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Heterocyclic compounds have been the subject of extensive research due to their diverse pharmacological effects. Among these molecules are quinazolinone analogs, which have demonstrated a range of pharmacological potentials. In search of novel therapeutic pharmaceutical molecules, medicinal chemistry researchers are drawn to the quinazolinone nucleus. This article aims to provide an overview of the many pharmacological activities of the quinazolinone moiety. Based on the quinazolinone moiety, more modern molecules have been developed and synthesized. These compounds show negligible toxicity and outstanding anti-disease capabilities. This paper reviews several different quinazolinone analogs and makes recommendations for future research paths in the quest to create effective quinazolinone drugs for a range of biological objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of water pollutants by photocatalysis is a promising technique, mainly due to its environmentally friendly and sustainable nature. In this study, the degradation of a recalcitrant organic pollutant, malachite green (MG), was investigated in water by a microstructured silver oxide photocatalyst. The silver oxide (Ag2O) microparticles (MPs) were synthesized by a low-cost, green method, mediated by green tea leaves extract. The surface, morphological and optical properties of the synthesized Ag2O MPs were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-visible) spectrophotometry. The synthesized Ag2O MPs showed good photoactivity, represented by 83% degradation of malachite green (MG) ([C]0 = 0.4 mM, Ag2O loading = 0.1 g L−1) at neutral pH, in 3 h. Persulfate ions (PS) showed a strong synergistic effect on the efficiency of solar/Ag2O photocatalysis, represented by complete MG removal in 15 min, in the presence of 1.6 mM PS. The results revealed that solar/Ag2O, particularly solar/Ag2O/PS photocatalysis is a promising method for the elimination of toxic organic pollutants, such as malachite green, from the water environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidation of the iodide ion is an important facet of the solar cells such as perovskite solar cells and dye‐sensitized solar cells. The rate of reaction undoubtedly depends upon several factors. Such parameters include reaction media, electrolyte, and the nature of solvents, and electrolyte. If these factors are optimized then the rate of the reaction can be controlled and could be used to get the maximum benefit out of it such as economically and industrially cost‐effective uses of the reaction and globally environmentally benign. We studied the kinetics of the oxidation of the iodide ion in the binary solvent system that consisted of 10% (v/v) tertiary butyl alcohol and water. The transition metal complex such as dicyanobis(phenanthroline)iron(III) oxidizes the iodide ion spontaneously without any external triggering with a fast rate at 293 ± 1 K. The reaction was probed under the pseudo–first‐order condition with an excess concentration of the iodide ion over dicyanobis(phenanthroline)iron(III) at 0.06 M ionic strength. The reaction was observed independent of the concentration of dicyanobis(phenanthroline)iron(III), that is, the zero order and third order with respect to the iodide ion in the selected solvent system. An overall third‐order was observed for the redox reaction. The value of the multiplication product of the molar absorptivity (ɛ), path length of the cuvette (b), and overall rate constant (k) was deduced to be 1.59 × 106 M−3 s−1. The observed zero‐order rate constant of the reaction was increased by the fractional (1.5) power of the concentration of protons in the excess concentration of acid 1 mM to 0.1 M. The multiplication product of ɛ⋅b to the fractional order rate constant (k′) was found 0.773 M−1.5 s−1 that confirms protonation of triiodide in acidic‐10% (v/v) tertiary butyl alcohol‐water. The effect of ionic strength showed a similar impact in different compositions of solvents such as 5, 10, and 20% (v/v) tertiary butyl alcohol‐water. The observed zero‐order rate constant was decreased upon increasing the ionic strength in each medium consisting of the binary solvent system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is aimed at the synthesis and exploring the efficiency of a novel activated carbon incorporated polyindole (AC@PIN) composite for adsorptive removal of Malachite Green (MG) dye from aqueous solution. An AC@PIN hybrid material was prepared by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization. The physico-chemical characteristics of the AC@PIN composite were assessed using Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, and determination of point of zero charge (pHPZC). A series of adsorption studies was conducted to evaluate the influence of operational parameters such as pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, AC@PIN dosage, and temperature on dye adsorption behavior of developed composite. A maximum dye removal percentage (97.3%) was achieved at the pH = 10, AC@PIN dosage = 6.0 mg, initial dye concentration 150 mg L−1, and temperature = 20 °C. The kinetic studies demonstrated that the adsorption of MG on AC@PIN followed pseudo-second-order model (R2 ≥ 0.99). Meanwhile, Langmuir isotherm model was founded to be the best isotherm model to describe the adsorption process. Finally, the recyclability test revealed that the composite exhibits good recycle efficiency and is stable after 5 cycles. The obtained results suggest that AC@PIN composite could be a potential candidate for the removal of MG from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To overcome the poor antibacterial performance of cerium oxide (CeO 2 ) nanoparticles at low concentrations, melon seed-shaped CeO 2 (MS-CeO 2 ) and holmium (Ho)-doped CeO 2 (Ho@MS-CeO 2 ) nanoparticles were synthesized using a simple precipitation method without the addition of any surfactants. The surface morphology, phase structure, crystallinity, Ce 3+ and Ce 4+ valence, lattice defects, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of both synthesized nanostructures were examined using different techniques, i.e., scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energydispersive X-ray (EDX), resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet (UV) spectra, fluorescence spectra, and zeta potential (ζ). The results show that under certain stirring and aging temperatures, CeO 2 and Ho-doped CeO 2 nanoparticles with a melon seed-like morphology can be prepared in a short period. Both nanoparticles were tested as antiseptic agents against G + and G - bacteria ( E. coli and S. aureus ), and the results confirmed that the Ho@MS-CeO 2 nanostructures exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity at a low concentration (0.5 mg/L) compared with the control group, which is attributed to the reversible conversion of Ce 3+ and Ce 4+ in the ceria crystal lattice, enriched oxygen vacancy, ROS species production, and positive surface charge., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)