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Abstract Background Given the wide range of depressive disorders, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in various military studies around the world, determining the exact prevalence of these disorders in line with health planning as well as care and treatment service designing for military forces can be useful. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to determine the pooled prevalence of depressive disorders, suicide thoughts, and attempts in the military. Methods The present systematic review and meta-analysis study was performed based on PRISMA criteria in 5 steps of the search strategy, screening and selection of articles, data extraction, evaluation of article quality and meta-analysis. International databases (PubMed (Medline), Scopus, Web of science, Embase (Elsevier), PsycInfo (Ovid), Cochrane CENTRAL (Ovid)) were searched using related keywords extracted from Mesh and Emtree. After screening and final selection of articles, data were extracted and qualitative evaluation was performed using the NOS checklist. Results The results of meta-analysis showed that the prevalence of depression in active military forces and veterans was 23% (%95 CI: 20–26%) and 20% (%95 CI: 18–22%), respectively. In addition, the prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempts in the military was 11% (%95 CI: 10–13%) and 11% (%95 CI: 9–13%), respectively. The prevalence of suicide ideation and attempts in drug-using military was 18% (%95 CI: 7–33%) and 30% (%95 CI: 23–36%), respectively. The prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempts in military consuming alcohol were 9% (%95 CI: 4–13%) and 8% (%95 CI: 7–10%), respectively. In militaries with AIDS / HIV, the prevalence of suicide attempts was 5% (%95 CI: 4–8%). Conclusion Therefore, it is necessary to develop and design training and intervention programs in order to increase the awareness of the military, especially veterans, to prevent the occurrence of suicide and depression.

Objective: The growing popularity of computer games has attracted the attention of researchers in this field. The underlying psychological motives of gamers are important to prevention of disorders related to online gaming. This study was aimed at evaluating the psychometric characteristics of the Iranian version of the Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (I-MOGQ) and its association with Internet Gaming Disorders (IGD). Method: Four hundred and fifty-two Iranian adult gamers (mean age = 21.5 years, SD = 4.14) voluntarily responded to the anonymous survey online. All participants in this study were males. The questionnaires used in this study were MOGQ and IGD Scale. We performed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for MOGQ. Also, the correlation between MOGQ and IGD was evaluated. Results: CFA supports the construct validity of the questionnaire (RMSEA < 0.08). Cronbach's alpha, as an indicator of internal consistency of the questionnaire, was 0.91 (Social = 0.85, Escape = 0.84, Competition = 0.83, Coping = 0.79, Skill Development = 0.89, Fantasy = 0.85 and Recreation = 0.83). Also, the scale displayed adequate convergent validity, as shown by significant positive correlations with IGD scores. The highest correlation was found with the Escape motive (0.57) and the lowest was found with Recreation (0.15). Conclusion: This study showed that the Iranian version of the MOGQ is a valid and reliable scale for identifying the motives for online gaming among young adults.

Background: Smartphone usage has increasing during recent years. Since its excessive use can have negativeconsequences, it is important to know how users use it and become dependent on it. This study was aimed atexploring how university students use their phones, how they depend on them, and the possibleconsequences of overusing them.Methods: This study was conducted using a qualitative design and with a thematic analysis method. Datawere collected using 3 focus group discussions regarding experiences of using smartphones among 22smartphone owners who reported smartphone overuse. They were chosen through snowball sampling at aUniversity of Medical Sciences in Tehran (Iran).Findings: Based on the analysis, the 3 categories of process usage (sub-categories: doing daily routines,information seeking, to take a picture or video, entertainment, academic work, making money, to escapereal-life, and passing the time), social usage (sub-categories: relationship with family, relationship withfriends, interact with the opposite gender, to be seen and heard, approval seeking, and free expression), anddisadvantages (sub-categories: interference with other essential activities, decreased face-to-facecommunications, overdependence, automatic use, loss of sense of time, stress, fatigue, sleep disturbances,physical inactivity, eye problems, high bills, and distraction) were developed.Conclusion: In this research, participants mentioned various uses of their smartphones that enable them tomeet their personal needs and, in spite of the negative consequences of its overuse, cause them to continue touse it. Some uses seem to be affected by environmental and cultural conditions.

Objective: This study investigated whether a sample of Iranian university students considered posttraumatic depreciation (PTD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) as negative or positive. Also, possible gender and religiosity differences in understanding of changes in PTD and PTG were evaluated. Method: The present cross-sectional study was conducted during 2019-2020. The target sample Consisted of 298 students (mean age = 23.79) from 3 Universities in Esfahan and Tehran (Iran), recruited by convenience sampling. The sample answered to the scales, including Posttraumatic Growth Inventory and Posttraumatic Depreciation Inventory; and Iranian version of The Clark and Stark Religious questionnaire. Results: Despite the overall support for the PTG and PTD constructs, the present study showed that there are cross-cultural differences that can affect people's perception of item evaluation positively or negatively. In this study, almost all items that were evaluated differently with operationally defined PTG and PTD belonged to “Relating to Others” factor. The result also displayed gender and religiosity differences in perceptions of growth and depreciation. Conclusion: These results suggest that it is necessary to identify the concept of PTG and PTD in each culture and the individual differences that may affect the perception of PTG and PDT be considered.

Objective: Military personnel have high-risk occupations. Virtues and strengths as the values that govern the actions and behavior are suitable predictors for these jobs. We intend to examine comprehensively the role of virtues and character strengths on psychological distress in military personnel. Methods: The present study is a cross-section, correlational study. 410 Iranian military officers completed the demographic questionnaire and the Virtues Inventory in Action (VIA-120) and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Results: According to the results of the present study, the virtues of justice and humanity had a higher average than other virtues. Among the character strengths, respectively, Integrity, Kindness, Gratitude, Persistence, Open mindedness, Social intelligence were six of the most important strengths with which military personnel described themselves. The virtue of temperance and transcendence were related to work experience. Only wisdom was differed significantly at the academic level. No significant differences were found between the virtues in military ranks. All dimensions of virtues and character strengths were significantly associated with psychological distress. But only the dimension of transcendence had the power to predict psychological distress. Conclusion: Strengthening the dimension of transcendence can reduce psychological distress in military personnel. recognizing most importance Virtues and character strengths in Military Personnel and discovering implications additional ways to promote the virtues, military personnel can improve their performance.

There is growing evidence that the problematic use of mobile phone is an evolving problem. Although some studies have noted a greater prevalence in the Middle East, intercultural differences have not been sufficiently studied to date. The present study, therefore, aims at reviewing Iranian published studies on the problematic use of mobile phone in Iran. This study was conducted as a review study. For this purpose, we searched all published studies in this field that were conducted in Iran and reviewed all of the articles by studying the prevalence of the problematic use of cell phone in Iran, the adopted measuring instruments, the employed terms, predictors of the problematic use of cell phone, and the consequences of the problematic use of cell phone. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 47 articles were selected for evaluation. Among the problematic consequences, sleep disturbance was the most studied factor. Additionally, gender, feeling of loneliness, attachment stiles and age were mostly referred to as predictors. In addition, the reported prevalence varied from 0.9% to 64.5%, depending on the studied population and the measuring instruments. The diversity of reported prevalence rate of problematic use of mobile phone in Iran can be related to the ambiguity of the concept of “problematic use” and the diversity of the employed measuring tools. Thus, care should be taken in generalizing and interpreting the results.

Background and Objectives: Adolescents are the main audiences of video games. Attractive technologies of these games make virtual faces seem real characters to their audiences. There is a high tendency to show violent and deadly scenes. The present study was done with the purpose of determining the predictors of the amount of aggression in the adolescent users of violent video games in Qom city. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 100 adolescent users of violent video game referring to game-nets of Qom city were selected by random sampling method and filled out the questionnaires of demographic information, aggression scale, and attitude toward violence scale )ATVS). The data were analyzed using correlation, one-way analysis of variance, and regression analysis tests. The significance level was considered p