate and effectively prevent TB epidemics. For INH resistance, katG315 was a main mutant point of the M. tuberculosis strain; 140 (81.4%) of the 172 INH-resistant mutations were related to katG315. For RIF resistance, rpoB531 was a main mutant point; 84 (60.0%) of 140 RIF-resistant mutations were associated with rpoB531. Therefore, in future studies, more attention should be paid to the molecular epidemiology of katG315 and rpoB531. In conclusion, using the techniques for M. tuberculosis culture, Mycobacterium strain identification, and drug-resistance detection is necessary. It should be urgently pursued for accurate TB diagnosis in primary health care institutions in China to improve the prevention, treatment, and control of TB.