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We propose an abstract conceptual framework for analysing complex security systems using a new notion of modes and mode transitions. A mode is an independent component of a system with its own objectives, monitoring data, algorithms, and scope and limits. The behaviour of a mode, including its transitions to other modes, is determined by interpretations of the mode's monitoring data in the light of its objectives and capabilities -- these interpretations we call beliefs. We formalise the conceptual framework mathematically and, by quantifying and visualising beliefs in higher-dimensional geometric spaces, we argue our models may help both design, analyse and explain systems. The mathematical models are based on simplicial complexes.

We construct a Leray-Serre spectral sequence for fibrations for de Rham cohomology on noncommutative algebras. The fibrations are bimodules with zero-curvature extendable bimodule connections satisfying an additional condition. By the KSGNS construction, completely positive maps between C*-algebras correspond to Hilbert C*-bimodules. We give examples of fibrations on group algebras and matrix algebras.

The rise of AI in human contexts places new demands on automated systems to be transparent and explainable. We examine some anthropomorphic ideas and principles relevant to such accountablity in order to develop a theoretical framework for thinking about digital systems in complex human contexts and the problem of explaining their behaviour. Structurally, systems are made of modular and hierachical components, which we abstract in a new system model using notions of modes and mode transitions. A mode is an independent component of the system with its own objectives, monitoring data, and algorithms. The behaviour of a mode, including its transitions to other modes, is determined by functions that interpret each mode's monitoring data in the light of its objectives and algorithms. We show how these belief functions can help explain system behaviour by visualising their evaluation as trajectories in higher-dimensional geometric spaces. These ideas are formalised mathematically by abstract and concrete simplicial complexes. We offer three techniques: a framework for design heuristics, a general system theory based on modes, and a geometric visualisation, and apply them in three types of human-centred systems., Comment: Comments welcome

We study geodesics in noncommutative geometry by means of bimodule connections and completely positive maps using the Kasparov, Stinespring, Gel'fand, Naimark & Segal (KSGNS) construction. This is motivated from classical geometry, and we also consider examples on the algebras M_2(C) and C(Z_n), though restricting to classical real time. On the way we have to consider the reality of a noncommutative vector field, and for this we propose a definition depending on a state on the algebra., Comment: Version 2: Major revision - the main change is the inclusion of a reality condition on vector fields which enforces normalisation of states. The examples have been recomputed to include this

Noncommutative or `quantum' differential geometry has emerged in recent years as a process for quantizing not only a classical space into a noncommutative algebra (as familiar in quantum mechanics) but also differential forms, bundles and Riemannian structures at this level. The data for the algebra quantisation is a classical Poisson bracket, the data for the quantum differential forms is a Poisson-compatible connection it was recently shown that after this, classical data such as classical bundles, metrics etc. all become quantised in a canonical `functorial' way at least to 1st order in deformation theory. There are, however, fresh compatibility conditions between the classical Riemannian and the Poisson structures as well as new physics such as nonassociativity at 2nd order. We give an introduction to this theory and some details for the case of CP${}^n$ where the commutation relations have the canonical form $[w^i,\bar w^j]=\mathrm{i}\lambda\delta_{ij}$ similar to the proposal of Penrose for quantum twistor space. Our work provides a canonical but ultimately nonassociative differential calculus on this algebra and quantises the metric and Levi-Civita connection at lowest order in $\lambda$., Comment: 14 pages latex

We study noncommutative bundles and Riemannian geometry at the semiclassical level of first order in a deformation parameter $\lambda$, using a functorial approach. The data for quantisation of the cotangent bundle is known to be a Poisson structure and Poisson preconnection and we now show that this data defines to a functor $Q$ from the monoidal category of classical vector bundles equipped with connections to the monodial category of bimodules equipped with bimodule connections over the quantised algebra. We adapt this functor to quantise the wedge product of the exterior algebra and in the Riemannian case, the metric and the Levi-Civita connection. Full metric compatibility requires vanishing of an obstruction in the classical data, expressed in terms of a generalised Ricci 2-form, without which our quantum Levi-Civita connection is still the best possible. We apply the theory to the Schwarzschild black-hole and to Riemann surfaces as examples, as well as verifying our results on the 2D bicrossproduct model quantum spacetime. The quantized Schwarzschild black-hole in particular has features similar to those encountered in $q$-deformed models, notably the necessity of nonassociativity of any rotationally invariant quantum differential calculus of classical dimensions., Comment: 57 pages AMS LATEX, no figures

In this paper I show that pointwise bounded asymptotic morphisms between separable metrisable locally convex *-algebras induce continuous maps between the quasi-unitary groups of the algebras, provided that the algebras support a certain amount of functional calculus. This links the asymptotic morphisms directly to Thomsen's non-stable definition of k-theory in the C* algebra case. A result on composition of asymptotic morphisms is also given., Comment: LaTex, approx 14pages

In this paper we extend the standard differential geometric theory of Hamiltonian dynamics to noncommutative spaces, beginning with symplectic forms. Derivations on the algebra are used instead of vector fields, and interior products and Lie derivatives with respect to derivations are discussed. Then the Poisson bracket of certain algebra elements can be defined by a choice of closed 2-form. Examples are given using the noncommutative torus, the Cuntz algebra, the algebra of matrices, and the algebra of matrix valued functions on $\Bbb R^2$., Comment: 10 pages LaTeX

This paper considers a generalisation of the idea of a Hopf algebra in which a commutative ring replaces the field in the unit and counit. It is motivated by an example from the inverse scattering formalism for solitons. We begin with the corresponding idea for groups, where the concept of the identity is altered., Comment: 16 pages AMSTeX

In this note we show that the single soliton solutions known previously in the $1+1$ dimensional affine Toda field theories from a variety of different methods \cite{H1,MM,OTUa,OTUb}, are in fact not the most general single soliton solutions. We exhibit single soliton solutions with additional small parameters which reduce to the previously known solutions when these extra parameters are set to zero. The new solution has the same mass and topological charges as the standard solution when these parameters are set to zero. However we cannot yet completely rule out the possibility that other solutions with larger values of these extra parameters are non-singular, in the cases where the number of extra parameters is greater than one, and if so their topological charges would most likely be different., Comment: 14 pages, 5 .eps figures, compressed tar file, print out plot4.eps and plot5.eps separately

This paper constructs exact classical solutions of the equations of QED. These are constructed in 4+2 dimensional space, which fibers over the usual 3+1 dimensional space-time. The solution is stationary and localised about a topological singularity in space time. The electromagnetic field is that of a point electric charge, positioned at the singularity. Away from the singularity, all the conserved currents vanish. The solution comes in 8 varieties, corresponding to any choice of positive or negative charge, spin or mass (though it is presumed that the negative mass solutions are not physical). The charge is quantised, and determined up to sign by the coupling constant in the theory. The main element in the construction is simply the requirement that the solution be rotationally symmetric., Comment: 8 pages ( AMSTEX / AMSPPT )