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Adolescent girls and young women of childbearing age are the main populations affected by endocrinopathy known as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). It is especially important to take into account whether clinical and biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism are present in female patients. In maintaining metabolic homeostasis, leptin is crucial. According to research, vitamin D deficiency may play a role in the pathophysiology of PCOS by contributing to insulin resistance, inflammation, dyslipidaemia, and obesity, which are all conditions linked to the syndrome. In this study, leptin and vitamin D3 levels will be measured in order to determine how each relates to the aetiology of PCOS. Materials and Methods: Hundred young women were allocated into two groups, 50 women with PCOS (diagnosed on the basis of revised Rotterdam criteria for PCOS), taken as a study group, and 50 healthy women with no PCOS as control group. Blood samples were collected and tested for hormonal parameters. Results: Between the two groups, there were no appreciable variations in demographic traits. Study groups were found to have considerably higher serum leptin levels than control groups. The study group's vitamin D3 levels were found to be lower than those of the control group. Conclusion: Patients with PCOS are a special population with distinctive hormonal profiles that differ from typical profiles in healthy populations. Comparing PCOS to healthy individuals, leptin levels were higher while vitamin D3 levels were lower. It is necessary to conduct more extensive research on the involvement of leptin and vitamin D3 in the aetiology of PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is preliminary state of thyroid disorder, in which the circulating levels of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) are slightly above the normal range (4.6- 10 mIU/lit), whereas thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are still within the normal limits. Vitamin B12 deficiency is reported in patients of hypothyroidism but with varied prevalence. Thus routine screening, and early detection of Vitamin B12 can be helpful to prevent the further progression of Subclinical to Overt hypothyroidism. The present study aim to detect the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in cases of Subclinical hypothyroidism. Methods: 100 patients of subclinical hypothyroidism (26 males and 74 females) and equal number of age and sex matched controls were included in the study. The serum levels of TSH, T3 and T4 were estimated through chemiluminescence by fully automated analyzer (Vitros 5600) to identify cases of SCH. The serum levels of Vitamin B12 was estimated through ELISA technique in the described groups. The collected data were analyzed statistically using Unpaired student t-test and were compared by using Pearson correlation coefficient. Result: In SCH patients, both T3 and T4 levels were within normal range, whereas TSH levels were in the range of 4.9- 11.2 mIU/lit. Significantly low levels of serum Vitamin B12 were found in cases of subclinical hypothyroidism (p-value<0.0001). These levels showed a highly significant negative correlation (r= -0.2536; p-value =0.01109) with serum TSH levels. Conclusion: Based on the results of our study we conclude that there is a higher prevalence of Vitamin B12 deficiency in SCH patients, hence we hypothesize that by routine laboratory testing, early detection of vitamin B12 deficiency and appropriate therapeutic measures can be helpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]