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To investigate the effect of postoperative prune consumption on time to first bowel movement after benign gynecologic surgery.In this randomized, open label, controlled trial, 77 adult women who had benign gynecologic surgery that required at least one night in the hospital were enrolled from July 2018 to April 2019. Participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to one of two groups using a randomization assignment: 4 oz prunes daily plus docusate sodium 100 g twice daily versus docusate alone. The study's primary objective was time to first bowel movement (BM). Secondary outcomes were pain associated with first BM, stool consistency using Bristol stool scale, and patient satisfaction with bowel regimen and surgery experience.Postoperative survey data was available for 68.4% of participants (n = 52). There was no difference in time to first BM between the two groups (p = 0.29); however, consumption of 12 prunes was associated with an increased likelihood of having a BM in the study period. Among women who consumed at least 12 prunes, hospital discharge was earlier, and there was a not statistically significant greater satisfaction with postoperative bowel regimen.The addition of prunes to postoperative bowel regimen of docusate sodium may be a beneficial adjunct to postoperative bowel regimen.The Institutional Review Board at the University of Southern California approved the study, and the study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT03523715).

Apricot a deciduous perennial having tree habited species is a member of family Rosaceae Thousands of poor farmers and their families in the area rely on apricot for their livelihood Seventy one countries across the globe produce a total of million tons of apricot annually Pakistan stands on th and produces million tons Out of its total more than comes from Gilgit Baltistan Present allometric study of leaves was conducted for the first time Research revealed that meanleaf width is cm mean length is cm and mean leaf area recorded was cm On an average leaf reach to its growth climax in a period of days In hours times mean growth in length increase was mm followed by mm in width and mm areas Average height of trees recorded was m and trunk width at breast height was cm wide Large number of land races with unique germ plasm continues to deplete due to mercerization of only a single variety by the government and other organizations There are more than varieties grown in the area Strategies are critical to sustain such a great resource of germ plasm

The pure form of leisure is described as a freely chosen behavior accompanied by a sense of enjoyment and intrinsic motivation (Kleiber, 1999). This notion implies that constrained behavior is inhibited and thus in need of negotiation before meaningful and free involvement is possible. Conceptual factors based on early typologies shaped by researchers' beliefs about reality have given constraints research a direction. The blueprint for constraints research appears to be designed with the notions that constraints are inevitably negative, that barriers are blockages to engagement, and that fewer constraints translate into more leisure. As Jackson (2000) explains, earlier research investigated "factors that are assumed by researchers and/or perceived or experienced by individuals to limit the formation of leisure preferences and/or to inhibit or prohibit participation and enjoyment in leisure" (Jackson, 2000, p. 62).Although the term constraint is a recognized term in the leisure studies field, there have been inquiries regarding the meaning of the terminology and constraint's other possible relations to behavior or experience. For example, Shogan's (2002) conceptual work discussed possible effects of constraints. Shogan (2002) described constraints as factors that "...make possible activities and the experiences within them, ...enable skill acquisition and ...produce bodily comportment and expectations that may enable or restrict experiences of leisure" (p. 36). Elster (2000) indicated that in most cases, in the "standard case," more is better whether this refers to money, time, or leisure options; there are also "nonstandard cases" in which less is more. Katz (2000) echoed the same statement, and research in psychology and economics discussed how complex a relationship could be between availability of choice and agents' performance (see Markus & Schwartz, 2010; Schwartz, 2004). Markus and Schwartz (2010) proposed that the meaning of the concepts of intrinsic motivation and choice is contextual and shaped by customs. One inquiry based on this proposition is that although preferences are sometimes accompanied with sense of regret, leaving things undecided or having one's choice made by others can be preferred over making choices. In other words, having many options to choose from is related to the sense of freedom and wellbeing; it is anticipated that agents will benefit from being provided strictly limited choice sets in some situations-what might then be called "nonstandard cases" (Elster, 2000). Whenever choice may be about tangible or intangible gains (Gottlieb, 2011; Wallace, 2010) such as career paths, romantic relationships, or parenting, constraints can be viewed as "enabling" (Shogan, 2002) in those situations.The relationship of constraints to leisure behavior and experience in general is far more complex than researchers have typically believed (for discussion see Kleiber, McGuire, Aybar-Damali, & Norman, 2008; Kleiber, Wade, & LoucksAtkinson, 2005; McGuire & Norman, 2005). One of the most recent examples of those conceptual works was by Kleiber, McGuire, Aybar-Damali, and Norman. Considering examples from research and the general popular literature, Kleiber et al. (2004, 2008) proposed the existence of at least five mechanisms through which constraints are beneficial to people. These categories are (I) resilience and deepened commitment, (II) attention to other goals, (III) discovery of previously unattended capacities, (IV) changes in attitude toward life and leisure, and (V) goal achievement and well-being. Categories I and V are based on a different view of constraints than the other three categories (II, III, and IV) in that the goals constrained are maintained. Category I refers to a constraint negotiation process resulting in recommitment to and continuation of activities. Use of other means enables one to partake in an activity; the process of resource use reflects persistence and deepens one's commitment in his or her pursuit. …

A considerable literature now documents the vast array of constraints that keep people from participating in or enjoying recreation and leisure activities. Consistently these factors have been rega...

Microglial cells are considered to be the chief immunomodulatory cells of the brain. These cells play a crucial role against various neurodegenerative diseases. When modulated microglia have been shown to exert a potential anti-tumor immune response against brain neoplasms. Although several specific BRMs like IL-2, IFNgamma have been shown to modulate the microglia to get an effective anti-tumor immune response, associated toxicities and detrimental side effects have posed severe limitation in there use particularly for therapeutic purposes.In the present study, attempts have been made to elicit the modulations of microglia cell function and phenotypic expression following specific (IL-2, IFNgamma and a novel nonspecific BRM (corpuscular antigen) in order to determine their anti-tumor property in experimental glioma model.Brain was experimentally induced in young Druckray rats of both sexes with N-N-ethyl nitroso urea (ENU). These ENU treated animals were administered with both specific and nonspecific BRMs like IL-2, IFNgamma and SRBC either singly or in combination 5 months after ENU administration and after ascertaining its degree of malignancy.Microglial cells separated from different experimental groups were found to be positive for CD11b, MHC II, CD4 and negative for GFAP.FACS analysis demonstrated that different subtypes of microglial cell populations (CD25+, MHC II+ and CD25+MHC II+) in the brain tissue based on phenotypic expression, which were downregulated in tumor bearing animals, and subsequently restored with increased expression, particularly with SRBC administration. The Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) study also depicted modulation of cellular morphology of microglial cell predominantly with SRBC administration. Studies conducted ton evaluate immunological functions at the cellular level showed increased antigen presenting caopacity of microglial cell with SRBC administration, which was significantly greater then IL-2, IFNgamma and combined doses (E2_S). However phagocytic functions of microglial cells were found not to be significantly modulated with BRM treatment.The results suggest that the nonspecific BRM SRBC can exert greater modulatory effect on microglila cell function and phenotypic expression than the other BRMs used, and in doing so culminate in a potent anti tumor immune response in experimental glioma with compatible tolerance profile.