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A network pharmacology approach was used to construct comprehensive pharmacological networks, elucidating the interactions between agarwood compounds and key biological targets associated with cancer pathways. We have employed a combination of network pharmacology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics to unravel agarwood plants' active components and potential mechanisms. Reported 23 molecules were collected from the agarwood plants and considered to identify molecular targets. Further, we identified ten potent targets related to cancer through network pharmacology analysis. The key targets include EGFR, JUN, TP53, SRC, MAPK3, ACTB, GAPDH, AKT1, MYC and CTNNB1. The biological processes include the negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation, metabolic, oxidative, and more. Subsequently, molecular docking results have indicated that 7-isopropenyl-1, 4a-dimethyl-4, 4a, 5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3 H-naphthalen-2-one showed an excellent binding affinity for all ten targets. This is the first study; we employed a novel integrated approach that combines network pharmacology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS). The GO and KEGG, pathway enrichment analyses, shed light on biological processes relevant to cancer treatment. Moreover, molecular docking studies results indicated that the molecule 7-isopropenyl-1,4a-dimethyl-4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3H-naphthalen-2-one exhibited strong binding affinity among all ten cancer targets, with a docking score ranging from − 9.9 to − 6.7 kcal/mol and found to have hydrogen bond interaction with Lys168, Ser322, Thr336 and Ala946 residues. MDS sheds light on the stability of their binding, the longevity of their interactions, and their overall effect on the enzyme's active site throughout the simulation. The current work signifies the initial report using bioinformatics approaches to assess the anticancer properties of compounds derived from the agarwood plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ubiquitous occurrence of Lantana camara highlights its exceptional ecological versatility. Leaves of L. camara were obtained for this study from two different locations of NE, India. Hydro distillation was used to extract the essential oils from the leaves, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) were used to study the chemical profiles of the isolated oils. The essential oil analysis detected 35 components in total essential oil from Location 1 (BLCEO) while in Location 2 essential oil (JLCEO), 29 components were identified. Caryophyllene, humulene and sabinene were present in considerably major amounts in both BLCEO and JLCEO, though variation in area percentage was seen. The anti-oxidant properties of BLCEO were better than that of JLCEO. The BLCEO has also exhibited better results in inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. However, both the essential oils did not show any prominent results in α-amylase inhibitory assay and anti-tyrosinase activity. In this study, the phytochemical composition and their effect on the bioactivity of both samples were observed. The chemical constitution of L. camara essential oils (LCEO) and its possible ecological ramifications have also been well explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An industrially important plant, Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor commonly known as Java Citronella belonging to Poaceae family gains its significance due to the presence of aromatic constituents and its capacity to yield a high quantity of essential oil. However, due to varied agronomic and climatic conditions, fluctuations in the chemical constituents and essential oil yield can be noticed. However, till now studies on stability analysis of Citronella are very scarce. Focusing the crop's exceptional oil-yielding capacity and its high importance in industrial purposes extensive commercial cultivation of superior variety of Citronella is need of the hour. Hence, a study was conducted to establish a stable genotype of Java citronella where Jor Lab C-5 was taken to test the stability along with two check genotypes (Jor lab C-2 and Assam local). For two years (2021-2022 and 2022-2023) six agronomical traits were constantly studied with two sets of environmental factors for the eight different locations in a randomized block design. The Analysis of variance (ANOVA) by regression method revealed herbage recovery rate and essential oil yield as extensively high for Jor Lab C-5 as compared to the other two genotypes. Further, AMMI (Additive Main-effects and Multiplicative Interactions) ANOVA was used for the confirmation of uniform performance of various characters where Jor Lab C-5 was found to be stable in case of plant height, herbage yield, essential oil yield, citronellal content, and total essential oil yield. The GC-MS analysis of essential oil revealed 19 compounds with area percent 94.28% of which citronellal (42.52%) outcomes as major constituent. Additionally, environment such as Runne, Khehoyi, Yaongyimsen, and Jorhat were considered as the best suited locations for Jor Lab C-5, thus highlighting its multi-location stability and its potential industrial significance in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cymbopogon flexuosus, commonly known as Lemongrass (Poaceae) is an industrially significant plant due to its fragrant compounds and ability to produce a large amount of essential oil. However, variations in chemical components, agronomical characters and essential oil output can be observed due to grown in different climatic conditions. Pertaining to the economic importance of the crop, the present study was designed to evaluate the stability indices of the developed and registered variety of lemongrass 'Jor Lab L-8'. In this experiment, cv. Jor Lab L-8 was assessed along with two check varieties at eight different locations of NE India for two years (2021-2022, 2022-2023). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) by regression method revealed that Jor Lab L-8 had a significantly higher herbage yield, essential oil yield, citral content and total essential oil yield than the other two check varieties. Furthermore, AMMI ANOVA was used to confirm the consistent performance of the recorded agro-morphological and quality characters and Jor Lab L-8 was shown to be stable in plant height, herbage yield, essential oil yield, citral content and total essential oil yield. The GC-MS study of the essential oil identified 18 constituents, with citral emerging as the predominant constituent. Additionally, majority of the locations were pinpointed as ideal environments for cultivating Jor Lab L-8, underscoring its resilience across multiple locations and highlighting its long-term industrial promise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck is considered as one of the most significant horticultural as well as essential oil crop. However, the significance of the fruit peels left after the utilization of the sour fruit find limited importance and these leftover peels are rich in essential oil. Lemon peel essential oil (LPEO) finds used in the fragrance, food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. In this study lemon peel were used for isolation of essential oil by hydro-distillation, analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS and was further subjected to in vitro anti-oxidant (DPPH, ABTS), anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase, genotoxicity and anti-diabetic assays. The essential oil analysis has revealed limonene as major compound (38.08%) along with other minor compounds namely, α-citral (12.02%), decanal (8.14%) and neral (7.36%). The total amount of citral (α-citral and neral) was found to be 19.38%, comparatively higher compared to previous reports. LPEO was found to exhibit very strong tyrosinase inhibition activity along with good alpha-amylase inhibition. The results from this study further strengthen the immense potential of LPEO as an anti-diabetic and skin whitening agent. The results framed from this study will further strengthen the position of earlier works on biological activities of C. limon besides providing a descriptive work on the potential of Assam LPEO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mentha longifolia (Lamiaceae) is regarded as highly valuable aromatic medicinal species with wide range of pharmaceutical application. In the present work, leaf essential oil of M. longifolia was applied for the assessment of in vitro pharmacological potentials and compositional analysis. A sum of 15 compounds were detected by GC-FID and GC-MS analysis of M. longifolia essential oil with total area of 99.98% where major compounds were carvone (59.56%), D-limonene (20.81%), eucalyptol (10.08%). The anti-oxidant potency of M. longifolia was estimated using two methods viz., ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay where M. longifolia essential oil showed moderate anti-oxidant potency. M. longifolia essential oil revealed high anti-inflammatory and tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value 3.68 μL/mL and 1.22 μL/mL respectively compared to standard sodium diclofenac (5.33 μL/mL) and kojic acid (2.28 μL/mL). The acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitory and genotoxic assay was performed, where M. longifolia essential oil revealed strong anti-acetylcholinesterase and anti-genotoxic activity. Anti-microbial potential of M. longifolia essential oil was also where strong anti-bacterial activity was shown against Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus. For anti-fungal activity, M. longifolia essential oil showed no zone of inhibition against any used strains except Aspergillus flavus. From the present research it was established that M. longifolia essential oil possesses pharmaceutical potential with strong AchE inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-tyrosinase, anti-genotoxic and anti-oxidant activity which can be used for plant-based drug development in future endeavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Capsicum chinense Jacq. (Ghost Pepper) is well-known for its high pungency and pleasant aroma. The recent years witnessed a significant decline in popularity of this important crop due to the use of inferior planting material and lack of elite lines. To maintain constant performance across a variety of settings, it is crucial to choose stable lines with high yield and capsaicin content, as these are the most promising traits of Ghost Pepper. Method: In this study, 120 high-capsaicin genotypes were subjected to a 3-year (kharif 2017, 2018 and 2019) stability investigation utilizing two well-known stability methods: Eberhart-Russell (ER) and additive main effects and multiple interaction (AMMI). Three replications were used following Randomized Complete Block Design for 11 traits. The experiment soil was sandy loam with pH 4.9. Minimum and maximum temperature of 18.5 °C, 17.5 °C, 17.4 °C and 32.2 °C, 31.3 °C, 32.7 °C and rainfall of 1,781, 2,099, 1,972 mm respectively was recorded for the study period. Result: The genotype-environment linear interaction (G×E Lin.) was highly significant for days to 50% flowering, capsaicin content, fruit length and girth, fruit yield per plant and number of fruits per plant at p < 0.005. G×E interaction for fruit yield and capsaicin content in AMMI-analysis of variance reported 67.07% and 71.51% contribution by IPCA-1 (interactive principal component axis) and 32.76% and 28.49% by IPCA-2, respectively. Eight genotypes were identified to be stable with high yield and capsaicin content. The identified stable lines can be opted for cultivation to reduce the impact of crop failure when grown in different macro-environments. Moreover, the pharmaceutical and spice sectors will also be benefitted from the lines with high capsaicin content. Further research assessing the lines' performance across various regions of India can provide a solid foundation for the crop's evaluation at national level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chrysopogon zizanoides L. is an industrially important crop recognized globally for its plentitude of uses in the perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. Acknowledging its vital importance, thorough research was put forward on the ramifications of the chemical profiling and biological activities of C. zizanoides essential oil collected from North East India, with particular reference to the acidic soil condition. The GC/MS analysis identified 31 compounds with an essential oil yield of 0.11±0.035% (v/w), including cubenol as a major compound. Anti-oxidant potential through DPPH scavenging activity disclosed IC50 value in median range, in ABTS assay, IC50 value was much lower than standard (9.43<34.13 μL/mL), indicating high anti-oxidant activity. IC50 value of alpha-amylase assay showed much lower than standard (44.43<68.87 μL/mL), indicating intense anti-diabetic activity; moreover, through trypsin inhibitory assay, the IC50 28.95 μL/mL was almost similar to standard 25.68 μL/mL. Anti-tyrosinase activity revealed contradictory results showing a higher IC50 value (188.75>138.59 μL/mL) than standard kojic acid. A study on anti-microbial activity results revealed no sign of inhibition against any of the tested microbial strains. Therefore, from our research, it is concluded that C. zizanoides root essential oil has potent biological activity. To date, no detailed analysis has been performed on the anti-diabetic and anti-tyrosinase activity of essential oil of C. zizanoides; hence, the present study can be considered novel as it will provide a handful of resources to conduct further research and will open a door for the development of pharmaceutical and natural product industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]