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Human milk lipids provide not only energy but also indispensable bioactive components such as essential fatty acids. To establish the recommended daily intake value and guidelines for infant formula, a reference library of fatty acid composition has been generated from 4 Asian countries (South Korea, China, Vietnam, and Pakistan). Regardless of country, palmitic acid (C16:0), linoleic acid (C18:1), and linolenic acid (C18:2) were the 3 most abundant fatty acids in human milk and account for more than 75% of total fatty acids (total FA). However, there were several considerable differences between fatty acids, particularly n-3 and n-6 (omega-3 and omega-6) groups. Chinese mothers' milk had a high concentration of linoleic acid at 24.38 ± 10.02% of total FA, which may be due to maternal diet. Among the 4 countries, Pakistani mothers' milk contained a high amount of saturated fatty acid (56.83 ± 5.96% of total FA), and consequently, polyunsaturated fatty acids, including n-3 and n-6, were significantly lower than in other countries. It is noteworthy that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in Pakistani mothers' milk was 44.8 ± 33.3 mg/L, which is only 25 to 30% of the levels in the other 3 countries, suggesting the need for DHA supplementation for infants in Pakistan. Moreover, the ratio of n-6 to n-3 was also remarkably high in Pakistani mothers' milk (15.21 ± 4.96), being 1.4- to 1.7-fold higher than in other countries. The average DHA:ARA ratio in Asian human milk was 1.01 ± 0.79. Korean mothers' milk showed a high DHA:ARA ratio, with a value of 1.30 ± 0.98, but Pakistani mothers' milk had a significantly lower value (0.42 ± 0.12). The fatty acid compositions and anthropometric data of mother (body mass index, age) did not show any correlation. The obtained data might provide information about human milk compositions in the Asian region that could benefit from setting up recommended nutrient intake and infant formula for Asian babies.

Several studies revealed that different parts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss, has therapeutic potential against inflammatory issues and dyslipidemia which is a major contributing cause to cardiovascular diseases, oxidative stress and serum glucose levels, etc. AIM OF STUDY: Present study was conducted to evaluate anti-dyslipidemic capacity of Azadirachta indica leaf extract in dyslipidemic rabbits.Ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica leaves was obtained by using Soxhlet apparatus. This extract was used for efficacy study on rabbits. In this context, 25 healthy rabbits were selected for study, Efficacy trial involved five groups of rabbits, 5 rabbits in each group; NC (Negative Control); healthy rabbits received normal diet. In remaining 20 rabbits, dyslipidemia was induced by using high fat diet for 28 days followed by administration of Azadirachta indica leaf ethanolic extract for 60 days in a dose-dependent manner. PC (Positive Control) include dyslipidemic rabbits received normal diet while GSignificant reduction in total cholesterol (60 ± 3.4 mg/dL), triglycerides (40.31 ± 2.5 mg/dL) and low-density lipoprotein (28.87 ± 2.1 mg/dL) was observed in GResults revealed that ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica leaves in G

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is one of the most common musculoskeletal problems in newborns. It occurs in 1in 1000 live births affecting girls more than boys and more associated with breech presentation and positive family history. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of arthrography in assessing the closed reduction of DDH. Study Design: Clinicial Study. Setting: This study was conducted at Allied Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan, Period: From December 2013 to January 2016 and comprised patients of either gender. Material & Methods: DDH was diagnosed with help of clinical examination and radiological investigations. Arthrography was performed and images were taken in different positions of the hip which were evaluated and findings noted. Results: Out of 50 hips, 34 had normal looking head of femur while 16 patients had head of femur which was either smaller than normal or of abnormal shape. Shape of acetabulum was found normal in 41 hips. Normal labrum was present in 44, inverted in 4 and everted in 2 patients. Ligamentum teres was found hypertrophic in 6 patients. Normal head coverage was present in 40 while in 10 hips head of femur was lateralized ≥ 4 mm. No external obstruction to reduction was encountered. In 44 cases reduction was concentric and eccentric reduction was noted in 6 patients. Conclusion: Arthrography is of special help in assessing the reduction of hip in DDH as it provides information about shape of head of femur, shape of acetabulum, labrum, ligamentum teres, containment of the hip, coverage of head and external obstacles to reduction.

This data shows a review in fatty acid compositions in infant formula and compares to that in the human milk of four Asian countries.

Vitamins are the essential elements for human life and, particularly, for infant health. Human milk is the best source of nutrients for newborns, however, the information of vitamins in Asian maternal milk is still limited. In this study, we have collected 580 Asian maternal milk samples from Korea (n = 254), China (n = 137), Pakistan (n = 92), and Vietnam (n = 97). The vitamin concentrations, including vitamin B-groups (8 vitamins), fat-soluble vitamin (retinol, D, E, K) and lutein in the breast milk of were investigated. The concentration of thiamin (B1), biotin (B7), and folic acid (B9) in mother&rsquo, s milk of four countries were not considerably different, while riboflavin (B2), pantothenic acid (B5), and pyridoxine (B6) level in Vietnam samples were significantly lower than those in other countries. In contrast, retinol (A) and tocopherol (E) were found to be higher levels in Vietnamese maternal milk. Korean and Chinese maternal milk had low concentrations of retinol that may cause vitamin A deficiency in children. However, Chinese mother&rsquo, s milk was distinguished with a high concentration of lutein. Pakistani mother&rsquo, s milk was observed as having a significant problem of folic acid (B9) deficiency. Regardless of the country, vitamin B12, K, and D did not seem to be provided sufficiently through maternal milk. The moderate positive correlations were found between vitamin concentrations in each country and the pooled sample. The data obtained in this study were able to provide vital information to assess the nutritional status of breast milk in Asian countries and contributed to the efforts of ensuring the best nutrition for Asian children.

Soluble oxalate in foods is major concern for kidney stone formers due to its tendency to increase urinary oxalate concentration. Phytate forms complexes with cations, which increases soluble oxalate by making cations unavailable to precipitate oxalate. Thus, in order to reduce soluble oxalate, bran samples (wheat, oat and barley) and bean samples (red kidney bean and white bean) were treated with phytase. Release of phosphate after phytate degradation and its association with calcium was determined. Phosphate concentration increased after application of phytase in all samples, but effect on soluble oxalate concentration varied. Wheat and oat bran showed significant reduction (P < 0.05) in soluble oxalate compared to bean samples. Wheat bran, oat bran and white bean had a lower calcium:phosphate ratio than barley bran and red kidney beans. Correlation of the calcium:phosphate molar ratio with release of phosphate depends on concentration of calcium ions and this influences soluble oxalate concentration.

Bioavailability of oxalate is highly influenced by the presence of metal cations in the gastrointestinal tract as a result of the different solubility of oxalate salts. Bioavailability is further influenced by pH effects on oxalate solubility at various stages of digestion, particularly at gastric pH at which insoluble oxalate has been found to solubilize. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of gastrointestinal pH and different metal ions on the relative solubility of oxalate after treatment with relevant gastric and intestinal enzymes in simulated gastrointestinal digestion conditions. Whole bran cereals and beans were used as test samples. Oxalate solubility increased along with reproducible recovery such as 97±4 at gastric pH-2 compared to higher pH. High amount of soluble oxalate (32±1.2) was found in wheat bran after simulated in vitro digestion under gastric conditions as compared to intestinal conditions i.e. 11±0.5. The availability of calcium for absorption was found to be very low compared to that of magnesium and potassium i.e., 15±0.3, 13±0.5 to 10±0.42 and 4±1 in wheat bran sample at gastric and intestinal conditions simultaneously. The formation of a complex between calcium and oxalate reduced solubility and hence made calcium less available for absorption. Presence of metals and oxalate not only reduces oxalate availability, but it also reduces availability of metal cations.

Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) has been used in food industry due to its classification as food grade microorganism. It has been used for food production as well as preservation on large scale. It is also considered as promising bacterial strain due to its probiotic activity that confirms human health. Moreover, it also shows resistance regarding its survival in Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT). Therefore, use of LAB as delivery platform for drugs as well as production of recombinant protein is a challenging approach for researchers now a day. As, it not only reduces the production cost of drug, but also act as live vector to synthesize and deliver target or therapeutic protein of interest. Moreover, it is possible to produce different proteins from same bacteria simultaneously. Thus altogether, this approach has not only provided an alternative option for intravenous administration of recombinant protein but also gives an alternative insight for delivery system of mucosal vaccine. This review aims to provide an overview in order to use specific species of LAB such as lactococci lactis and Lactobacillus as vector for transfer of vaccine for mucosal as well as in recombinant form. Moreover, use of intron for desired genetic variation into target sites is explained to give directional insight for future studies.

Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 14869 exhibited a carbon catabolite de-repressed (CCR) phenotype which has ability to consume fermentable sugar simultaneously with glucose. To evaluate this unusual phenotype under harsh conditions during fermentation, the effect of lactic acid and hydrogen ion concentrations on L. brevis ATCC 14869 were examined. Kinetic equations describing the relationship between specific cell growth rate and lactic acid or hydrogen ion concentration has been reduced. The change of substrate utilization and product formation according to lactic acid and hydrogen ion concentration in the media were quantitatively described. Moreover; utilization of other compounds were also observed along with hydrogen ion and lactic acid concentration simultaneously. It has been found that substrate preference changes significantly regarding to utilization of compounds in media. That could result into formation of two-carbon products. In particular, acetic acid present in the media as sodium acetate were consumed by L. brevis ATCC 14869 under extreme pH of both acid and alkaline conditions.

The present study evaluated the effects of cooking on the total, soluble and insoluble oxalate contents in six different types of locally consumed vegetables and beans (spinach, carrots, beet root, white bean, red bean and soybean). The foods were cooked in water until they reached the soft consistency (12–15 min for vegetable and 2 h for beans). The raw and cooked samples were analyzed for their soluble and insoluble oxalate contents using the HPLC techniques. The total oxalate content of raw spinach, carrot, beet root, white bean, red bean and soybean, were found to be 978 ± 5, 49 ± 7, 67 ± 12, 158 ± 16, 113 ± 15, and 497 ± 22 mg/100 g of fresh weight respectively. The total oxalate contents of these foods after boiling were 477 ± 8, 16 ± 9, 52 ± 14, 47 ± 17, 72 ± 17, and 224 ± 25 mg/100 g of fresh weight respectively. The results showed that boiling significantly (P < 0.05) reduced both soluble and insoluble oxalate contents. More losses were observed in the soluble than the insoluble oxalates. The red...

Phytate and mineral cations are both considered as important dietary factors for inhibiting the crystallisation of calcium oxalate kidney stones in susceptible individuals. In this paper, the phytate and mineral composition of whole bran cereals (wheat, barley and oat) and legumes were determined together with their soluble and insoluble oxalate concentrations in order to investigate the effects on oxalate solubility. The oat bran sample had the highest soluble oxalate concentration at 79 ± 1.3 mg/100 g, while total and soluble oxalate concentrations in the food samples studied range from 33 to 199 mg/100 g and 14 to 79 mg/100 g, respectively. The phytate concentration was in the range from 227 to 4393 mg/100 g and the concentrations of cations were in the range 54–70 mg/100 g for calcium, 75–398 mg/100 g for magnesium, 244–1529 mg/100 g for potassium and 4–11 mg/100 g for iron. Soluble oxalate concentration did not increase in proportion to total oxalate, and the phytate concentration in all foods was sufficient to contribute to an increase in soluble oxalate concentration by binding calcium.