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This article investigates the relationship between rising crime and other breaches of the norms on the one hand and the deterioration of both material and immaterial incentives on the other hand by way of a simple rational choice model. Recent debates about rising crime on the one hand and the purported deterioration of values and norms implicitly refer to two kinds of coordination mechanisms. Values and norms are related to immaterial incentives caused by informal social supervision, such as feelings of shame or loss of reputation, and by feelings of guilt or repentance.

Introduction: The Department of Defense Medical Examination Review Board (DoDMERB) plays a pivotal role in the assessment of medical fitness for aspiring military officers. A crucial component of this process is the screening audiogram, designed to evaluate hearing capabilities. However, recent observations of high disqualification rates following screening audiograms led to concerns about their accuracy., Materials and Methods: This quality improvement project, conducted between 2017 and 2019, aimed to assess the concordance between screening audiograms and reference-standard audiometry, as well as to investigate the relationship between disqualification status and hearing thresholds at different frequencies. A sample of 134 candidates, drawn from various locations across the United States, was analyzed., Results: Results revealed that the screening audiogram mean thresholds were twice that of the reference-standard audiogram, particularly in the lower frequencies. Additionally, we found that 84% of candidates were incorrectly disqualified by the screening exam when followed up by the reference-standard. Overall, Bland-Altman analysis revealed significant disagreement between these two tests. This discrepancy prompted a fundamental policy shift in 2020, where candidates who fail screening audiograms now automatically undergo reference-standard audiometry before any disqualification decision. This policy change reflects the commitment of DoDMERB to refining the medical screening process. It reduces the burden on candidates, provides a more comprehensive assessment, and ensures that qualified individuals are not erroneously disqualified.In addition to policy changes, this quality improvement project explored potential courses of action to enhance the screening audiogram process. Among these, improving contract specifications for testing facilities to minimize ambient noise emerged as the most practical and cost-effective approach., Conclusion: In conclusion, the project underscores the importance of refining medical screening processes to accurately assess candidates' qualifications while retaining the utility of screening audiograms. These efforts not only benefit aspiring military officers but also contribute to maintaining the high standards required for military service., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States 2023. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.)

The RNA chaperone Hfq fulfills important roles in small regulatory RNA (sRNA) function in many bacteria. Loss of Hfq in the dissimilatory metal reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 results in slow exponential phase growth and a reduced terminal cell density at stationary phase. We have found that the exponential phase growth defect of the hfq mutant in LB is the result of reduced heme levels. Both heme levels and exponential phase growth of the hfq mutant can be completely restored by supplementing LB medium with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), the first committed intermediate synthesized during heme synthesis. Increasing expression of gtrA, which encodes the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in heme biosynthesis, also restores heme levels and exponential phase growth of the hfq mutant. Taken together, our data indicate that reduced heme levels are responsible for the exponential growth defect of the S. oneidensis hfq mutant in LB medium and suggest that the S. oneidensis hfq mutant is deficient in heme production at the 5-ALA synthesis step.