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AbstractMentha longifolia(Lamiaceae) is regarded as highly valuable aromatic medicinal species with wide range of pharmaceutical application. In the present work, leaf essential oil of M. longifoliawas applied for the assessment of in vitropharmacological potentials and compositional analysis. A sum of 15 compounds were detected by GC-FID and GC-MS analysis of M. longifoliaessential oil with total area of 99.98% where major compounds were carvone (59.56%), D-limonene (20.81%), eucalyptol (10.08%). The anti-oxidant potency of M. longifoliawas estimated using two methods viz., ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay where M. longifoliaessential oil showed moderate anti-oxidant potency. M. longifoliaessential oil revealed high anti-inflammatory and tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50value 3.68 μL/mL and 1.22 μL/mL respectively compared to standard sodium diclofenac (5.33 μL/mL) and kojic acid (2.28 μL/mL). The acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitory and genotoxic assay was performed, where M. longifoliaessential oil revealed strong anti-acetylcholinesterase and anti-genotoxic activity. Anti-microbial potential of M. longifoliaessential oil was also where strong anti-bacterial activity was shown against Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus. For anti-fungal activity, M. longifoliaessential oil showed no zone of inhibition against any used strains except Aspergillus flavus. From the present research it was established that M. longifoliaessential oil possesses pharmaceutical potential with strong AchE inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-tyrosinase, anti-genotoxic and anti-oxidant activity which can be used for plant-based drug development in future endeavor.

AbstractPelargonium graveolensL., essential oil (EO) has various therapeutic properties, including aromatherapy. The present experiment was designed to investigate chemical makeup of the P. graveolens(Geranium) EO from Northeast India using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID), and the pharmacological potential was determined using a range of assays along with Allium cepaassay for genotoxicity study. GC-MS analysis of the EO revealed the presence of 11 compounds with a total 97.43% identified area, with citronellol (32.84%), geraniol (23.62%), and citronellyl formate (12.14%) as the major compounds. The essential oil exhibited type-II anti-diabetic properties with an IC506.66 μL/mL and skin whitening potential IC50of 1.89 μL/mL. P. graveolensEO (IC5026.16 μL/mL) was found to possess comparatively weaker anti-inflammatory agent than the standard diclofenac (IC509.24 μL/mL) in the protease inhibitory test. The EO demonstrated moderate antioxidant activity with an IC50value of 22.68 μL/mL than ascorbic acid IC5012.53 μL/mL in the ABTS assay. The EO was found to moderately affect the mitotic index (15.32%) and induce chromosomal aberrations (11.40%) at a concentration of 1 μL/mL after 72 h of exposure. Based on the findings the Northeast Indian variety of P. graveolensEO exhibits promising type-II anti-diabetic and skin whitening properties, which could be further utilized in the formulation of anti-diabetic and skin whitening agents after validation through clinical trials.

AbstractsOcimum americanumL. is a highly valued aromatic plant whose leaves are used not only in traditional cuisine but also in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. This study aimed to identify the chemical profile of essential oil extracted from the leaves of Ocimum americanumby GC-FID and GC/MS grown in acidic soil conditions in the NE region of India. Furthermore, the biological activities like antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tyrosinase activity were analyzed, as per standard methods. GC and GC/MS analysis identified 16 compounds in which citral-a (48.25%) was found as a major compound, followed by carveol (41.64%). The antioxidant activity was performed using DPPH and ABTS methods; and IC50value obtained was 8.85 μL/mL and 28.82 μL/mL, respectively. The leaf essential oil of O. americanumexhibited strong anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities, whereas moderate anti-tyrosinase activities with IC50values of 40.84, 12.81, and 182.74 μL/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the ant-microbial activity was evaluated for four bacterial and four fungal strains, revealing that O. americanumessential oil expresses antifungal activity against S. cereviaceaeonly with a MIC value of 5±0.47 μg/mL. These evidences clearly indicates that essential oil obtained from the leaf of O. americanumshowed potential anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activity that can be used as an alternative in pharmaceuticals and food industries as a natural source.

AbstractChrysopogon zizanoidesL. is an industrially important crop recognized globally for its plentitude of uses in the perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. Acknowledging its vital importance, thorough research was put forward on the ramifications of the chemical profiling and biological activities of C. zizanoidesessential oil collected from North East India, with particular reference to the acidic soil condition. The GC/MS analysis identified 31 compounds with an essential oil yield of 0.11±0.035% (v/w), including cubenol as a major compound. Anti-oxidant potential through DPPH scavenging activity disclosed IC50value in median range, in ABTS assay, IC50value was much lower than standard (9.43<34.13 μL/mL), indicating high anti-oxidant activity. IC50value of alpha-amylase assay showed much lower than standard (44.43<68.87 μL/mL), indicating intense anti-diabetic activity; moreover, through trypsin inhibitory assay, the IC5028.95 μL/mL was almost similar to standard 25.68 μL/mL. Anti-tyrosinase activity revealed contradictory results showing a higher IC50 value (188.75>138.59 μL/mL) than standard kojic acid. A study on anti-microbial activity results revealed no sign of inhibition against any of the tested microbial strains. Therefore, from our research, it is concluded that C. zizanoidesroot essential oil has potent biological activity. To date, no detailed analysis has been performed on the anti-diabetic and anti-tyrosinase activity of essential oil of C. zizanoides; hence, the present study can be considered novel as it will provide a handful of resources to conduct further research and will open a door for the development of pharmaceutical and natural product industries.

AbstractThe Matricaria chamomillaL. popularly known as chamomile is a plant with many medicinal and pharmaceutical values. The essential oil from dried floral part (capitulata) of the plant has unique chemical profile with a lot of commercial value. In this study, fresh Matricaria chamomillaflowers were used for the extraction of essential oils using Clevenger apparatus and chemical composition was investigated through GC/FID and GC/MS analysis. Antimicrobial activity was carried out using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory (MIC) concentration assay; DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays were used for anti-oxidant activity determination, trypsin inhibitory assay for the anti-inflammatory test, standard tyrosinase, alpha-amylase inhibitory assays were also used for other biological activities. For genotoxicity analysis, standard Allium cepaassay was used. Chamomile essential oil (CEO) analysis showed the presence of 8 compounds of which six were major compounds namely α-bisabolol oxide, bisabolol oxide II, α-bisabolonoxide, γ-himachalene, cis-β-farnesene and chamazulene with a significant area percentage of 48.94%, 13.48 %, 12.44%, 8.58%, 5.7% and 3.61% respectively. This unique chemical profile which is related to the climatic conditions of North East India impacts other biological activities also. The antimicrobial activity showed the essential oil of M. chamomilla(CEO) was effective against S. griseus(ATCC-10137), fungi A. flavus(ATCC-9643) and F. keratoplasticum(ATCC-36031) following inhibition zones of 16 mm, 20 mm and 19 mm respectively. The antioxidant assay showed that the DPPH assay revealed an IC50 value of 21.95 μL/mL, and the ABTS assay revealed an IC50 value of 23.56 μL/mL. The CEO also possessed antidiabetic activity at 29.88 μL/mL, and acetylcholinesterase showed an IC50 value of 19.20 μL/mL. The CEO showed a mitotic index value of 34.20% where the aberration rate for the CEO was 8.60%. The study was designed and implemented for the first time from Northeast grown M. chamomillawhich reveals tremendous potential for pharmacology, clinical and industrial research.