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1. Towards a sustained and fit-for-purpose European ocean observing and forecasting system

Author

Toste Tanhua, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Nicole Köstner, Dina Eparkhina, Gabriel Navarro, Martha Bonnet Dunbar, Sabrina Speich, Ananda Pascual, Karina von Schuckmann, Giovanni Liguori, Johannes Karstensen, Abed El Rahman Hassoun, Erik van Doorn, Bàrbara Barceló-Llull, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Caroline Cusack, Emma Heslop, Ana Lara-Lopez, George Petihakis, Maciej Telszewski, Artur P. Palacz, Kirsten Wilmer-Becker, Jay Pearlman, Ángel Muñiz Piniella, Johanna Jacomina Heymans, and Inga Lips

Subjects
ocean observing, governance, ocean science, forecasting, global ocean observing system, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract

The EU funded project EuroSea brought together key actors of the European ocean observing and forecasting communities with key users of the ocean observing products and services in order to better integrate existing ocean observation systems and tools, and to improve the delivery of ocean information to users. EuroSea was constructed around the ocean observing value chain that connects observations to users of ocean information, and, just as intended, the value chain concept was a useful prism to improve the system. In this article, we summarize some of the main take-home messages from EuroSea on the needs for developing the European Ocean Observing System and its links with modeling and forecasting systems. During the project, the challenges and gaps in the design and coordination of the European ocean observing and forecasting system were identified and mapped. Many gaps and challenges related to the observations of physical, chemical and biological Essential Ocean Variables were identified. Some of these gaps are related to technological developments, while others are caused by insufficient and short-term funding leading to a not sustainable system, management, and cooperation between different entities, as well as limitations in foresight activities, policies and decisions. This article represents a compilation of the broader needs for advancing the observing and forecasting system, and is meant as a guide for the community, and to funders and investors to advance ocean observing and the delivery of ocean information in Europe. To enhance the sustainability of ocean observations, which is paramount for a reliable provision of quality oceanographic data and services, several recommendations were compiled for ocean observing networks, frameworks, initiatives, as well as the ocean observing funders within the European nations, and the European Commission.

Published
2024
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2. Historical tide gauge sea‐level observations in Alicante and Santander (Spain) since the 19th century

Author

Marta Marcos, Bernat Puyol, Angel Amores, Begoña Pérez Gómez, María Ángeles Fraile, and Stefan Andreas Talke

Subjects
data archaeology, sea level, tide gauge, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

Abstract A set of historical tide gauge sea‐level records from two locations in Santander (Northern Spain) and Alicante (Spanish Mediterranean coast) have been recovered from logbooks stored in national archives. Sea‐level measurements have been digitized, quality‐controlled and merged into three consistent sea‐level time series (two in Alicante and one in Santander) using high‐precision levelling information. The historical sea‐level record in Santander consists of a daily time series spanning the period 1876‐1924 and it is further connected to the record from the modern tide gauge station nearby, ensuring datum continuity up to the present. The sea‐level recording in Alicante started in 1870, with daily averaged values until the 1920s and hourly afterwards, and the tide gauges at the two Alicante sites are still operating, thereby providing one of the longest tide gauge sea‐level time series in the Mediterranean Sea. The long‐term consistency and reliability of the new records are discussed based on comparison with nearby tide gauge time series.

Published
2021
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3. Challenges for Sustained Observing and Forecasting Systems in the Mediterranean Sea

Author

Joaquín Tintoré, Nadia Pinardi, Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul, Eva Aguiar, Diego Álvarez-Berastegui, Marco Bajo, Rosa Balbin, Roberto Bozzano, Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli, Vanessa Cardin, Benjamin Casas, Miguel Charcos-Llorens, Jacopo Chiggiato, Emanuela Clementi, Giovanni Coppini, Laurent Coppola, Gianpiero Cossarini, Alan Deidun, Salud Deudero, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Aldo Drago, Massimiliano Drudi, Ghada El Serafy, Romain Escudier, Patrick Farcy, Ivan Federico, Juan Gabriel Fernández, Christian Ferrarin, Cristina Fossi, Constantin Frangoulis, Francois Galgani, Slim Gana, Jesús García Lafuente, Marcos García Sotillo, Pierre Garreau, Isaac Gertman, Lluis Gómez-Pujol, Alessandro Grandi, Daniel Hayes, Jaime Hernández-Lasheras, Barak Herut, Emma Heslop, Karim Hilmi, Melanie Juza, George Kallos, Gerasimos Korres, Rita Lecci, Paolo Lazzari, Pablo Lorente, Svitlana Liubartseva, Ferial Louanchi, Vlado Malacic, Gianandrea Mannarini, David March, Salvatore Marullo, Elena Mauri, Lorinc Meszaros, Baptiste Mourre, Laurent Mortier, Cristian Muñoz-Mas, Antonio Novellino, Dominique Obaton, Alejandro Orfila, Ananda Pascual, Sara Pensieri, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Susana Pérez Rubio, Leonidas Perivoliotis, George Petihakis, Loic Petit de la Villéon, Jenny Pistoia, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Sylvie Pouliquen, Laura Prieto, Patrick Raimbault, Patricia Reglero, Emma Reyes, Paz Rotllan, Simón Ruiz, Javier Ruiz, Inmaculada Ruiz, Luis Francisco Ruiz-Orejón, Baris Salihoglu, Stefano Salon, Simone Sammartino, Agustín Sánchez Arcilla, Antonio Sánchez-Román, Gianmaria Sannino, Rosalia Santoleri, Rafael Sardá, Katrin Schroeder, Simona Simoncelli, Sarantis Sofianos, Georgios Sylaios, Toste Tanhua, Anna Teruzzi, Pierre Testor, Devrim Tezcan, Marc Torner, Francesco Trotta, Georg Umgiesser, Karina von Schuckmann, Giorgia Verri, Ivica Vilibic, Mustafa Yucel, Marco Zavatarelli, and George Zodiatis

Subjects
observing and forecasting systems, sustained observations, ocean variability, FAIR data, climate, operational services, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract

The Mediterranean community represented in this paper is the result of more than 30 years of EU and nationally funded coordination, which has led to key contributions in science concepts and operational initiatives. Together with the establishment of operational services, the community has coordinated with universities, research centers, research infrastructures and private companies to implement advanced multi-platform and integrated observing and forecasting systems that facilitate the advancement of operational services, scientific achievements and mission-oriented innovation. Thus, the community can respond to societal challenges and stakeholders needs, developing a variety of fit-for-purpose services such as the Copernicus Marine Service. The combination of state-of-the-art observations and forecasting provides new opportunities for downstream services in response to the needs of the heavily populated Mediterranean coastal areas and to climate change. The challenge over the next decade is to sustain ocean observations within the research community, to monitor the variability at small scales, e.g., the mesoscale/submesoscale, to resolve the sub-basin/seasonal and inter-annual variability in the circulation, and thus establish the decadal variability, understand and correct the model-associated biases and to enhance model-data integration and ensemble forecasting for uncertainty estimation. Better knowledge and understanding of the level of Mediterranean variability will enable a subsequent evaluation of the impacts and mitigation of the effect of human activities and climate change on the biodiversity and the ecosystem, which will support environmental assessments and decisions. Further challenges include extending the science-based added-value products into societal relevant downstream services and engaging with communities to build initiatives that will contribute to the 2030 Agenda and more specifically to SDG14 and the UN's Decade of Ocean Science for sustainable development, by this contributing to bridge the science-policy gap. The Mediterranean observing and forecasting capacity was built on the basis of community best practices in monitoring and modeling, and can serve as a basis for the development of an integrated global ocean observing system.

Published
2019
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4. From Observation to Information and Users: The Copernicus Marine Service Perspective

Author

Pierre Yves Le Traon, Antonio Reppucci, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Lotfi Aouf, Arno Behrens, Maria Belmonte, Abderrahim Bentamy, Laurent Bertino, Vittorio Ernesto Brando, Matilde Brandt Kreiner, Mounir Benkiran, Thierry Carval, Stefania A. Ciliberti, Hervé Claustre, Emanuela Clementi, Giovanni Coppini, Gianpiero Cossarini, Marta De Alfonso Alonso-Muñoyerro, Anne Delamarche, Gerald Dibarboure, Frode Dinessen, Marie Drevillon, Yann Drillet, Yannice Faugere, Vicente Fernández, Andrew Fleming, M. Isabel Garcia-Hermosa, Marcos García Sotillo, Gilles Garric, Florent Gasparin, Cedric Giordan, Marion Gehlen, Marilaure L. Gregoire, Stephanie Guinehut, Mathieu Hamon, Chris Harris, Fabrice Hernandez, Jørgen B. Hinkler, Jacob Hoyer, Juha Karvonen, Susan Kay, Robert King, Thomas Lavergne, Benedicte Lemieux-Dudon, Leonardo Lima, Chongyuan Mao, Matthew J. Martin, Simona Masina, Angelique Melet, Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli, Glenn Nolan, Ananda Pascual, Jenny Pistoia, Atanas Palazov, Jean Francois Piolle, Marie Isabelle Pujol, Anne Christine Pequignet, Elisaveta Peneva, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Loic Petit de la Villeon, Nadia Pinardi, Andrea Pisano, Sylvie Pouliquen, Rebecca Reid, Elisabeth Remy, Rosalia Santoleri, John Siddorn, Jun She, Joanna Staneva, Ad Stoffelen, Marina Tonani, Luc Vandenbulcke, Karina von Schuckmann, Gianluca Volpe, Cecilie Wettre, and Anna Zacharioudaki

Subjects
ocean, observing systems, satellite, in situ, data assimilation, services, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract

The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) provides regular and systematic reference information on the physical and biogeochemical ocean and sea-ice state for the global ocean and the European regional seas. CMEMS serves a wide range of users (more than 15,000 users are now registered to the service) and applications. Observations are a fundamental pillar of the CMEMS value-added chain that goes from observation to information and users. Observations are used by CMEMS Thematic Assembly Centres (TACs) to derive high-level data products and by CMEMS Monitoring and Forecasting Centres (MFCs) to validate and constrain their global and regional ocean analysis and forecasting systems. This paper presents an overview of CMEMS, its evolution, and how the value of in situ and satellite observations is increased through the generation of high-level products ready to be used by downstream applications and services. The complementary nature of satellite and in situ observations is highlighted. Long-term perspectives for the development of CMEMS are described and implications for the evolution of the in situ and satellite observing systems are outlined. Results from Observing System Evaluations (OSEs) and Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) illustrate the high dependencies of CMEMS systems on observations. Finally future CMEMS requirements for both satellite and in situ observations are detailed.

Published
2019
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5. Nivmar: a storm surge forecasting system for Spanish waters

Author

Enrique Álvarez Fanjul, Begoña Pérez Gómez, and Ignacio Rodríguez Sánchez Arévalo

Subjects
nivmar, sea level, storm surge, forecast, redmar, tide gauge, Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling, SH1-691
Abstract

In this paper, a storm surge prediction system for the Spanish Waters is presented. The system, named Nivmar, is based on the ocean circulation Hamsom model and on the harmonical prediction of tides computed from data measured by the tide gauge network Redmar, managed by Puertos del Estado. Nivmar is executed twice a day, running Hamsom forced by meteorological fields derived from the INM (Instituto Nacional de Meteorología) operational application of Hirlam atmospheric model. Data from Redmar tide gauges is used to to forecast the tidal elevations, to validate the system and to perform data assimilation, correcting systematic errors in the mean sea level due to physicals processes that are not included in the ocean model (i. e. steric height). The forecast horizon is 48 hours. In order to validate the system with measured data from Redmar a very stormy 5 months period was selected. Results from this test (November 95 to March 96) are presented. Data from this experiment shown that Nivmar is able to correctly predict sea level in the region. A simple data assimilation scheme for sea level is described and results from its application are studied. Finally, special focus is made in future plans and potential developments and applications of the system.

Published
2001
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6. Delayed-mode reprocessing of in situ sea level data for the Copernicus Marine Service 

Author

Jue Lin-Ye, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Alejandro Gallardo, Fernando Manzano, Marta de Alfonso, Elizabeth Bradshaw, and Angela Hibbert

Abstract

The number of tide gauges providing coastal sea level data has significantly increased in recent decades. They help in the issue of coastal hazard warnings, the forecasting of storm surges and tsunamis, and in operational oceanography applications. This data is often automatically quality controlled in near-real-time, as is the case in the Copernicus Marine Service. However, machine and visually inspected validation of historical sea level time series from these platforms is required. It has long been requested by the oceanographic community at large. As a result, a new initiative seeks to provide such validated data for the Copernicus Marine Service, by developing a new delayed-mode reprocessed in-situ sea level product. The existing software for the near-real-time product has been adapted to this end. After being visually controlled by a team with expertise in sea level reprocessing, the new product was launched in November of 2022. The entire reprocessing is discussed, in detail. An example of the information that can be extracted from the delayed-mode product is also given.

Published
2023

9. Supplementary material to 'Coastal Sea Level Monitoring in the Mediterranean and Black Seas'

Author

Begoña Pérez Gómez, Ivica Vilibić, Jadranka Šepić, Iva Međugorac, Matjaž Ličer, Laurent Testut, Claire Fraboul, Marta Marcos, Hassen Abdellaoui, Enrique Álvarez Fanjul, Darko Barbalić, Benjamín Casas, Antonio Castaño-Tierno, Srđan Čupić, Aldo Drago, María Ángeles Fraile, Daniele A. Galliano, Adam Gauci, Branislav Gloginja, Víctor Martín Guijarro, Maja Jeromel, Marcos Larrad Revuelto, Ayah Lazar, Ibrahim Haktan Keskin, Igor Medvedev, Abdelkader Menassri, Mohamed A. Meslem, Hrvoje Mihanović, Sara Morucci, Dragos Niculescu, José Manuel Quijano de Benito, Josep Pascual, Atanas Palazov, Marco Picone, Fabio Raicich, Mohamed Said, Jordi Salat, Erdinc Sezen, Mehmet Simav, Georgios Sylaios, Elena Tel, Joaquín Tintoré, Klodian Zaimi, and George Zodiatis

Published
2022
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10. Sea Level Measurement

Author

Gwenaële Jan, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Corinne Salaün, Didier Rouxel, Nicolas Pouvreau, Yann Ferret, and Alexa Latapy

Published
2022
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11. Coastal Sea Level Monitoring in the Mediterranean and Black Seas

Author

Begoña Pérez Gómez, Ivica Vilibić, Jadranka Šepić, Iva Međugorac, Matjaž Ličer, Laurent Testut, Claire Fraboul, Marta Marcos, Hassen Abdellaoui, Enrique Álvarez Fanjul, Darko Barbalić, Benjamín Casas, Antonio Castaño-Tierno, Srđan Čupić, Aldo Drago, María Angeles Fraile, Daniele A. Galliano, Adam Gauci, Branislav Gloginja, Víctor Martín Guijarro, Maja Jeromel, Marcos Larrad Revuelto, Ayah Lazar, Ibrahim Haktan Keskin, Igor Medvedev, Abdelkader Menassri, Mohamed Aïssa Meslem, Hrvoje Mihanović, Sara Morucci, Dragos Niculescu, José Manuel Quijano de Benito, Josep Pascual, Atanas Palazov, Marco Picone, Fabio Raicich, Mohamed Said, Jordi Salat, Erdinc Sezen, Mehmet Simav, Georgios Sylaios, Elena Tel, Joaquín Tintoré, Klodian Zaimi, George Zodiatis, European Commission, and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)

Subjects
Geophysics, General Medicine, sea level, Sea Level, Tide Gauge, GNSS, Radar sensor, Float sensor, Acoustic sensor, Pressure sensor
Abstract

Special issue “Advances in interdisciplinary studies at multiple scales in the Mediterranean Sea”. It is a result of the 8th MONGOOS Meeting & Workshop, Trieste, Italy, 3–5 December 2019.-- 57 pages, 9 figures, 1 table, 1 appendix, supplement https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-997-2022-supplement.-- Data availability: Access to sea level data presented in this review is provided through national and international data portals and repositories quoted in Sects. 2 and 3 and in the Supplement, Employed for over a century, the traditional way of monitoring sea level variability by tide gauges – in combination with modern observational techniques like satellite altimetry – is an inevitable ingredient in sea level studies over the climate scales and in coastal seas. The development of the instrumentation, remote data acquisition, processing, and archiving in the last decades has allowed the extension of the applications to a variety of users and coastal hazard managers. The Mediterranean and Black seas are examples of such a transition – while having a long tradition of sea level observations with several records spanning over a century, the number of modern tide gauge stations is growing rapidly, with data available both in real time and as a research product at different time resolutions. As no comprehensive survey of the tide gauge networks has been carried out recently in these basins, the aim of this paper is to map the existing coastal sea level monitoring infrastructures and the respective data availability. The survey encompasses a description of major monitoring networks in the Mediterranean and Black seas and their characteristics, including the type of sea level sensors, measuring resolutions, data availability, and existence of ancillary measurements, altogether collecting information about 240 presently operational tide gauge stations. The availability of the Mediterranean and Black seas sea level data in the global and European sea level repositories has been also screened and classified following their sampling interval and level of quality check, pointing to the necessity of harmonization of the data available with different metadata and series in different repositories. Finally, an assessment of the networks' capabilities for their use in different sea level applications has been done, with recommendations that might mitigate the bottlenecks and ensure further development of the networks in a coordinated way, a critical need in the era of human-induced climate changes and sea level rise, This research has been partially supported by Horizon 2020 (EuroSea (grant no. 862626) and JERICO-S3 (grant no. 871153)), With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)

Published
2022

12. Understanding Sea Level Processes During Western Mediterranean Storm Gloria

Author

Begoña Pérez-Gómez, Manuel García-León, Javier García-Valdecasas, Emanuela Clementi, César Mösso Aranda, Susana Pérez-Rubio, Simona Masina, Giovanni Coppini, Rafael Molina-Sánchez, Angel Muñoz-Cubillo, Ana García Fletcher, José Francisco Sánchez González, Agustín Sánchez-Arcilla, Enrique Álvarez Fanjul, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Civil i Ambiental, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. LIM/UPC - Laboratori d'Enginyeria Marítima

Subjects
infragravity waves, Mediterranean climate, sea level processes, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Multi-model forecast, Infragravity wave, Science, Storm surge, Ocean Engineering, QH1-199.5, Aquatic Science, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean Basin, Nivell del mar -- Mediterrània occidental, Operational system, Storm Gloria, storm surge, Sea level processes, Sea level, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Global and Planetary Change, Enginyeria agroalimentària::Ciències de la terra i de la vida::Climatologia i meteorologia [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Infragravity waves, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Storm, multi-model forecast, Tide gauges, Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria hidràulica, marítima i sanitària::Ports i costes [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Coastal impact, Tide gauge, tide gauges, Sea level--Mediterranean Sea, Geology
Abstract

In January 2020, the storm Gloria hit the Western Mediterranean Sea causing severe coastal damages, destruction of infrastructures, flooding and several casualties. This extreme event was characterized by strong Eastern winds, record-breaking waves heights and periods, and a storm surge that locally beat the record along Valencia’s coastline. This paper analyses the dynamic evolution of sea level during this storm. The study employs both the in situ data and the operational forecasts of the PORTUS early warning system. Tide gauge data are analyzed on the different temporal scales that contribute to total sea level: long-term and seasonal, tides and storm surges, and higher frequency oscillations. It was found that, due to the unusual long wave periods, infragravity waves were generated and dominate the high frequency energy band, contributing significantly to extreme sea level records. This is a relevant finding, since this kind of oscillations are usually associated with larger basins, where swell can develop and propagate. The impact of sea level rise is also analyzed and considered relevant. A multi-model ensemble storm surge forecasting system is employed to study the event. The system was able to correctly forecast the surge, and the measured data were always inside the confidence bands of the system. The differences of the results obtained by the available operational forecasting system integrated into the ensemble, including those from Copernicus Marine Service, are described. All the models provided useful forecasts during the event, but differences with measured data are described and connected with the known limitations in physics (for example, barotropic vs. baroclinic) and set-up of the models (model domain, lack of tides and different inverse barometer implementations at the open boundaries amongst others). This contribution has been possible thanks to the products provided by the Puertos del Estado PORTUS operational system and E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information, more specifically, the NRT forecast products for the Mediterranean basin and the IBI area. In situ data from PdE tide gauges and buoys networks, also available through the CMEMS In Situ TAC, have been used. This contribution has been possible thanks to the products provided by the Puertos del Estado PORTUS operational system and E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information, more specifically, the NRT forecast products for the Mediterranean basin and the IBI area. In situ data from PdE tide gauges and buoys networks, also available through the CMEMS In Situ TAC, have been used.

Published
2021
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13. New Tide Gauge Data Flow Strategy

Author

Elizabeth Bradshaw, Guy Westbrook, Laurent Testut, Marta de Alfonso, Fernando Manzano, Angela Hibbert, Claire Fraboul, Sylvie Pouliquen, Mathieu Belbeoch, Marta Marcos, Antonio Novellino, Silvia Chacon Barrantes, Guy Wöppelmann, Tarot Stephane, Andrew Matthews, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Francisco Hernandez, Long Jiang, Bart Vanhoorne, and Bernardo Aliaga

Subjects
Data flow diagram, Tide gauge, Geodesy, Geology
Published
2021

14. Monitoring and assessment of an oil spill event with very high resolution tools

Author

Guillermo García-Sánchez, Ana M. Mancho, Antonio G. Ramos, Josep Coca, Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul, Víctor J. García-Garrido, Manuel García-León, Stephen Wiggins, Begoña Pérez-Gómez, and Marcos García Sotillo

Subjects
Very high resolution, Meteorology, Event (relativity), Oil spill, Environmental science
Abstract

This presentation discusses a downstream application from Copernicus Services, developed in the framework of the IMPRESSIVE project, for the monitoring of the oil spill produced after the crash of the ferry “Volcan de Tamasite” in waters of the Canary Islands on the 21st of April 2017. The presentation summarizes the findings of [1] that describe a complete monitoring of the diesel fuel spill, well-documented by port authorities. Complementary information supplied by different sources enhances the description of the event. We discuss the performance of very high resolution hydrodynamic models in the area of the Port of Gran Canaria and their ability for describing the evolution of this event. Dynamical systems ideas support the comparison of different models performance. Very high resolution remote sensing products and in situ observation validate the description.Authors acknowledge support from IMPRESSIVE a project funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 821922. SW acknowledges the support of ONR Grant No. N00014-01-1-0769References[1] G.García-Sánchez, A. M. Mancho, A. G. Ramos, J. Coca, B. Pérez-Gómez, E. Álvarez-Fanjul, M. G. Sotillo, M. García-León, V. J. García-Garrido, S. Wiggins. Very High Resolution Tools for the Monitoring and Assessment of Environmental Hazards in Coastal Areas. Front. Mar. Sci. (2021) doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.605804.

Published
2021
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15. On the effect of sea level increases during the Storm Gloria

Author

Begoña Pérez Gómez

Subjects
Oceanography, Environmental science, Storm, Sea level
Abstract

The final extent of coastal impacts during extreme events depends on a complex combination of factors (coastal morphology, infrastructures, population, economic activities), and meteorological and oceanographic variables interacting at different spatial and temporal scales (e.g.: precipitation, atmospheric pressure, wind, waves, currents and sea level). Coastal sea level is a key driver of most of these impacts, starting by the increased vulnerability of worldwide coastlines due to mean sea level rise. In January 2020, the storm Gloria hit the Western Mediterranean Sea causing severe coastal damages, destruction of infrastructures, flooding and several casualties. The dynamic evolution of sea level during this storm is presented, demonstrating its contribution to the mentioned impacts at different timescales: long-term sea level and seasonal changes, tides and storm surges, and higher frequency oscillations of the order of minutes, associated with different forcing agents like wind-waves, wind and atmospheric pressure variations or edge waves. Tide gauge data are used as the main source of information including the detection and characterization of record-breaking high-frequency oscillations, (infragravity waves, meteotsunamis, resonance effects), thanks to a new software that operationally characterizes these processes from 2Hz raw data. The storm surge component, that also beat the record along Valencia coastline, is analyzed with in-situ data and model outputs from different operational forecasting systems in the region. The exercise shows the difficulty of disentangling different wave, wind and atmospheric pressure contributions to sea level increase during a storm.

Published
2021
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16. Multimodel assessment of CMEMS storm-surge forecasts under record-breaking Gloria storm

Author

Manuel García León, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Emanuela Clementi, Marcos G. Sotillo, Simona Masina, Pablo Lorente, Roland Aznar, Giovanni Coppini, and Enrique Álvarez Fanjul

Abstract

On January 19th-24th 2020, the Western Spanish Mediterranean (WM) coast was hit by the storm Gloria, one of the most extreme meteorological events ever recorded in the region. A strong North-South atmospheric pressure gradient, linked to a high atmospheric pressure system centred over the British Islands (1050hPa), favoured outstanding easterly winds across the WM. Several buoys moored along the Iberian Mediterranean coast beat their record of significant wave height (reaching 8.44 m at Valencia buoy) and a wind-driven storm-surge locally beat the record along the Valencia coastline.Operational storm-surge forecasts were provided by different services at the WM area. Models presented both commonalities and differences, due to their intrinsic features (physics, resolution, forcing data, assimilation scheme, etc). A way to synthetise all these model outcomes, is by building an ensemble that integrates all of them. Ensemble techniques, such as Bayesian Model Average (BMA), not only generate combined forecasts; but also may compute confidence intervals, that are specially suitable when the ensemble members diverge.Since 2018, the Puertos del Estado (PdE) ENSURF (ENsemble SURge Forecast) system delivers probabilistic forecasts at WM tidal stations, by combining in a BMA: (i) near-real time tide gauge data and (ii) forecasts from the PdE Nivmar system and the CMEMS MED-MFC and IBI-MFC services. Consequently, this contribution aims to assess the performance of these storm-surge forecasts under storm Gloria at two levels: (i) individually and (ii) integrated within the ENSURF system. Each forecast solution has been analysed at several tidal stations, and no single model outperforms at all tidal stations and synoptic conditions. Then, it is confirmed that the probabilistic forecast gives significant added value with respect to existing operational systems.At an individual level, on those tidal stations in which the surge was mainly wave and wind-driven, MED-MFC performed better, with emphasis on the growth-phase of the surge. IBI-MFC showed good skill on those stations with wind-driven surges, and those mean sea level pressure-driven (MLSP) surges in which the Atlantic-Med water-mass exchanges are important. Finally, Nivmar exhibited good performance on MSLP-driven surges.At the integrated level, the ENSURF forecast presents lower bias and RMS, plus higher correlation than most of its ensemble members. Despite these error metrics, though, further work is also needed on the BMA for estimating the peak of the storm-surge event. The results for this contribution, then, may serve to plan forthcoming improvements in the current coastal sea-level forecast systems.

Published
2021
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17. Storm Gloria: Sea State Evolution Based on in situ Measurements and Modeled Data and Its Impact on Extreme Values

Author

Marta de Alfonso, Jue Lin-Ye, José M. García-Valdecasas, Susana Pérez-Rubio, M. Yolanda Luna, Daniel Santos-Muñoz, M. Isabel Ruiz, Begoña Pérez-Gómez, Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Laboratori d'Enginyeria Marítima, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. LIM/UPC - Laboratori d'Enginyeria Marítima

Subjects
Ports -- Espanya, Mediterrània, Mar -- Aspectes ambientals, Meteorology, lcsh:QH1-199.5, forecast, Forecast skill, Ocean Engineering, Context (language use), Sea state, Aquatic Science, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Oceanography, Mediterranean sea, Storm Gloria, forecasF, Mediterranean Sea, waves, extreme analysis, Extreme value theory, Nàutica::Infraestructures portuàries [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], lcsh:Science, Sea level, Water Science and Technology, Global and Planetary Change, port management, Storm, Port management, Harbors--Spain--Management, Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria hidràulica, marítima i sanitària::Ports i costes [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Waves, Environmental science, Mediterranean Sea--Climate, Forecast, lcsh:Q, Significant wave height, Extreme analysis
Abstract

Storm Gloria, generated on January 17th, 2020 in the Eastern North Atlantic, crossed the Iberian Peninsula and impacted the Western Mediterranean during the following days. The event produced relevant damages on the coast and the infrastructures at the Catalan-Balearic Sea, due to extraordinary wind and wave fields, concomitant with anomalously intense rain and ocean currents. Puertos del Estado (the Spanish holding of harbors) has developed and operates a complex monitoring and forecasting system (PORTUS System), in collaboration with the Spanish Met Office (AEMET). The present work shows how Gloria was correctly forecasted by this system, alerts were properly issued (with special focus to the ports), and the buoys were able to monitor the sea state conditions during the event, measuring several new records of significant wave height and exceptional high mean wave periods. The paper describes, in detail, the dynamic evolution of the atmospheric conditions, and the sea state during the storm. It is by means of the study of both in situ and modeled PORTUS data, in combination with the AEMET weather forecast system results. The analysis also serves to place this storm in a historical context, showing the exceptional nature of the event, and to identify the specific reasons why its impact was particularly severe. The work also demonstrates the relevance of the PORTUS System to warn, in advance, the main Spanish Ports. It prevents accidents that could result in fatal casualties. To do so, the wave forecast warning performance is analyzed, making special focus on the skill score for the different horizons. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how a storm of this nature results in the need of changes on the extreme wave analysis for the area. It impacts all sorts of design activities at the coastline. The paper studies both how this storm fits into existing extreme analysis and how these should be modified in the light of this particular single event. This work is the first of a series of papers to be published on this issue. They analyze, in detail, other aspects of the event, including evolution of sea level and description of coastal damages.

Published
2021
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18. Very high resolution tools for the monitoring and assessment of environmental hazards in coastal areas

Author

Guillermo García-Sánchez, Begoña Pérez-Gómez, Ana M. Mancho, Antonio G. Ramos, Manuel García-León, Víctor J. García-Garrido, Josep Coca, Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul, Stephen Wiggins, Marcos García Sotillo, and European Commission

Subjects
Very high resolution, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, High resolution, Ocean Engineering, Context (language use), lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, high resolution hydrodynamic model, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Global and Planetary Change, Event (computing), business.industry, Environmental resource management, dynamical systems, Port (computer networking), Work (electrical), 13. Climate action, Remote sensing (archaeology), coastal monitoring and management, model assessment and verification, Oil spill, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, high resolution radar, business
Abstract

Recently, new steps have been taken for the development of operational applications in coastal areas which require very high resolutions both in modeling and remote sensing products. In this context, this work describes a complete monitoring of an oil spill: we discuss the performance of high resolution hydrodynamic models in the area of Gran Canaria and their ability for describing the evolution of a real-time event of a diesel fuel spill, well-documented by port authorities and tracked with very high resolution remote sensing products. Complementary information supplied by different sources enhances the description of the event and supports their validation., The authors acknowledge support from IMPRESSIVE, a project funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 821922. The authors acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). SW acknowledges the support of ONR Grant No. N00014-01-1-0769.

Published
2021

19. The prediction of floods in Venice: methods, models and uncertainty (review article)

Author

Franco Crosato, Piero Lionello, Andrea Bonometto, Ivan D. Haigh, Alvise Papa, Christian Ferrarin, Mirko Orlić, Andrea Valentini, Elisa Coraci, Sara Morucci, Didier Jourdan, Enrique Álvarez Fanjul, Maurizio Ferla, Andrea Cucco, Marco Bajo, André B. Fortunato, Davide Zanchettin, Audrey Pasquet, Xavier Bertin, Georg Umgiesser, Joaquín Tintoré, Robert J. Nicholls, Baptiste Mourre, Denis Paradis, Alessandro Tosoni, Jacob Woge Nielsen, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Istituto di Scienze Marine [Venezia] (ISMAR-CNR), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute for the Study of the Anthropic Impacts and the Sustainability in the Marine Environment (IAS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento [Lecce], Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics [Venezia], University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Umgiesser, G., Bajo, M., Ferrarin, C., Cucco, A., Lionello, P., Zanchettin, D., Papa, A., Tosoni, A., Ferla, M., Coraci, E., Morucci, S., Crosato, F., Bonometto, A., Valentini, A., Orlic, M., Haigh, I. D., Nielsen, J. W., Bertin, X., Fortunato, A. B., Perez Gomez, B., Alvarez Fanjul, E., Paradis, D., Jourdan, D., Pasquet, A., Mourre, B., Tintore, J., and Nicholls, R. J.

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Population, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Settore GEO/12 - Oceanografia e Fisica dell'Atmosfera, Storm surge, 02 engineering and technology, Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, 01 natural sciences, 11. Sustainability, Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, GE1-350, Surge, education, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, TD1-1066, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, QE1-996.5, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, education.field_of_study, Flood myth, Ensemble forecasting, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Flooding (psychology), Extreme events, Geology, Venice, Forecast, Uncertainty, Environmental sciences, Cultural heritage, 13. Climate action, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, business
Abstract

This paper reviews the state of the art in storm surge forecasting and its particular application in the northern Adriatic Sea. The city of Venice already depends on operational storm surge forecasting systems to warn the population and economy of imminent flood threats, as well as help to protect the extensive cultural heritage. This will be more important in the future, with the new mobile barriers called MOSE (MOdulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico, Experimental Electromechanical Module) that will be completed by 2021. The barriers will depend on accurate storm surge forecasting to control their operation. In this paper, the physics behind the flooding of Venice is discussed, and the state of the art of storm surge forecasting in Europe is reviewed. The challenges for the surge forecasting systems are analyzed, especially in view of uncertainty. This includes consideration of selected historic extreme events that were particularly difficult to forecast. Four potential improvements are identified: (1) improve meteorological forecasts, (2) develop ensemble forecasting, (3) assimilation of water level measurements and (4) develop a multimodel approach.

Published
2021
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21. Historical tide-gauge sea-level observations in Alicante and Santander (Spain) since the 19th century

Author

M. Ángeles Fraile, Stefan A. Talke, Angel Amores, Bernat Puyol, Begoña Pérez Gómez, and Marta Marcos

Subjects
Geography, Oceanography, Tide gauge, Sea level
Abstract

A set of historical tide-gauge sea-level records from two locations in Santander (Northern Spain) and Alicante (Spanish Mediterranean coast) have been recovered from logbooks stored in national archives. Sea-level measurements have been digitised, quality-controlled and merged into three consistent sea-level time series (two in Alicante and one in Santander) using high precision levelling information. The historical sea-level record in Santander consists of a daily time series spanning the period 1876-1924 and it is further connected to the modern tide-gauge station nearby, ensuring datum continuity up to the present. The sea-level record in Alicante starts in 1870 with daily averaged values until the 1920s and hourly afterwards, and is still in operation, thus representing the longest tide-gauge sea-level time series in the Mediterranean Sea. The long-term consistency and reliability of the new records is discussed based on the comparison with nearby tide gauge time series.

Published
2020
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22. Modelling of future extreme storm surges at the NW Mediterranean coast (Spain)

Author

Begoña Pérez-Gómez, Vicente Gracia, Jue Lin-Ye, Dario Conte, Manuel García-León, M. I. Ortego, Piero Lionello, Agustín Sánchez-Arcilla, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Laboratori d'Enginyeria Marítima, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Civil i Ambiental, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. LIM/UPC - Laboratori d'Enginyeria Marítima, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. COSDA-UPC - COmpositional and Spatial Data Analysis, Lin-Ye, J., Garcia-Leon, M., Gracia, V., Ortego, M. I., Lionello, P., Conte, D., Perez-Gomez, B., and Sanchez-Arcilla, A.

Subjects
non-stationarity, lcsh:Hydraulic engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mediterrània (Costa), animal diseases, Generalized additive model, Geography, Planning and Development, mediterranean, Storm surge, generalized additive model, Aquatic Science, Mediterranean, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Copula (probability theory), 010104 statistics & probability, lcsh:Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes, lcsh:TC1-978, Joint probability distribution, parasitic diseases, Climate change scenario, storm surge, 0101 mathematics, Surge, Canvis climàtics -- Catalunya, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, lcsh:TD201-500, Climate pattern, fungi, Non-stationarity, food and beverages, TheoryofComputation_MATHEMATICALLOGICANDFORMALLANGUAGES, Copula, 13. Climate action, North Atlantic oscillation, Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria hidràulica, marítima i sanitària::Ports i costes [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Climatology, copula, Environmental science, probit, Mediterranean Sea--Climate, Probit
Abstract

Storm surges are one of the main drivers for extreme flooding at the coastal areas. Such events can be characterized with the maximum level in an extreme storm surge event (surge peak), as well as the duration of the event. Surge projections come from a barotropic model for the 1950&ndash, 2100 period, under a severe climate change scenario (RCP 8.5) at the northeastern Spanish coast. The relationship of extreme storm surges to three large-scale climate patterns was assessed: North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), East Atlantic Pattern (EAWR), and Scandinavian Pattern (SC). The statistical model was built using two different strategies. In Strategy #1, the joint probability density was characterized by a moving-average series of stationary Archimedean copula, whereas in Strategy #2, the joint probability density was characterized by a non-stationary probit copula. The parameters of the marginal distribution and the copula were defined with generalized additive models. The analysis showed that the mean values of surge peak and event duration were constant and were independent of the proposed climate patterns. However, the values of NAO and SC influenced the threshold and the storminess of extreme events. According to Strategy #1, the variance of the surge peak and event duration increased with a fast shift of negative SC and a positive NAO, respectively. Alternatively, Strategy #2 showed that the variance of the surge peak increased with a positive EAWR. Both strategies coincided in that the joint dependence of the maximum surge level and the duration of extreme surges ranged from low to medium degree. Its mean value was stationary, and its variability was linked to the geographical location. Finally, Strategy #2 helped determine that this dependence increased with negative NAO.

Published
2020
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23. The Huelva (Spain) tsunami-ready station and its interaction with storm Emma (March 2018)

Author

Jue Lin-Ye, Begoña Pérez-Gómez, Javier García-Valdecasas, Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Laboratori d'Enginyeria Marítima, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. LIM/UPC - Laboratori d'Enginyeria Marítima

Subjects
Meteorology, Storm, Nivell del mar -- Mediterrània, Mar, Oceanography, Wave storm, Copula (probability theory), Copula, Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria hidràulica, marítima i sanitària::Ports i costes [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Tide gauge, Sea level, Geology, Sea level--Mediterranean Sea
Abstract

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis Group in Marine Geodesy on 2020, available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/01490419.2020.1758856. The sea level station operating since 1996 at Mazagón (Huelva, Spain) has been progressively upgraded to fit tsunami warning requirements, due to its location in one of the main regions at risk. Its radar water level sensor was complemented in 2017, with the addition of a pressure sensor. The performance of both sea level sensors and their response to sea level oscillations, at different frequencies, is assessed. Particular emphasis is put on the effect of extreme events, such as Storm Emma, when alternative methods to obtain 1-min data are tested, in contrast to the one based on arithmetic means. The overall differences are small, for the whole period of study (centered-root-mean-square-error below 1 cm, for 5-min, and hourly data; similar tidal parameters and sea level oscillations with periods between 30 s and 5 min). However, during Storm Emma, the pressure sensor presents sensibly lower readings than the radar, with the centered-root-mean-square-error rising to 80 mm on the March 2nd 2018. A new method to compute 1-min data, based on medians, reduced this value to 10 mm for the same day.

Published
2020

24. Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 4

Author

Karina von Schuckmann, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Neville Smith, Ananda Pascual, Samuel Djavidnia, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Marilaure Grégoire, Glenn Nolan, Signe Aaboe, Enrique Álvarez Fanjul, Lotfi Aouf, Roland Aznar, T. H. Badewien, Arno Behrens, Maristella Berta, Laurent Bertino, Jeremy Blackford, Giorgio Bolzon, Federica Borile, Marine Bretagnon, Robert J.W. Brewin, Donata Canu, Paola Cessi, Stefano Ciavatta, Bertrand Chapron, Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Boriana Chtirkova, Stefania Ciliberti, James R. Clark, Emanuela Clementi, Clément Combot, Eric Comerma, Anna Conchon, Giovanni Coppini, Lorenzo Corgnati, Gianpiero Cossarini, Sophie Cravatte, Marta de Alfonso, Clément de Boyer Montégut, Christian De Lera Fernández, Francisco Javier de los Santos, Anna Denvil-Sommer, Álvaro de Pascual Collar, Paulo Alonso Lourenco Dias Nunes, Valeria Di Biagio, Massimiliano Drudi, Owen Embury, Pierpaolo Falco, Odile Fanton d’Andon, Luis Ferrer, David Ford, H. Freund, Manuel García León, Marcos García Sotillo, José María García-Valdecasas, Philippe Garnesson, Gilles Garric, Florent Gasparin, Marion Gehlen, Ana Genua-Olmedo, Gerhard Geyer, Andrea Ghermandi, Simon A. Good, Jérôme Gourrion, Eric Greiner, Annalisa Griffa, Manuel González, Ismael Hernández-Carrasco, Stéphane Isoard, John J. Kennedy, Susan Kay, Anton Korosov, Kaari Laanemäe, Peter E. Land, Thomas Lavergne, Paolo Lazzari, Jean-François Legeais, Benedicte Lemieux, Bruno Levier, William Llovel, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Vidar S. Lien, Leonardo Lima, Pablo Lorente, Julien Mader, Marcello G. Magaldi, Ilja Maljutenko, Antoine Mangin, Carlo Mantovani, Veselka Marinova, Simona Masina, Elena Mauri, J. Meyerjürgens, Alexandre Mignot, Robert McEwan, Carlos Mejia, Angélique Melet, Milena Menna, Benoît Meyssignac, Alexis Mouche, Baptiste Mourre, Malte Müller, Giulio Notarstefano, Alejandro Orfila, Silvia Pardo, Elisaveta Peneva, Begoña Pérez-Gómez, Coralie Perruche, Monika Peterlin, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Nadia Pinardi, Yves Quilfen, Urmas Raudsepp, Richard Renshaw, Adèle Révelard, Emma Reyes-Reyes, M. Ricker, Pablo Rodríguez-Rubio, Paz Rotllán, Eva Royo Gelabert, Anna Rubio, Inmaculada Ruiz-Parrado, Shubha Sathyendranath, Jun She, Cosimo Solidoro, Emil V. Stanev, Joanna Staneva, Andrea Storto, Jian Su, Tayebeh Tajalli Bakhsh, Gavin H. Tilstone, Joaquín Tintoré, Cristina Toledano, Jean Tournadre, Benoit Tranchant, Rivo Uiboupin, Arnaud Valcarcel, Nadezhda Valcheva, Nathalie Verbrugge, Mathieu Vrac, J.-O. Wolff, Enrico Zambianchi, O. Zielinski, Ann-Sofie Zinck, Serena Zunino, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (Portugal), Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Laboratori d'Enginyeria Marítima, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. LIM/UPC - Laboratori d'Enginyeria Marítima, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), von Schuckmann K., Le Traon P.-Y., Smith N., Pascual A., Djavidnia S., Gattuso J.-P., Gregoire M., Nolan G., Aaboe S., Fanjul E.A., Aouf L., Aznar R., Badewien T.H., Behrens A., Berta M., Bertino L., Blackford J., Bolzon G., Borile F., Bretagnon M., Brewin R.J.W., Canu D., Cessi P., Ciavatta S., Chapron B., Trang Chau T.T., Chevallier F., Chtirkova B., Ciliberti S., Clark J.R., Clementi E., Combot C., Comerma E., Conchon A., Coppini G., Corgnati L., Cossarini G., Cravatte S., de Alfonso M., de Boyer Montegut C., De Lera Fernandez C., de los Santos F.J., Denvil-Sommer A., de Pascual Collar A., Dias Nunes P.A.L., Di Biagio V., Drudi M., Embury O., Falco P., d'Andon O.F., Ferrer L., Ford D., Freund H., Leon M.G., Sotillo M.G., Garcia-Valdecasas J.M., Garnesson P., Garric G., Gasparin F., Gehlen M., Genua-Olmedo A., Geyer G., Ghermandi A., Good S.A., Gourrion J., Greiner E., Griffa A., Gonzalez M., Hernandez-Carrasco I., Isoard S., Kennedy J.J., Kay S., Korosov A., Laanemae K., Land P.E., Lavergne T., Lazzari P., Legeais J.-F., Lemieux B., Levier B., Llovel W., Lyubartsev V., Lien V.S., Lima L., Lorente P., Mader J., Magaldi M.G., Mangin A., Maljutenko I., Mantovani C., Marinova V., Masina S., Mauri E., Meyerjurgens J., Mignot A., McEwan R., Mejia C., Melet A., Menna M., Meyssignac B., Mouche A., Mourre B., Muller M., Notarstefano G., Pardo S., Orfila A., Peneva E., Perez-Gomez B., Perruche C., Peterlin M., Poulain P.-M., Pinardi N., Quilfen Y., Raudsepp U., Renshaw R., Revelard A., Reyes-Reyes E., Ricker M., Rodriguez-Rubio P., Rotllan P., Gelabert E.R., Rubio A., Ruiz-Parrado I., Sathyendranath S., She J., Solidoro C., Stanev E.V., Staneva J., Storto A., Su J., Bakhsh T.T., Tilstone G.H., Tintore J., Toledano C., Tournadre J., Tranchant B., Uiboupin R., Valcarcel A., Valcheva N., Verbrugge N., Vrac M., Wolff J.-O., Zambianchi E., Zielinski O., and Zunino S.

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Public administration, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, State (polity), Political science, 14. Life underwater, CMEMS, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Copernicus, media_common, Service (business), [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Enginyeria agroalimentària::Ciències de la terra i de la vida::Climatologia i meteorologia [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], 010505 oceanography, Meteorologia marítima, Marine meteorology--Europe, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, 13. Climate action, Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria hidràulica, marítima i sanitària::Ports i costes [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Ocean state report, Copernicus Marine Service, Environment policy
Abstract

Editors: Karina von Schuckmann; Pierre-Yves Le Traon.-- Review Editors: Neville Smith (Chair); Ananda Pascual; Samuel Djavidnia; Jean-Pierre Gattuso; Marilaure Grégoire; Glenn Nolan., The authors would like to thank the Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya (ICGC) for providing data. Thanks are due to FCT/MCTES for the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2019), through national funds., Chapter 1: Introduction and the European Environment policy framework.-- CMEMS OSR4, Chapter 2: State, variability and change in the ocean.-- CMEMS OSR4, Chapter 3: Case studies.-- CMEMS OSR4, Chapter 4: Specific events 2018.

Published
2020
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25. Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 3

Author

Karina von Schuckmann, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Neville Smith (Chair), Ananda Pascual, Samuel Djavidnia, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Marilaure Grégoire, Glenn Nolan, Signe Aaboe, Enrique Álvarez Fanjul, Lotfi Aouf, Roland Aznar, T. H. Badewien, Arno Behrens, Maristella Berta, Laurent Bertino, Jeremy Blackford, Giorgio Bolzon, Federica Borile, Marine Bretagnon, Robert J.W. Brewin, Donata Canu, Paola Cessi, Stefano Ciavatta, Bertrand Chapron, Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Boriana Chtirkova, Stefania Ciliberti, James R. Clark, Emanuela Clementi, Clément Combot, Eric Comerma, Anna Conchon, Giovanni Coppini, Lorenzo Corgnati, Gianpiero Cossarini, Sophie Cravatte, Marta de Alfonso, Clément de Boyer Montégut, Christian De Lera Fernández, Francisco Javier de los Santos, Anna Denvil-Sommer, Álvaro de Pascual Collar, Paulo Alonso Lourenco Dias Nunes, Valeria Di Biagio, Massimiliano Drudi, Owen Embury, Pierpaolo Falco, Odile Fanton d'Andon, Luis Ferrer, David Ford, H. Freund, Manuel García León, Marcos García Sotillo, José María García-Valdecasas, Philippe Garnesson, Gilles Garric, Florent Gasparin, Marion Gehlen, Ana Genua-Olmedo, Gerhard Geyer, Andrea Ghermandi, Simon A. Good, Jérôme Gourrion, Eric Greiner, Annalisa Griffa, Manuel González, Ismael Hernández-Carrasco, Stéphane Isoard, John J. Kennedy, Susan Kay, Anton Korosov, Kaari Laanemäe, Peter E. Land, Thomas Lavergne, Paolo Lazzari, Jean-François Legeais, Benedicte Lemieux, Bruno Levier, William Llovel, Vladyslav Lyubartsev, Vidar S. Lien, Leonardo Lima, Pablo Lorente, Julien Mader, Marcello G. Magaldi, Ilja Maljutenko, Antoine Mangin, Carlo Mantovani, Veselka Marinova, Simona Masina, Elena Mauri, J. Meyerjürgens, Alexandre Mignot, Robert McEwan, Carlos Mejia, Angélique Melet, Milena Menna, Benoît Meyssignac, Alexis Mouche, Baptiste Mourre, Malte Müller, Giulio Notarstefano, Alejandro Orfila, Silvia Pardo, Elisaveta Peneva, Begoña Pérez-Gómez, Coralie Perruche, Monika Peterlin, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Nadia Pinardi, Yves Quilfen, Urmas Raudsepp, Richard Renshaw, Adèle Révelard, Emma Reyes-Reyes, M. Ricker, Pablo Rodríguez-Rubio, Paz Rotllán, Eva Royo Gelabert, Anna Rubio, Inmaculada Ruiz-Parrado, Shubha Sathyendranath, Jun She, Cosimo Solidoro, Emil V. Stanev, Joanna Staneva, Andrea Storto, Jian Su, Tayebeh Tajalli Bakhsh, Gavin H. Tilstone, Joaquín Tintoré, Cristina Toledano, Jean Tournadre, Benoit Tranchant, Rivo Uiboupin, Arnaud Valcarcel, Nadezhda Valcheva, Nathalie Verbrugge, Mathieu Vrac, J.-O. Wolff, Enrico Zambianchi, O. Zielinski, Ann-Sofie Zinck, Serena Zunino, Mercator Océan, Société Civile CNRS Ifremer IRD Météo-France SHOM, Laboratoire d’Oéanographie Spatiale [Plouzané] (LOS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Norwegian Meteorological Institute, SOCIB Balearic Islands Coastal Ocean Observing and Forecasting System, Organismo publico puertos del estado, Université de Liège, Météo France, Met Office Climate Research Division, United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (GKSS), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Institut National des Sciences et Techniques de la Mer (INSTM), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Deltares system (NETHERLANDS), Deltares system, ARGANS, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Napoli] (CNR), AZTI - Tecnalia, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), Universitat de Girona [Girona], Universitat de Girona (UdG), Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici [Bologna] (CMCC), Istituto di Scienze Marine [Napoli] (ISMAR-CNR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Atlanta], Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], Parc Naturel Régional de Corse, Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Rijkswaterstaat [Delft], ACRI, acri, Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf (STLO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Incheon National University, Alfred Wegener Institute [Potsdam], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), University of Gothenburg (GU), Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development, University of the South Pacific (USP), Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Department of Biology, University of Zagreb, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans (LAUM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Le Mans Université (UM), Inst Ciencias Mar, Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Marine Ecosystems Modeling and Monitoring by Satellites (MEMMS), CLS, Departament d'Ecologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Loughborough University, AZTI-Tecnalia (Marine Research Division), AZTI-Tecnalia, Analytic and Computational Research, Inc. - Earth Sciences (ACRI-ST), Aarhus University [Aarhus], Departament d'Oceanografía Física, Institut de Ciències del Mar, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e di Oceanografia Sperimentale (OGS), Sistema d’observació i predicció costaner de les Illes Balears (.) (SOCIB), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics [ETH Zürich] (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Processus de Transfert et d'Echanges dans l'Environnement - EA 3819 (PROTEE), Université de Toulon (UTLN), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Catalytic Spectroscopy Laboratory (CSIC), Institute of Catalysis and Petroleum Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech), Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Department of Animal Biology (Institute for Research on Biodiversity (IRBio)), University of Barcelona, Hellenic Center for Marine Research (HCMR), UMS 3343 (OSU), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer [Salammbô] (INSTM), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Deltares [The Netherlands], Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Biology [Zagreb], Faculty of Science [Zagreb], University of Zagreb-University of Zagreb, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and Tallinn University of Technology (TTÜ)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, variability, HF radar, 010505 oceanography, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, salinity, 12. Responsible consumption, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, 14. Life underwater, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The fundamental role of the ocean for life and well-being on Earth is more and more recognised at the highest political level. In 2015, the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development were adopted by world leaders. The SDG 14 ‘Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development’ is dedicated to the oceans. The mention of the ocean in the Paris Agreement signed in 2016 marked a decisive milestone. In 2018, the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030) has been proclaimed (https://en.unesco.org/ocean-decade): The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO will gather ocean stakeholders worldwide behind a common framework to foster evidence-based policy-making. In fall 2019, the IPCC special report on ocean and cryosphere will be published, and will provide an opportunity to increase awareness and action before COP251 (already claimed as ‘Blue COP’).

Published
2019
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26. Challenges for Sustained Observing and Forecasting Systems in the Mediterranean Sea

Author

Emma Heslop, Javier Ruiz, François Galgani, Pablo Lorente, Ferial Louanchi, Pierre Testor, Susana Pérez Rubio, Romain Escudier, Alejandro Orfila, Roberto Bozzano, Georg Umgiesser, George Petihakis, Marc Torner, Sara Pensieri, Patrick Raimbault, George Zodiatis, Mélanie Juza, Patrick Farcy, Baris Salihoglu, David March, Simona Simoncelli, Daniel J. Hayes, Simón Ruiz, Paolo Lazzari, Giorgia Verri, Francesco Trotta, Loic Petit De La Villeon, Emanuela Clementi, Benjamín Casas, Joaquín Tintoré, D. Obaton, Constantin Frangoulis, Marco Bajo, Miguel Charcos-Llorens, Gianandrea Mannarini, Antonio Sánchez-Román, Vlado Malačič, Patricia Reglero, Edgar G. Pavia, Elena Mauri, Juan Gabriel Fernández, Rosalia Santoleri, Paz Rotllan, Svitlana Liubartseva, Toste Tanhua, Sylvie Pouliquen, Laurent Coppola, Gianpiero Cossarini, Leonidas Perivoliotis, Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli, Cristian Munoz-Mas, Diego Álvarez-Berastegui, Laurent Mortier, Antonio Novellino, Isaac Gertman, Luis F. Ruiz-Orejón, Slim Gana, Jacopo Chiggiato, Gerasimos Korres, Aldo Drago, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Inmaculada Ruiz, Eva Aguiar, Marcos García Sotillo, Katrin Schroeder, Gianmaria Sannino, Anna Teruzzi, Jesús García Lafuente, Baptiste Mourre, Ivica Vilibić, Karina von Schuckmann, Lorinc Meszaros, Emma Reyes, Marco Zavatarelli, Lluís Gómez-Pujol, Simone Sammartino, George Kallos, Jaime Hernandez-Lasheras, Vanessa Cardin, Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul, Rosa Balbin, Karim Hilmi, Massimiliano Drudi, Devrim Tezcan, Alan Deidun, Pierre Garreau, Sarantis Sofianos, Alessandro Grandi, Barak Herut, Cristina Fossi, Stefano Salon, Ghada El Serafy, J. Pistoia, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Giovanni Coppini, Salvatore Marullo, Rafael Sardá, Mustafa Yücel, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Laura Prieto, Salud Deudero, Agustín Sánchez Arcilla, Rita Lecci, Georgios Sylaios, Ivan Federico, Ananda Pascual, Christian Ferrarin, Nadia Pinardi, Tintore, J., Pinardi, N., Alvarez-Fanjul, E., Aguiar, E., Alvarez-Berastegui, D., Bajo, M., Balbin, R., Bozzano, R., Nardelli, B. B., Cardin, V., Casas, B., Charcos-Llorens, M., Chiggiato, J., Clementi, E., Coppini, G., Coppola, L., Cossarini, G., Deidun, A., Deudero, S., D'Ortenzio, F., Drago, A., Drudi, M., El Serafy, G., Escudier, R., Farcy, P., Federico, I., Fernandez, J. G., Ferrarin, C., Fossi, C., Frangoulis, C., Galgani, F., Gana, S., Garcia Lafuente, J., Sotillo, M. G., Garreau, P., Gertman, I., Gomez-Pujol, L., Grandi, A., Hayes, D., Hernandez-Lasheras, J., Herut, B., Heslop, E., Hilmi, K., Juza, M., Kallos, G., Korres, G., Lecci, R., Lazzari, P., Lorente, P., Liubartseva, S., Louanchi, F., Malacic, V., Mannarini, G., March, D., Marullo, S., Mauri, E., Meszaros, L., Mourre, B., Mortier, L., Munoz-Mas, C., Novellino, A., Obaton, D., Orfila, A., Pascual, A., Pensieri, S., Perez Gomez, B., Perez Rubio, S., Perivoliotis, L., Petihakis, G., de la Villeon, L. P., Pistoia, J., Poulain, P. -M., Pouliquen, S., Prieto, L., Raimbault, P., Reglero, P., Reyes, E., Rotllan, P., Ruiz, S., Ruiz, J., Ruiz, I., Ruiz-Orejon, L. F., Salihoglu, B., Salon, S., Sammartino, S., Sanchez Arcilla, A., Sanchez-Roman, A., Sannino, G., Santoleri, R., Sarda, R., Schroeder, K., Simoncelli, S., Sofianos, S., Sylaios, G., Tanhua, T., Teruzzi, A., Testor, P., Tezcan, D., Torner, M., Trotta, F., Umgiesser, G., von Schuckmann, K., Verri, G., Vilibic, I., Yucel, M., Zavatarelli, M., Zodiatis, G., Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), University of Bologna/Università di Bologna, SOCIB Balearic Islands Coastal Ocean Observing and Forecasting System, Istituto di Scienze Marine [Bologna] (ISMAR), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Cyprus Oceanography Center, University of Cyprus [Nicosia] (UCY), Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Oceanogràfic de les Balears [Palma, Spain] (COB), Instituto Espagňol de Oceanografia (IEO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), University of Bologna, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), University of Cyprus (UCY), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Civil i Ambiental, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. LIM/UPC - Laboratori d'Enginyeria Marítima, Tintore J., Pinardi N., Alvarez-Fanjul E., Aguiar E., Alvarez-Berastegui D., Bajo M., Balbin R., Bozzano R., Nardelli B.B., Cardin V., Casas B., Charcos-Llorens M., Chiggiato J., Clementi E., Coppini G., Coppola L., Cossarini G., Deidun A., Deudero S., D'Ortenzio F., Drago A., Drudi M., El Serafy G., Escudier R., Farcy P., Federico I., Fernandez J.G., Ferrarin C., Fossi C., Frangoulis C., Galgani F., Gana S., Garcia Lafuente J., Sotillo M.G., Garreau P., Gertman I., Gomez-Pujol L., Grandi A., Hayes D., Hernandez-Lasheras J., Herut B., Heslop E., Hilmi K., Juza M., Kallos G., Korres G., Lecci R., Lazzari P., Lorente P., Liubartseva S., Louanchi F., Malacic V., Mannarini G., March D., Marullo S., Mauri E., Meszaros L., Mourre B., Mortier L., Munoz-Mas C., Novellino A., Obaton D., Orfila A., Pascual A., Pensieri S., Perez Gomez B., Perez Rubio S., Perivoliotis L., Petihakis G., de la Villeon L.P., Pistoia J., Poulain P.-M., Pouliquen S., Prieto L., Raimbault P., Reglero P., Reyes E., Rotllan P., Ruiz S., Ruiz J., Ruiz I., Ruiz-Orejon L.F., Salihoglu B., Salon S., Sammartino S., Sanchez Arcilla A., Sanchez-Roman A., Sannino G., Santoleri R., Sarda R., Schroeder K., Simoncelli S., Sofianos S., Sylaios G., Tanhua T., Teruzzi A., Testor P., Tezcan D., Torner M., Trotta F., Umgiesser G., von Schuckmann K., Verri G., Vilibic I., Yucel M., Zavatarelli M., and Zodiatis G.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Science with and for society, Service (systems architecture), lcsh:QH1-199.5, Nature observation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate, SDG's, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Operations research -- Case studies, sustained observations, 11. Sustainability, observing and forecasting system, Observing and forecasting systems, lcsh:Science, Water Science and Technology, Global and Planetary Change, Enginyeria agroalimentària::Ciències de la terra i de la vida::Climatologia i meteorologia [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], SDG', observing and forecasting systems, ocean variability, FAIR data, climate, operational services, science with and for society, Prediction theory, Climatology -- Data processing, Environmental resource management, Seawater -- Mediterranean Region, operational service, Operational services, Variety (cybernetics), Mediterranean Sea--Climate, Ocean variability, Quantitative research -- Evaluation, Mediterrània, Mar -- Aspectes ambientals, Ocean observations, SDG’s, Best practice, Climate change, Ocean Engineering, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Sustained observations, 12. Responsible consumption, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Downstream (petroleum industry), Sustainable development, Ensemble forecasting, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria hidràulica, marítima i sanitària::Ports i costes [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], 13. Climate action, lcsh:Q, observing and forecasting systems, sustained observations, ocean variability, FAIR data, climate, operational services, science with and for society, SDG’s, Business
Abstract

Este artículo contiene 30 páginas, 14 figuras., The Mediterranean community represented in this paper is the result of more than 30 years of EU and nationally funded coordination, which has led to key contributions in science concepts and operational initiatives. Together with the establishment of operational services, the community has coordinated with universities, research centers, research infrastructures and private companies to implement advanced multi-platform and integrated observing and forecasting systems that facilitate the advancement of operational services, scientific achievements and mission-oriented innovation. Thus, the community can respond to societal challenges and stakeholders needs, developing a variety of fit-for-purpose services such as the Copernicus Marine Service. The combination of state-of-the-art observations and forecasting provides new opportunities for downstreamservices in response to the needs of the heavily populatedMediterranean coastal areas and to climate change. The challenge over the next decade is to sustain ocean observations within the research community, to monitor the variability at small scales, e.g., the mesoscale/submesoscale, to resolve the sub-basin/seasonal and inter-annual variability in the circulation, and thus establish the decadal variability, understand and correct the model-associated biases and to enhance model-data integration and ensemble forecasting for uncertainty estimation. Better knowledge and understanding of the level ofMediterranean variability will enable a subsequent evaluation of the impacts and mitigation of the effect of human activities and climate change on the biodiversity and the ecosystem, which will support environmental assessments and decisions. Further challenges include extending the science-based added-value products into societal relevant downstream services and engaging with communities to build initiatives that will contribute to the 2030 Agenda and more specifically to SDG14 and the UN’s Decade of Ocean Science for sustainable development, by this contributing to bridge the science-policy gap. The Mediterranean observing and forecasting capacity was built on the basis of community best practices in monitoring and modeling, and can serve as a basis for the development of an integrated global ocean observing system.

Published
2019
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27. Operational Oceanography at the Service of the Ports

Author

Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Marcos García Sotillo, Begoña Pérez Gómez, José García Valdecasas, Susana Pérez Rubio, Pablo Lorente, Álvaro Rodríguez Dapena, Isabel Martínez Marco, Yolanda Luna, Elena Padorno, Inés Santos Atienza, Gabriel Díaz Hernandez, Javier López Lara, Raúl Medina, Manel Grifoll, Manuel Espino, Marc Mestres, Pablo Cerralbo, and Agustín Sánchez Arcilla

Published
2018
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28. Lessons Derived from Two High-Frequency Sea Level Events in the Atlantic: Implications for Coastal Risk Analysis and Tsunami Detection

Author

Begoña Pérez-Gómez, François Schindelé, Fernando Manzano, Juan Vicente Cantavella, C. J. González, and Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul

Subjects
Seiche, Tsunami wave, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, detection, Ocean Engineering, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, sea level, Aquatic Science, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Marine Science, lcsh:Science, Sea level, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Global and Planetary Change, Warning system, warning, Storm, high frequency, Climatology, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, Tide gauge, tsunami, automatic algorithms
Abstract

The upgrade and enhancement of sea level networks worldwide for integration in sea level hazard warning systems have significantly increased the possibilities for measuring and analyzing high frequency sea level oscillations, with typical periods ranging from a few minutes to a few hours. Many tide gauges now afford 1 min or more frequent sampling and have shown such events to be a common occurrence. Their origins and spatial distribution are diverse and must be well understood in order to correctly design and interpret, for example, the automatic detection algorithms used by tsunami warning centers. Two events recorded recently in European Atlantic waters are analyzed here: possible wave-induced “seiches” that occurred along the North coast of Spain during the storms of January and February of 2014, and small sea level oscillations detected after an earthquake in the mid-Atlantic the 13th of February of 2015. The former caused significant flooding in towns and villages and a huge increase in wave-induced coastal damage that was reported in the media for weeks. The latter was a smaller signal present in several tide gauges along the Atlantic coast that coincided with the occurrence of this earthquake, leading to a debate on the potential detection of a very small tsunami and how it might yield significant information for tsunami wave modelers and for the development of tsunami detection software. These kind of events inform us about the limitations of automatic algorithms for tsunami warning and help to improve the information provided to tsunami warning centers, whilst also emphasizing the importance of other forcings in generating extreme sea levels and their associated potential for causing damage to coastal infrastructure and flooding.

Published
2016
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29. The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service Ocean State Report

Author

Simon A. Good, Roshin P. Raj, Tanguy Szekely, Yann Drillet, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Charles Desportes, M. Hamon, Irene Perez-Gonzalez, Sandrine Mulet, Lars Axell, Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul, Owen Embury, Gerasimos Korres, Clement Bricaud, Elin Almroth-Rosell, Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli, Jean François Legeais, Quentin Dagneaux, Vidar S. Lien, Shubha Sathyendranath, Angélique Melet, Marie-Fanny Racault, Marcos García Sotillo, Pat Hyder, Aurélien Paulmier, Nathalie Verbrugge, Stephen Dye, Robert J. W. Brewin, Jun She, Mélanie Juza, Antonio G. Ramos, Laurent Parent, Elodie Gutknecht, Isabelle Pujol, Jérôme Gourrion, John Kennedy, Jason Holt, Antonio Bonaduce, Annette Samuelsen, Clotilde Dubois, Stephanie Guinehut, Florent Gasparin, Begoña Pérez-Gómez, Jonathan Tinker, Benoit Meyssignac, Lars-Anders Breivik, Karina von Schuckmann, Peter Sykes, Enda O'Dea, Magdalena Balmaseda, Bengt Karlson, Michael Ablain, Fabrice Hernandez, Gianpiero Cossarini, Alvaro De Pascual, Lena Viktorsson, Emanuela Clementi, Herve Roquet, Urmas Raudsepp, Rosemary Morrow, Giulio Notarstefano, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Rebecca Reid, Cosimo Solidoro, Joaquín Tintoré, Marie Drevillon, Gilles Garric, Andrea Pisano, Dionysios E. Raitsos, Simona Simoncelli, Eric Greiner, Einar Olason, Coralie Perruche, Hélène Etienne, Fernando Manzano-Munoz, Claudia Fratianni, Nadia Pinardi, Bruno Levier, von Schuckmann, Karina, Le Traon, Pierre-Yve, Alvarez-Fanjul, Enrique, Axell, Lar, Balmaseda, Magdalena, Breivik, Lars-Ander, Brewin, Robert J. W., Bricaud, Clement, Drevillon, Marie, Drillet, Yann, Dubois, Clotilde, Embury, Owen, Etienne, Hélène, Sotillo, Marcos García, Garric, Gille, Gasparin, Florent, Gutknecht, Elodie, Guinehut, Stéphanie, Hernandez, Fabrice, Juza, Melanie, Karlson, Bengt, Korres, Gerasimo, Legeais, Jean-Françoi, Levier, Bruno, Lien, Vidar S., Morrow, Rosemary, Notarstefano, Giulio, Parent, Laurent, Pascual, Álvaro, Pérez-Gómez, Begoña, Perruche, Coralie, Pinardi, Nadia, Pisano, Andrea, Poulain, Pierre-Marie, Pujol, Isabelle M., Raj, Roshin P., Raudsepp, Urma, Roquet, Hervé, Samuelsen, Annette, Sathyendranath, Shubha, She, Jun, Simoncelli, Simona, Solidoro, Cosimo, Tinker, Jonathan, Tintoré, Joaquín, Viktorsson, Lena, Ablain, Michael, Almroth-Rosell, Elin, Bonaduce, Antonio, Clementi, Emanuela, Cossarini, Gianpiero, Dagneaux, Quentin, Desportes, Charle, Dye, Stephen, Fratianni, Claudia, Good, Simon, Greiner, Eric, Gourrion, Jerome, Hamon, Mathieu, Holt, Jason, Hyder, Pat, Kennedy, John, Manzano-Muñoz, Fernando, Melet, Angélique, Meyssignac, Benoit, Mulet, Sandrine, Buongiorno Nardelli, Bruno, O’Dea, Enda, Olason, Einar, Paulmier, Aurélien, Pérez-González, Irene, Reid, Rebecca, Racault, Marie-Fanny, Raitsos, Dionysios E., Ramos, Antonio, Sykes, Peter, Szekely, Tanguy, and Verbrugge, Nathalie

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Arctic sea ice decline, State of the ocean, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Effects of global warming on oceans, Antarctic sea ice, Oceanografi, hydrologi och vattenresurser, Oceanography, Ocean reporting, 01 natural sciences, Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources, Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service, Sea ice, Operational oceanography, Ocean climate variability, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Arctic ice pack, Sea surface temperature, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Thermohaline circulation, Ocean variability, Ocean monitoring, Ocean heat content
Abstract

The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) Ocean State Report (OSR) provides an annual report of the state of the global ocean and European regional seas for policy and decision-makers with the additional aim of increasing general public awareness about the status of, and changes in, the marine environment. The CMEMS OSR draws on expert analysis and provides a 3-D view (through reanalysis systems), a view from above (through remote-sensing data) and a direct view of the interior (through in situ measurements) of the global ocean and the European regional seas. The report is based on the unique CMEMS monitoring capabilities of the blue (hydrography, currents), white (sea ice) and green (e.g. Chlorophyll) marine environment. This first issue of the CMEMS OSR provides guidance on Essential Variables, large-scale changes and specific events related to the physical ocean state over the period 1993–2015. Principal findings of this first CMEMS OSR show a significant increase in global and regional sea levels, thermosteric expansion, ocean heat content, sea surface temperature and Antarctic sea ice extent and conversely a decrease in Arctic sea ice extent during the 1993–2015 period. During the year 2015 exceptionally strong large-scale changes were monitored such as, for example, a strong El Niño Southern Oscillation, a high frequency of extreme storms and sea level events in specific regions in addition to areas of high sea level and harmful algae blooms. At the same time, some areas in the Arctic Ocean experienced exceptionally low sea ice extent and temperatures below average were observed in the North Atlantic Ocean.

Published
2016
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30. Ocean forecasting in narrow shelf seas: application to the Spanish coasts

Author

Ignacio Rodríguez Sánchez-Arévalo, Juan Carlos Carretero Albiach, Marta Gómez Lahoz, Begoña Pérez Gómez, and Enrique Álvarez Fanjul

Subjects
geography, Environmental Engineering, geography.geographical_feature_category, Buoy, Meteorology, Continental shelf, Elevation, Weather forecasting, Ocean Engineering, computer.software_genre, Arctic, Climatology, Tide gauge, Submarine pipeline, Surge, computer
Abstract

The continental shelf surrounding the Spanish coast is very narrow. This is of great importance when studying the wave and surge dynamics in the region and contrasts with other well-studied regions like the North Sea, both in the physics and in the modelling techniques applied to obtain predictions of waves and sea surface elevation at the coastline. This paper describes those differences and presents the approach to the problem implemented in the wave and surge prediction system operational at Clima Maritimo (CM). The narrowness of the Spanish continental shelf requires very high resolution grids to be applied to localised regions near the coast. The usual configuration of a local system nested to a global system (e.g. grids covering the North Sea nested to the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting global model) cannot be used in this case. Interpolation and coarse grid errors from boundary conditions provided by a global grid very near the coast will not be corrected by a small-scale local application. It was found that self-contained systems, solving in the same run the basin and local scales by means of variable grid spacing techniques, were the optimal solution. Some new techniques were developed in the process (two-way nesting for the wave generation model, a transfer function technique for the wave spectra) and implemented in the system. Although some of these developments have been already published [Gomez, M., Carretero, J.C., 1997. A two-way nesting procedure for the WAM model: application to the Spanish coast. J. Offshore Mech. Arctic Eng. 119 (February 1997).], the final set-up of both systems is presented here for the first time. Both systems are regularly verified with experimental data from the Spanish network of buoy and tide gauges. Results from this intercomparison are discussed in this paper. The PROMISE Spanish Coast Data Set was used to carry out much of the work presented here (i.e. the forcing and validation of the surge prediction system). This is a collection of physical oceanographic and meteorological data in the Bay of Biscay during stormy periods from November 1995 to March 1996.

Published
2000
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31. Tide and surge dynamics along the Iberian Atlantic coast

Author

Enrique Álvarez Fanjul, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Juan Carlos Carretero, and Ignacio Rodríguez Sanchez Arevalo

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Storm surge, Sea state, Forcing (mathematics), wave, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, marée, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, Wave model, vague, 14. Life underwater, réseau de marégraphie REDMAR, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010505 oceanography, Continental shelf, onde de marée, Current (stream), 13. Climate action, Climatology, tide gauge network REDMAR, tide, model coupling, Tide gauge, Radiation stress, surge, couplage, Geology
Abstract

The eastern Atlantic barotropic dynamics (in a region spanning from 20 degrees N to 48 degrees N and 34 degrees W to 0 degrees) are studied through numerical modelling and in situ measurements. The main source of data is the tidal gauge network REDMAR, managed by Clima Maritimo (Puertos del Estado). The numerical model employed is the HAMSOM, developed both by the Institut fur Meereskunde (Hamburg University) and Clima Maritime. In this paper, tidal and storm surge dynamics are studied for the region, focusing particularly on the nonlinear transfer of energy between the different forcings. The results of tidal simulations show good agreement between semidiurnal harmonic components and the values obtained from the tidal gauges (both coastal and pelagic) and current metres. The nonlinear transfers of energy from semidiurnal to higher order harmonics, such as M4 and M6, were mapped. Those transfers were found to be important in only two areas: The French continental shelf in the Bay of Biscay and the widest part of the African shelf, south of Cabo Bojador. The modelled diurnal constituents show larger relative differences with measurements than semidiurnal harmonics, especially in data concerning the phase. A method to isolate the nonlinear transfers of energy between tidal and atmospheric forcing during a storm surge was developed. These transfers were found to be significant in the same areas where tidal nonlinear activity was present. The effect of short period wind generated waves on sea surface elevation was also investigated. The magnitude of the spatial derivatives of radiation stress was compared with wind-induced stress. As a result of this comparison, we found the inclusion of a forcing term that depends on radiation stress in ocean model simulations at this scale and resolution to be not essential. The effect of computing wind-induced stresses, with a formulation that explicitly depends on sea state, was also explored by means of a coupled run of the HAMSOM and the spectral wave model WAM for a storm surge event in the Spanish coast. This formulation was not found to be an improvement over a classical parameterisation which only depends on wind fields., La dynamique barotrope du nord-est de l'Atlantique (20° N à 48° N, 34° W à 0°) a été étudiée par modélisation numérique et mesures in situ. Les données proviennent du réseau des marégraphes REDMAR géré par Clima Maritimo (Puertos del Estado). Les simulations numériques ont été faites avec le modèle tridimensionnel HAMSOM développé par l'Institut für Meereskunde (université de Hambourg) et par Clima Marítimo. Dans le présent travail, une attention particulière est portée aux transferts non linéaires d'énergie entre les différents éléments de forçage. Les résultats des simulations de marée montrent un bon accord entre les composantes harmoniques semi-diurnes et les valeurs obtenues par marégraphie (côtière et pélagique) et courantométrie. Le transfert non linéaire d'énergie a été calculé à partir des composantes harmoniques semi-diurnes et de composantes d'ordres supérieurs, comme M4 et M6. Ces transferts ne sont importants qu'en deux endroits : sur le plateau continental français du golfe de Gascogne et dans la partie la plus large du plateau continental africain, au sud du cap Bojador. Contrairement aux composantes harmoniques semi-diurnes, les composantes diurnes modélisées s'écartent des mesures in situ, particulièrement en ce qui concerne les phases. Une méthode a été développée pour isoler les transferts non linéaires d'énergie entre forçages astronomique et atmosphérique lors d'une surélévation de tempête ; les transferts importants se produisent aux endroits où l'activité non linéaire de marée est forte. L'élévation de la surface sous l'effet des vagues de courtes périodes engendrées par le vent est également étudiée. La comparaison de la dérivée spatiale du tenseur de radiation et de la tension tangentielle produite par le vent montre que, à l'échelle et à la résolution utilisées dans cette simulation océanique, on peut négliger le terme de forçage dépendant des tenseurs de radiation. Les tensions tangentielles produites par le vent on été simulées, en prenant en compte l'état de la mer dans un épisode de tempête sur la côte espagnole, par couplage entre le modèle HAMSOM et le modèle spectral WAM. Cette formulation n'apporte aucune amélioration aux résultats par rapport à l'approche classique où la tension ne dépend que du champ de vent

Published
1998
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32. JERICO FP7 (G.A. 262584) - D4.5: Running costs of coastal observatories

Author

Naomi Greenwood, Dave Sivyer, Stefania Sparnocchia, John Howarth, David Hydes, Bengt Karlson, Carlos Hernandez, Emma Heslop, Manolis Ntoumas, Begoña Begoña Pérez Gómez, Kaitala Seppo, Caterina Fanara, Glenn Nolan, Wilhelm Petersen, and Lieven Naudts

Subjects
Coastal observatories, actual costs
Abstract

Long term sustained marine observing systems are required to help understand and predict changes in the world's seas and oceans. The cost of setting up and operating such systems can be significant. This report examines the costs associated with setting up and running fixed platforms, Ferrybox systems, gliders and calibration laboratories, compiled using questionnaire replies returned from JERICO partners. The costs for gliders (section 4.3) are taken directly from Tintoré et al., 2013 (Annexe 2) which were complied through a joint exercise with GROOM. There was a large variability in costs between laboratories reflecting the different types of platforms and parameters being measured. Initial investment costs are greater for glider fleets (EUR222,545 in 2011) and Ferrybox systems (EUR110,298) than for fixed platforms (EUR86,526). Ongoing total annual running costs for a glider fleet (EUR184,014 excluding investment in 2011) and fixed platforms (EUR139,358) exceed those of Ferrybox systems (EUR90,529). This analysis of costs has shown that a large proportion of the total annual running costs (27%) of fixed platforms is associated with boat charter. Collaborative working such as under the Eurofleets project (http://www.eurofleets.eu/np4/63) may give the opportunity to reduce these costs and maximise efficiency.

Published
2014

33. A description of the tides in the Eastern North Atlantic

Author

Enrique Álvarez Fanjul, Begoña Pérez Gómez, and Ignacio Rodríguez Sánchez-Arévalo

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Continental shelf, Geology, Aquatic Science, Latitude, Current (stream), Harmonic analysis, Oceanography, Tidal Model, Climatology, Harmonics, Tide gauge, Longitude
Abstract

A description of the Eastern North Atlantic tidal dynamics (in a region spanning from 20°N to 48°N in latitude and from 34°W to 0° in longitude) is obtained by means of new in situ measurements and numerical modelling based on TOPEX/POSEIDON-derived data sets. The main source of measurements is the tide gauge network REDMAR (RED de MAReografos de Puertos del Estado), operative since July 1992 and managed by Clima Maritimo (Puertos del Estado). Results derived from the harmonic analysis of the first years of measurements are presented and compared with model results. In order to obtain a global picture of the tides in the region, a large compilation of harmonic constants obtained from other institutes is included. The availability of new TOPEX/POSEIDON-derived harmonic constants data sets provides a chance to include the benefits derived from satellite altimetry in high resolution regional applications of numerical models. Richard Ray's tidal model (Ray et al., 1994), based on a response type tidal analysis of TOPEX/POSEIDON data, was employed within a model of the studied area. The numerical model employed is HAMSOM, a 3-D finite difference code developed both by the Institut fur Meereskunde (Hamburg University) and Clima Maritimo. Results from simulations of seven major harmonics are presented, providing a comprehensive view of tidal dynamics, including current information. The results of tidal simulations show good agreement between semidiurnal harmonic components and the values measured by both coastal and pelagic tidal gauges and by current meters. The modelled diurnal constituents show larger relative differences with measurements than semidiurnal harmonics, especially concerning the phase lags. The non-linear transfer of energy from semidiurnal to higher order harmonics, such as M4 and M6, was mapped. Those transfers were found to be important only in two areas: the French continental shelf in the Bay of Biscay and the widest part of the African shelf, south of Cabo Bojador.

Published
1997
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34. European Sea Level Monitoring: Implementation of ESEAS Quality Control

Author

Elizabeth Bradshaw, Lesley Rickards, Fabio Raicich, Bente Lilja Bye, Espen Isaksen, Xiuhua Zhang, Hans-Peter Plag, Begoña Pérez Gómez, and María Jesús García

Subjects
Metadata, Documentation, Standardization, Automatic control, Operations research, Computer science, media_common.quotation_subject, Geodetic datum, Tide gauge, Quality (business), Sea level, media_common
Abstract

One of the objectives of the European Sea-Level Service (ESEAS) is to provide access to quality controlled European tide gauge data for research and other uses. The ESEAS quality control is based on a common set of procedures for the quality control of observed sea level data, which to a great extent can be referred to those specified by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission for the Global Sea Level Observing System. Quality control also extends to other information such as documentation of datum information, metadata, exchange format, application classification, and levels of quality control. In relation to tsunami-enabled tide gauges, quality control is related to the availability of data in real-time and the use of automatic control and analysis procedures.

Published
2007
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