45 results on '"Bee Venoms poisoning"'
Search Results
2. Epidemiology of envenomation by Africanized honeybees in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil.
- Author
-
Marques MRV, Araújo KAM, Tavares AV, Vieira AA, and Leite RS
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Brazil epidemiology, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Insect Bites and Stings complications, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Seasons, Severity of Illness Index, Sex Distribution, Spatial Analysis, Time Factors, Young Adult, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees, Insect Bites and Stings epidemiology
- Abstract
Introduction: In the American continent, accidents caused by honeybees are a public health problem due to the high incidence and severity of the cases. Despite its medical importance, there are few epidemiological studies on this topic in Brazil, especially referring to the Northeastern states. The present study aims to describe the epidemiological features of honeybee envenomation cases in the state of the Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil, from 2007 to 2014., Methods: Data were collected from the Notifiable Diseases Information System database of the Health Department of Rio Grande do Norte., Results: We analyzed a total of 2,168 cases. Cases occurred in all months of the years studied, reaching higher frequencies from June to October. Most incidents happened in urban areas and involved men, with victims aged between 20 and 39 years. Victims were mainly stung on the head and hand, and they received medical care predominantly within 3 hours after the injury. Local manifestations were more frequent than systemic ones. Clinically, most cases were mild and progressed to cure., Conclusion: The high number of honeybee sting cases shows that Rio Grande do Norte may be an important risk area for such injury.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Hemolytic anemia, spherocytosis, and thrombocytopenia associated with honey bee envenomation in a dog.
- Author
-
Nair R, Riddle EA, and Thrall MA
- Subjects
- Anemia, Hemolytic etiology, Animals, Blood Cell Count veterinary, Dogs, Insect Bites and Stings complications, Male, Thrombocytopenia etiology, Anemia, Hemolytic veterinary, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees, Dog Diseases etiology, Insect Bites and Stings veterinary, Spherocytes, Thrombocytopenia veterinary
- Abstract
This case report describes a massive honey bee envenomation in a 14-month-old male Belgian Malinois dog from St. Kitts, West Indies. Acute and delayed onsets of hemolytic anemia, echinocytosis, spherocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hemoglobinemia, and hemoglobinuria developed following envenomation. The dog recovered after treatment with glucocorticoids and supportive therapy. Spherocytosis, hemolysis, and thrombocytopenia in patients with massive bee envenomation are likely due to the direct toxic effects of the primary components of bee venom, melittin and phospholipase A
2 (PLA2 ). Mellitin causes hemolysis by forming large pores in erythrocytes resulting in leakage of hemoglobin and also causes spectrin stiffening and resultant echinocyte and spherocyte formation. Melittin also stimulates PLA2 , a hydrolase that causes echinocytosis and spherocytosis, in vivo and in vitro, and mitochondrial breakdown in platelets. However, delayed manifestations could be attributed to immune-mediated mechanisms from the generation of antibodies against damaged erythrocytes and platelet membrane proteins., (© 2019 American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology.)- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Honey bee envenoming in Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2007 through 2017: an observational, retrospective cohort study.
- Author
-
Oliveira SK, Trevisol DJ, Parma GC, Ferreira Júnior RS, Barbosa AN, Barraviera B, and Schuelter-Trevisol F
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Brazil epidemiology, Child, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Disease Notification, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Spatial Analysis, Young Adult, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees, Insect Bites and Stings mortality
- Abstract
Introduction: We evaluated the epidemiological and clinical profile of reported cases of bee sting incidents in Santa Catarina, Brazil., Methods: This retrospective cohort study included all reported cases of bee sting incidents among the population of Santa Catarina from 2007 to 2017., Results: In total, 8,912 cases were reported, corresponding to an overall rate of 12.3/100,000 population. The mean age was 29,8 years with 60.2% men. The lethality rate was 0.2%., Conclusions: Santa Catarina has a high incidence rate of bee stings, which is higher than the national average. The data presented in this study may be underestimated.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Rhabdomyolysis in Children: Three Exotic Presentations from Suriname.
- Author
-
van 't Kruys K, Zonneveld R, Liesdek S, and Zijlmans W
- Subjects
- Acute Kidney Injury etiology, Adolescent, Animals, Chikungunya Fever diagnosis, Chikungunya virus isolation & purification, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype isolation & purification, Influenza, Human diagnosis, Male, Rhabdomyolysis physiopathology, Suriname, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees, Chikungunya Fever complications, Influenza, Human complications, Insect Bites and Stings complications, Rhabdomyolysis etiology
- Abstract
We describe three clinical cases of Surinamese children with rhabdomyolysis with diverse clinical presentation and course. The first patient had rhabdomyolysis because of toxins caused by multiple beestings and developed acute kidney injury. The other two patients had rhabdomyolysis following acute infection with chikungunya and influenza A/H1N1 virus. These cases emphasize that the diverse etiology of rhabdomyolysis should be considered in children in tropical settings., (© The Author(s) [2018]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. A Fatal Case of Acute Renal Failure From Envenoming Syndrome After Massive Bee Attack: A Case Report and Literature Review.
- Author
-
Hughes RL
- Subjects
- Anaphylaxis chemically induced, Animals, Bees, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Rhabdomyolysis chemically induced, Tryptases blood, Acute Kidney Injury chemically induced, Bee Venoms poisoning, Insect Bites and Stings complications
- Abstract
Envenoming syndrome is a systemic toxic reaction to the inoculation of large volume of insect venom, typically after a swarm attack from bees. Africanized honey bees are notorious for their aggressive nature, and human deaths resulting from Africanized honey bee attacks are consistently reported. Whereas anaphylaxis is the most common lethal mechanism of injury, delayed deaths can also occur as a consequence of severe venom toxicity with resultant end organ damage. Acute renal failure complicating massive envenomation is a rare but potentially fatal outcome after Africanized honey bee attack and may be heralded by laboratory evidence of rhabdomyolysis.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Reasons for Declining Venom Immunotherapy.
- Author
-
Carneiro-Leão L, Amaral L, and Coimbra A
- Subjects
- Adult, Antivenins economics, Bee Venoms antagonists & inhibitors, Female, Humans, Immunotherapy economics, Immunotherapy legislation & jurisprudence, Insurance, Health, Reimbursement, Male, Portugal, Antivenins therapeutic use, Bee Venoms poisoning, Immunotherapy psychology, Insect Bites and Stings therapy, Treatment Refusal psychology
- Abstract
Introduction: Hymenoptera venom allergy is associated with significant morbidity and deterioration in health-related quality of life, and risk of fatal systemic reactions. Although venom immunotherapy is safe and the only effective treatment in allergic individuals, some patients prefer not to pursue this treatment. Since 2011, when the 50% reimbursement was stopped, patients must fully support the cost of immunotherapy. This study aimed to ascertain the reasons why patients decline immunotherapy., Material and Methods: A medical records review of all patients proposed to receive venom immunotherapy at an Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department in Porto, Portugal, between 2006 and 2015, followed by a phone interview to patients refusing treatment., Results: A total of 83 subjects were enrolled, with a mean (± SD) age of 44.4 (14.7) years and 55 (66%) males; 27 refused venom immunotherapy between 2006 and 2015. Nineteen were interviewed and 14 of those stated price as the main reason for declining treatment. The only identified risk factor associated with immunotherapy refusal was being proposed after 2011 (OR: 3.29; 95% CI: 1.12 - 9.68; p = 0.03)., Discussion: The number of patients refusing venom immunotherapy doubled since reimbursement was withdrawn. Price was identified as the major obstacle to treatment completion. Immunotherapy proposal after reimbursement was stopped was associated with a 3-fold increase in the risk of refusing treatment., Conclusion: These findings show how economic decisions may have a detrimental effect on patient care, as immunotherapy refusal left them exposed to an avoidable life-threatening risk.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Multiple bee stings, multiple organs involved: a case report.
- Author
-
Toledo LFM, Moore DCBC, Caixeta DMDL, Salú MDS, Farias CVB, and Azevedo ZMA
- Subjects
- Animals, Child, Preschool, Humans, Male, Acute Kidney Injury etiology, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees, Eye Infections etiology, Insect Bites and Stings complications, Rhabdomyolysis etiology
- Abstract
Accidents related to Africanized honey bees are growing globally and are associated with multiple stings owing to the aggressive behavior of this species. The massive inoculation of venom causes skin necrosis and rhabdomyolysis leading to renal failure. Anaphylactic manifestations are more common and are treated using well-defined treatment protocols. However, bee venom-induced toxic reactions may be serious and require a different approach. We report the case of a 3-year-old child, which would help clinicians to focus on the treatment approach required after an incident involving multiple bee stings.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Acute kidney injury complicating bee stings - a review.
- Author
-
Silva GBD Junior, Vasconcelos AG Junior, Rocha AMT, Vasconcelos VR, Barros J Neto, Fujishima JS, Ferreira NB, Barros EJG, and Daher EF
- Subjects
- Acute Kidney Injury physiopathology, Acute Kidney Injury therapy, Animals, Bee Venoms chemistry, Humans, Acute Kidney Injury etiology, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees, Insect Bites and Stings complications
- Abstract
Bee stings can cause severe reactions and have caused many victims in the last years. Allergic reactions can be triggered by a single sting and the greater the number of stings, the worse the prognosis. The poisoning effects can be systemic and can eventually cause death. The poison components are melitin, apamin, peptide 401, phospholipase A2, hyaluronidase, histamine, dopamine, and norepinephrine, with melitin being the main lethal component. Acute kidney injury (AKI) can be observed in patients suffering from bee stings and this is due to multiple factors, such as intravascular hemolysis, rhabdomyolysis, hypotension and direct toxicity of the venom components to the renal tubules. Arterial hypotension plays an important role in this type of AKI, leading to ischemic renal lesion. The most commonly identified biopsy finding in these cases is acute tubular necrosis, which can occur due to both, ischemic injury and the nephrotoxicity of venom components. Hemolysis and rhabdomyolysis reported in many cases in the literature, were demonstrated by elevated serum levels of indirect bilirubin and creatine kinase. The severity of AKI seems to be associated with the number of stings, since creatinine levels were higher, in most cases, when there were more than 1,000 stings. The aim of this study is to present an updated review of AKI associated with bee stings, including the currently advised clinical approach.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HONEYBEE STING CASES IN THE STATE OF CEARÁ, NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL.
- Author
-
Diniz AG, Belmino JF, Araújo KA, Vieira AT, and Leite Rde S
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Brazil epidemiology, Child, Preschool, Disease Notification, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Seasons, Severity of Illness Index, Young Adult, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees, Insect Bites and Stings epidemiology
- Abstract
In the American continent, honeybee envenomation is a public health problem due to the high incidence and severity of the cases. Despite its medical importance, there is a lack of epidemiological studies on this topic in Brazil, especially referring to the Northeastern states. The present study has aimed to describe the epidemiological features of honeybee envenomation cases in the state of the Ceará, Northeastern Brazil, from 2007 to 2013. Data were collected from the Injury Notification Information System database of the Health Department of Ceará. A total of 1,307 cases were analyzed. Cases were shown to be distributed in all the months of the studied years, reaching higher frequencies in August. The majority of cases occurred in urban areas and involved men aged between 20 and 29 years. Victims were mainly stung on the head and torso, and they received medical assistance predominantly within 3 hours after being stung. Local manifestations were more frequent than systemic ones. Most cases were classified as mild and progressed to cure. The high number of honeybee sting cases shows that Ceará may be an important risk area for such injuries. Moreover, the current study provides data for the development of strategies to promote control and prevention of bee stings in this area.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. RRH: envenoming syndrome due to 200 stings from Africanized honeybees.
- Author
-
Silva GA, Pires KL, Soares DC, Ferreira MR, Ferry FR, Motta RN, and Azevedo MC
- Subjects
- Aged, Animals, Humans, Insect Bites and Stings therapy, Male, Syndrome, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees, Insect Bites and Stings complications
- Abstract
Envenoming syndrome from Africanized bee stings is a toxic syndrome caused by the inoculation of large amounts of venom from multiple bee stings, generally more than five hundred. The incidence of severe toxicity from Africanized bee stings is rare but deadly. This report reveals that because of the small volume of distribution, having fewer stings does not exempt a patient from experiencing an unfavorable outcome, particularly in children, elderly people or underweight people.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Africanized honeybee stings: how to treat them.
- Author
-
Almeida RA, Olivo TE, Mendes RP, Barraviera SR, Souza Ldo R, Martins JG, Hashimoto M, Fabris VE, Ferreira Junior RS, and Barraviera B
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Brazil, Child, Child, Preschool, Clinical Protocols, Female, Humans, Insect Bites and Stings complications, Insect Bites and Stings pathology, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Young Adult, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees classification, Insect Bites and Stings therapy
- Abstract
Introduction: In 1956, Africanized honeybees (AHB) migrated from Brazil to other regions of the Western Hemisphere, including South, Central, and North America, except for Canada. Despite being productive, they are highly aggressive and cause fatal accidents. This study aimed to evaluate patients at the Clinical Hospital of Botucatu Medical School (HC-FMB) and to propose treatment guidelines., Methods: From 2005 to 2006, the clinical and laboratorial aspects of 11 patients (7 male and 4 female) and the anatomopathological aspects of one patient who had died in 2003 were analyzed., Results: The age of the surviving patients varied from 5 to 87 years, with a mean of 42.5 years. The majority of accidents occurred in the afternoon, and the number of stings ranged from 20 to 500. The principal signs and symptoms were pain and local inflammatory signs, nausea, tachycardia, and vomiting. Biochemical findings presented increased levels of creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate/alanine aminotransferase. An 11-year-old male patient died upon entering the attic of a two-story building where he was attacked by a swarm, receiving more than 1,000 stings. He was sent to HC-FMB where he was treated, but he died 24h later. Observed at the autopsy were erythematous-purpuric skin lesions besides necrosis at the sting locations, rhabdomyolysis, focal myocardial necrosis, tubular hydropic degeneration and focal tubular acute necrosis of the kidneys, myoglobinuria, and centrolobular necrosis in the liver., Conclusions: Accidents caused by multiple AHB stings always constitute a medical emergency. As there is no specific antivenom, we have developed guidelines, including first aid, drugs, and the proper removal of stingers.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Acute myocardial injury and rhabdomyolysis caused by multiple bee stings.
- Author
-
Mathew A, Chrispal A, and David T
- Subjects
- Aged, Anaphylaxis etiology, Angioedema drug therapy, Animals, Chlorpheniramine therapeutic use, Electrocardiography, Female, Histamine Antagonists therapeutic use, Humans, Insect Bites and Stings drug therapy, Male, Myocardial Ischemia complications, Myocardial Ischemia drug therapy, Myocardial Ischemia etiology, Rhabdomyolysis drug therapy, Treatment Outcome, Angioedema etiology, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees, Insect Bites and Stings complications, Rhabdomyolysis etiology
- Abstract
Massive envenomation by honey bees is capable of causing multiorgan dysfunction as a result of direct toxic effect of massive envenomation and secondary to systemic anaphylactic reactions. Acute myocardial ischemia due to bee envenomation is a rare event. We report the case of a 65 year old lady who presented with acute myocardial ischemia, severe rhabdomyolysis and angioedema following massive bee envenomation.
- Published
- 2011
14. Stroke due to bee sting.
- Author
-
Temizoz O, Celik Y, Asil T, Balci K, Unlu E, and Yilmaz A
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees, Brain pathology, Cerebral Infarction chemically induced, Insect Bites and Stings complications, Stroke chemically induced
- Abstract
Although bee stings can cause local reactions, neurovascular complications are rare. A 60-year-old man developed a focal neurologic deficit 2 hours after multiple bee stings, which was confirmed to be acute cerebral infarctions on magnetic resonance imaging scan.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. [Hymenoptera venom anaphylaxis and cardiovascular disease].
- Author
-
Müller UR
- Subjects
- Aged, Animals, Female, Humans, Hymenoptera, Male, Middle Aged, Anaphylaxis etiology, Anaphylaxis therapy, Bee Venoms poisoning, Cardiovascular Diseases complications, Cardiovascular Diseases therapy, Insect Bites and Stings complications, Insect Bites and Stings therapy, Wasp Venoms poisoning
- Abstract
Preexisting cardiovascular disease may worsen the course of anaphylaxis. This is illustrated based on the example of Hymenoptera venom allergy. Fatal sting anaphylaxis is most often observed in elderly patients. During autopsy preexisting cardiovascular disease is frequently found. Preexisting cardiovascular disease in patients with anaphylaxis may also cause lasting morbidity, e.g. cerebral or myocardial infarction. Heart medications, notably beta-blockers und ACE-inhibitors may worsen the course of anaphylactic reactions due to their pharmacologic effects. Since cardiovascular diseases are much more frequent than anaphylaxis and these medications are very effective, these drugs cannot be substituted in patients with both diseases without a careful risk analysis. Epinephrine is the drug of first choice for treatment of anaphylaxis. It may however, especially following rapid intravenous administration, cause severe arrhythmias or myocardial infarction. Adrenaline should therefore preferably be given intramuscularly, or by slow intravenous infusion.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. [Bionomics and defensive behaviour of bees and diplopterous wasps (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Vespidae) causing venom allergies in Germany].
- Author
-
Mauss V
- Subjects
- Animals, Ecology, Germany epidemiology, Humans, Incidence, Bee Venoms poisoning, Defense Mechanisms, Hymenoptera classification, Hypersensitivity, Immediate epidemiology, Insect Bites and Stings epidemiology, Wasp Venoms poisoning
- Abstract
About 30 species of eusocial Apinae and 11 species of eusocial Polistinae and Vespinae are possible inducers of venom allergies in Germany. Twenty-three of these species occur regularly or occasionally in residential or recreational areas. Geographical and altitudinal distribution, phenology, nest sites and foraging habitats of these species are concisely characterized. Their defensive behavior is described.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. [Venom immunotherapy. Side effects and efficacy of treatment].
- Author
-
Ruëff F and Przybilla B
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Anaphylaxis etiology, Anaphylaxis therapy, Bee Venoms poisoning, Immunotherapy adverse effects, Immunotherapy methods, Insect Bites and Stings etiology, Insect Bites and Stings therapy, Wasp Venoms poisoning
- Abstract
Venom immunotherapy (VIT) protects patients with Hymenoptera venom anaphylaxis from subsequent potentially life-threatening reactions. The most important side effect are systemic anaphylactic reactions (SAR). Compared to the administration of aqueous extracts according to a rush protocol, the frequency of systemic and also local side effects will be lower if depot extracts are used and a slow conventional dose schedule is used, as compared to rush desensitization with aqueous extracts. However, protection often has to be achieved rapidly, and adequate surveillance of sufficient duration is hardly feasible in outpatients. Therefore, VIT according to rush schedules in inpatients remains indispensable. Pre-treatment with H(1)-blocking antihistamines reduces frequency and intensity of local and mild systemic adverse reactions during VIT. Up to 25% of patients again develop a SAR when re-stung while on VIT with the usual maintenance dose of 100 microg venom. Patients with honeybee venom allergy or with mastocytosis are at a higher risk for treatment failure. Almost all of them will become fully protected by increasing the maintenance dose, 200 microg venom being sufficient in most cases. Patients with significant risk factors may be treated from the beginning with an elevated maintenance dose, particularly when they are allergic to honeybee venom.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. [Hymenoptera venom allergy. Life-threatening but curable].
- Author
-
Przybilla B
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Bee Venoms poisoning, Hymenoptera, Hypersensitivity, Immediate etiology, Hypersensitivity, Immediate therapy, Insect Bites and Stings complications, Insect Bites and Stings therapy, Wasp Venoms poisoning
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Electrocardiographic myocardial infarction without structural lesion in the setting of acute hymenoptera envenomation.
- Author
-
Valkanas MA, Bowman S, and Dailey MW
- Subjects
- Aged, Animals, Humans, Hymenoptera, Male, Bee Venoms poisoning, Electrocardiography, Insect Bites and Stings complications, Myocardial Infarction chemically induced
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Hymenopterid bites, stings, allergic reactions, and the impact of hurricanes on hymenopterid-inflicted injuries.
- Author
-
Diaz JH
- Subjects
- Anaphylaxis etiology, Animals, Ant Venoms poisoning, Bee Venoms poisoning, Emergency Service, Hospital statistics & numerical data, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Incidence, Insect Bites and Stings complications, United States epidemiology, Wasp Venoms poisoning, Anaphylaxis epidemiology, Disasters, Hymenoptera, Insect Bites and Stings epidemiology
- Abstract
Hymenopterid stings and subsequent allergic reactions are a common indication for emergency department visits worldwide. Unrecognized anaphylactic reactions to hymenopterid stings by apids, or bees, and vespids, or wasps, are a significant cause of sudden and unanticipated deaths outdoors in young people, with and without atopic histories. Insect bites and stings, often complicated by allergic reactions or skin infections, by community-acquired pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, are common sources of morbidity following hurricanes, tropical storms, and prolonged flooding. This article will review and critically analyze the descriptive epidemiology and outcomes of hymenopterid bites, stings, and allergic reactions, especially following hurricanes and prolonged flooding disasters; stratify the immunologic reactions to hymenopterid stings by clinical severity and outcomes; and present current recommendations for management, prophylaxis, and prevention of hymenopterid stings and reactions.
- Published
- 2007
21. [Hymenoptera stings].
- Author
-
Ciszowski K and Mietka-Ciszowska A
- Subjects
- Anaphylaxis immunology, Animals, Ant Venoms immunology, Ant Venoms poisoning, Bee Venoms immunology, Bee Venoms poisoning, Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic, Emergency Medical Services methods, Epinephrine therapeutic use, Histamine H1 Antagonists therapeutic use, Humans, Hypersensitivity immunology, Insect Bites and Stings complications, Insect Bites and Stings immunology, Prevalence, Prognosis, Risk Assessment, Severity of Illness Index, Wasp Venoms immunology, Wasp Venoms poisoning, Anaphylaxis classification, Anaphylaxis drug therapy, Hymenoptera, Hypersensitivity classification, Hypersensitivity drug therapy, Insect Bites and Stings drug therapy
- Abstract
Hymenoptera are the large group of insects which includes honey-bees, bumble-bees, paper wasps, hornets, ants. Female hymenoptera possess specialized stinging apparatus with which they inject their venom into prey's or intruder's body. It could be life-threatening for people sensitive to the venom. The hymenoptera venom consists of mixture of biologically active substances, eg. enzymes (phospholipases, hialuronidase), peptides (melittin, apamin, mastoparans, bombolitins) and low-molecular-weight compounds (biogenic amines, acetylcholine, carbohydrates, lipids, free amino acids). Several types of reactions are possible to develop after stinging by hymenopteran insects: (1) non-allergic local reaction (pain, small oedema, redness at the site of the sting); allergic reactions: (2) large local reaction (extensive local swelling, exceeding 10 cm, persisting longer than 24 hours) and (3) anaphylaxis (generalized urticaria, bronchospasm, hypotension, cardiovascular collapse, loss of consciousness); (4) systemic toxic reaction (oedema, vomits, diarrhoea, headache, hypotension, seizures, altered mental status); (5) unusual reactions (cardiac ischaemia, encephalomyelitis et al.). Therapeutic management after stings includes removing of the stinger (bee stings), local remedies (ice-packs, topical steroids) and prevention and treatment of an anaphylactic shock (epinephrine, general steroids, beta-mimetics, fluid resuscitation, oxygen therapy). In the present review types of reaction after hymenoptera stings were described with special interest of anaphylactic and toxic reactions as well as therapeutic management after stings.
- Published
- 2007
22. Hymenoptera stings.
- Author
-
Fitzgerald KT and Flood AA
- Subjects
- Anaphylaxis complications, Anaphylaxis drug therapy, Anaphylaxis immunology, Animals, Ant Venoms immunology, Ant Venoms poisoning, Ants, Bee Venoms immunology, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees, Cat Diseases drug therapy, Cat Diseases immunology, Cats, Diagnosis, Differential, Dog Diseases drug therapy, Dog Diseases immunology, Dogs, Histamine H1 Antagonists therapeutic use, Insect Bites and Stings complications, Insect Bites and Stings drug therapy, Insect Bites and Stings immunology, Lethal Dose 50, Prognosis, Wasp Venoms immunology, Wasp Venoms poisoning, Wasps, Anaphylaxis veterinary, Arthropod Venoms immunology, Arthropod Venoms poisoning, Hymenoptera, Insect Bites and Stings veterinary
- Abstract
The medically important groups of Hymenoptera are the Apoidea (bees), Vespoidea (wasps, hornets, and yellow jackets), and Formicidae (ants). These insects deliver their venom by stinging their victims. Bees lose their barbed stinger after stinging and die. Wasps, hornets, and yellow jackets can sting multiple times. Most deaths related to Hymenoptera stings are the result of immediate hypersensitivity reactions, causing anaphylaxis. Massive envenomations can cause death in nonallergic individuals. The estimated lethal dose is approximately 20 stings/kg in most mammals. Anaphylactic reactions to Hymenoptera stings are not dose dependent or related to the number of stings. Bee and wasp venoms are made up primarily of protein. Conversely, fire ant venoms are 95% alkaloids. Four possible reactions are seen after insect stings: local reactions, regional reactions, systemic anaphylactic responses, and less commonly, delayed-type hypersensitivity. Clinical signs of bee and wasp stings include erythema, edema, and pain at the sting site. Occasionally, animals develop regional reactions. Onset of life-threatening, anaphylactic signs typically occur within 10 minutes of the sting. Diagnosis of bee and wasp stings stem from a history of potential contact matched with onset of appropriate clinical signs. Treatment of uncomplicated envenomations (stings) consists of conservative therapy (antihistamines, ice or cool compresses, topical lidocaine, or corticosteroid lotions). Prompt recognition and initiation of treatment is critical in successful management of anaphylactic reactions to hymenopteran stings. Imported fire ants both bite and sting, and envenomation only occurs through the sting. Anaphylaxis after imported fire ant stings is treated similarly to anaphylactic reactions after honeybee and vespid stings. The majority of Hymenopteran stings are self-limiting events, which resolve in a few hours without treatment. Because life-threatening anaphylactic reactions can progress rapidly, all animals stung should be closely monitored and observed. In the following review article, we will examine the sources and incidence, toxicokinetics, pathological lesions, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for dogs and cats suffering Hymenoptera stings.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Allergy to bumblebees.
- Author
-
de Groot H
- Subjects
- Anaphylaxis immunology, Animals, Humans, Anaphylaxis etiology, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees immunology, Insect Bites and Stings immunology
- Abstract
Purpose of Review: Field stings by bumblebees are uncommon because of the habitat and nonaggressiveness of these insects. More stings have been reported in the Netherlands because of the increasing use of bumblebees in flowering industries such as tomato growing. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent literature concerning bumblebee anaphylaxis and describe our own experience with immunotherapy in an occupational group of bumblebee-venom-allergic workers., Recent Findings: Two distinct categories of patients are sensitized to bumblebee venom. First are patients with IgE highly cross-reactive with honeybee venom allergens. Venom immunotherapy with honeybee venom will be adequate in these nonprofessionally exposed bumblebee-allergic patients. These patients react to bumblebee venom as a result of a primary earlier exposure and sensitization to honeybee venom. Secondly, with heavily exposed greenhouse workers or bumblebee workers, frequently stung only by bumblebees, it is recommended to use immunotherapy with purified bumblebee venom, due to the low or absent degree of cross-reactivity with honeybee venom. Otherwise, the best preventive therapy is to avoid further exposure, which means changing profession., Summary: Immunotherapy with purified bumblebee venom is as well tolerated and effective as immunotherapy with other Hymenoptera venoms.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. [The changes and clinical significance of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and endothelin level in bee sting poisoning].
- Author
-
Xia CY, Zhou JG, Zhang GY, Xie JP, and Liu XJ
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Insect Bites and Stings mortality, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Radioimmunoassay, Survival Rate, Bee Venoms poisoning, Endothelins blood, Insect Bites and Stings blood, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha blood
- Abstract
Objective: To investigate the change of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and endothelin (ET) levels and their clinical significance in patients with bee sting poisoning., Methods: TNFalpha and ET were measured in 97 patients with bee sting poisoning and the results were compared with those in 35 healthy controls. The 97 patients were divided into three groups i.e. mild poisoning group, moderate poisoning group and severe poisoning group and they were also divided according to prognosis into death group and survival group., Results: The levels of serum TNFalpha (1.36 +/- 0.37) microg/L and ET (55.20 +/- 12.60) ng/L in the slight poisoning group increased a little, but they were not significantly different from those in the controls (1.09 +/- 0.25) microg/L and (50.90 +/- 8.80) ng/L (P > 0.05). In the moderate and severe poisoning groups the levels of serum TNFalpha (2.82 +/- 0.79) microg/L, (4.02 +/- 0.93) microg/L and plasma ET (139.30 +/- 58.80) ng/L, (210.50 +/- 86.30) ng/L were significantly higher than those in the controls (P < 0.01). The levels in the severe poisoning group were much higher than those in the moderate poisoning group and the latter much higher than those in the controls. The levels of serum TNFalpha (4.53 +/- 0.89) microg/L and plasma ET (267.50 +/- 98.70) ng/L in the death group were much higher than those in the survival group (2.40 +/- 0.82) microg/L, (107.60 +/- 57.90) ng/L (P < 0.01). The levels of serum TNFalpha were positively correlated with those of plasma ET (P < 0.01)., Conclusions: TNFalpha and ET may be involved in the pathogenesis of bee sting poisoning. It is shown that the higher the levels of serum TNFalpha and plasma ET, the severer degree of the poisoning and the higher fatality rate. Serum TNFalpha and plasma ET levels may be important clinical index in judging the patients, condition and their prognosis in bee sting poisoning. It was an important clinical significance, that may be useful for medicating with antagonist and inhibitor against TNFalpha and ET to prevention and depress death rate in the patients with bee sting poisoning.
- Published
- 2006
25. Mechanisms of bee venom-induced acute renal failure.
- Author
-
Grisotto LS, Mendes GE, Castro I, Baptista MA, Alves VA, Yu L, and Burdmann EA
- Subjects
- Animals, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Kidney Tubules, Proximal pathology, Male, Myoglobin analysis, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Renal Circulation, Rhabdomyolysis complications, Acute Kidney Injury etiology, Bee Venoms poisoning
- Abstract
The spread of Africanized bees in the American continent has increased the number of severe envenomation after swarm attacks. Acute renal failure (ARF) is one of the major hazards in surviving patients. To assess the mechanisms of bee venom-induced ARF, rats were evaluated before, up to 70 min and 24h after 0.5mg/kg of venom injection. Control rats received saline. Bee venom caused an early and significant reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR, inulin clearance, 0.84+/-0.05 to 0.40+/-0.08 ml/min/100g, p<0.0001) and renal blood flow (RBF, laser Doppler flowmetry), which was more severe in the cortical (-72%) than in the medullary area (-48%), without systemic blood pressure decrease. Creatine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase increased significantly, pointing to rhabdomyolysis, whereas serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase and hematocrit remained stable. Twenty-four hours after venom, RBF recovered but GFR remained significantly impaired. Renal histology showed acute tubular injury and a massive tubular deposition of myoglobin. Venom was added to isolated rat proximal tubules (PT) suspension subjected to normoxia and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) for direct nephrotoxicity evaluation. After 60 min of incubation, 0.1, 2 and 10 microg of venom induced significant increases in LDH release: 47%, 64% and 86%, respectively, vs. 21% in control PT while 2 microg of venom enhanced H/R injury (85% vs. 55%, p<0.01). These results indicate that vasoconstriction, direct nephrotoxicity and rhabdomyolysis are important mechanisms in the installation of bee venom-induced ARF that may occur even without hemolysis or hypotension.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Pemphigus vulgaris induced by honeybee sting?
- Author
-
Gül U, Gönül M, Cakmak SK, and Kiliç A
- Subjects
- Animals, Bee Venoms poisoning, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Bees, Insect Bites and Stings complications, Pemphigus etiology
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. [Death of honeybee sting].
- Author
-
Lopatkin ON, Morozov IuE, Kopylov AV, Loktev NA, Chernousova LA, Vodolazskaia EV, and Totskaia AI
- Subjects
- Adult, Animals, Humans, Male, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees, Cause of Death, Insect Bites and Stings diagnosis, Insect Bites and Stings pathology
- Published
- 2006
28. Massive honey bee envenomation-induced rhabdomyolysis in an adolescent.
- Author
-
Betten DP, Richardson WH, Tong TC, and Clark RF
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Animals, Humans, Male, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees, Insect Bites and Stings complications, Rhabdomyolysis etiology
- Abstract
Massive envenomations by honey bees are capable of causing multiorgan dysfunction as a result of the direct toxic effects of the large venom load received. Although all varieties of honey bee have the potential for these attacks, the Africanized honey bee (Apis mellifera scutellata) is the most commonly implicated subspecies. In the United States, the Africanized strain is found primarily in the southwestern states and is known for its highly defensive behavior if disturbed. Mechanisms behind the multiorgan dysfunction produced by these mass envenomations are not clearly understood. We present a case of a 13-year-old male who was stung by approximately 700 honey bees and developed progressive upper-body swelling and systemic manifestations of mass envenomation including rhabdomyolysis, renal insufficiency, and a transient transaminase elevation.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. An autopsy approach to bee sting-related deaths.
- Author
-
Riches KJ, Gillis D, and James RA
- Subjects
- Adult, Anaphylaxis chemically induced, Anaphylaxis pathology, Animals, Autopsy, Bee Venoms immunology, Bites and Stings classification, Bites and Stings mortality, Fatal Outcome, Humans, Immunoglobulin E immunology, Male, Middle Aged, Serine Endopeptidases blood, Tryptases, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees, Bites and Stings pathology, Forensic Medicine methods
- Abstract
Although severe reactions to the sting of the common honey bee (Apis mellifera) are a common problem in Australia, reported deaths are uncommon, with the estimated mortality varying from one to four persons each year. The following study presents the postmortem findings in three cases of bee sting fatality, including one in which no observable sting was found. An autopsy approach to such cases is detailed. Overreporting of bee sting-related deaths may occur due to the inclusion of deaths unrelated to a reaction to bee venom, while under-reporting may be due to unexplained deaths where a history of a bee sting is not available or apparent at autopsy. A classification of bee sting-related deaths is proposed, which would allow more accurate reporting of bee sting-related fatalies. A serum tryptase and specific IgE to bee venom on serum obtained at autopsy can assist in confirming anaphylactic reaction to bee venom as the cause of death, particularly in the absence of observable stings. Although there are limitations to the usefulness of serum tryptase tests in the postmortem situation, it may still be useful to confirm suspected anaphylaxis in autopsy cases with an undetermined cause of death.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Animal and human health risks associated with Africanized honeybees.
- Author
-
Rodriguez-Lainz A, Fritz CL, and McKenna WR
- Subjects
- Aged, Animals, California epidemiology, Dog Diseases therapy, Dogs, Fatal Outcome, Humans, Insect Bites and Stings therapy, Latin America epidemiology, Male, Public Health, Southwestern United States epidemiology, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees pathogenicity, Dog Diseases epidemiology, Insect Bites and Stings epidemiology
- Published
- 1999
31. Delayed toxic reaction following massive bee envenomation.
- Author
-
Kolecki P
- Subjects
- Aged, Fatal Outcome, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Delayed etiology, Male, Bee Venoms poisoning, Emergency Treatment methods, Hypersensitivity, Delayed therapy, Insect Bites and Stings
- Abstract
Massive bee envenomation can produce both immediate and delayed toxic reaction. Signs and symptoms of immediate toxic reaction are fatigue, nausea, vomiting, hemolysis, kidney failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The label "delayed toxic reaction" refers to a patient who is asymptomatic after a massive bee envenomation, with normal initial laboratory results, but later demonstrates laboratory evidence of hemolysis, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, rhabdomyolysis, liver dysfunction, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The subject of this case report, a 66-year-old man, was stung more than 125 times in an attack by Africanized bees. He was initially asymptomatic, except for pain, and his laboratory findings were normal. The first signs of his fatal multi-organ-system failure were not apparent until 18 hours after envenomation. This experience has led the Good Samaritan Regional Poison Center in Phoenix, AZ, to recommend a 24-hour hospitalization for pediatric patients, older patients, and patients with underlying medical problems who are asymptomatic or who are experiencing only pain after an envenomation of 50 or more stings. Such patients have an increased risk of tissue injury, which may be delayed and which may be more effectively treated if identified early rather than on 12- to 24-hour follow-up. All other envenomated, asymptomatic patients or envenomated patients experiencing only pain who become symptomatic or who belatedly exhibit laboratory values consistent with hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, rhabdomyolysis, liver dysfunction, kidney failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation within a 6-hour emergency department observation period should be admitted. Intravenous fluids, blood products, dialysis, and other intensive measures should be initiated if necessary.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. [Toxic reaction induced by Hymenoptera stings].
- Author
-
Nittner-Marszalska M, Małolepszy J, Młynarczewski A, and Niedziółka A
- Subjects
- Acute Kidney Injury etiology, Aged, Anaphylaxis diagnosis, Anaphylaxis etiology, Anemia, Hemolytic etiology, Animals, Diagnosis, Differential, Fatal Outcome, Female, Humans, Male, Bee Venoms poisoning, Hymenoptera, Insect Bites and Stings complications, Wasp Venoms poisoning
- Abstract
Clinical symptoms of toxic reactions occurred in two patients following multiple stinging by bees and wasps respectively. The first cause is that of 76-year old woman attacked by a swarm of bees (about 200 stings), the other case presents a 69-year old man who was stung by several dozen of wasps. In the first case the toxic reaction was manifested by shock, acute renal failure, tissue damage of the skin, muscles and liver and haemolysis which resulted in the patients death. These symptoms occur as a results of the cytotoxic effects of bee venom components such as melittin, phospholipase and kinins. In the course of the disease, noteworthy are: the initial phase mimicking an anaphylactic shock, haemolysis and rhabdomyolysis which lead to acute renal failure with tubular necrosis. In the second case skin symptoms prevailed. Additionally, laboratory tests showed increased CPK as a results of myolysis caused by components of insect venom. The progress of toxic reactions following multiple stinging especially by bees, calls for hospital observation of stung patients with careful monitoring of renal function.
- Published
- 1998
33. [Massive poisoning by African bee stings].
- Author
-
Bourgain C, Pauti MD, Fillastre JP, Godin M, François A, Leroy JP, Droy JM, and Klotz F
- Subjects
- Acute Kidney Injury etiology, Acute Kidney Injury therapy, Adult, Animals, Hemolysis, Humans, Kidney blood supply, Male, Renal Dialysis, Rhabdomyolysis etiology, Rhabdomyolysis therapy, Senegal, Urinary Bladder blood supply, Vasculitis etiology, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees, Insect Bites and Stings complications
- Abstract
Background: Bee stings can cause severe toxic effects when envenomation is massive., Case Report: While touring in Casamance (Southern Senegal) a white male was severely stung by a swarm of African bees. The massive envenomation caused rhabdomyolysis, hemolysis and acute renal failure. Pathology examination of kidney and bladder specimens showed vasculitis affecting both arteries and veins. The patient was treated with several hemodialysis sessions and renal function returned to normal three months after the incident., Discussion: Bees in Africa, known as "killer bees", are particularly aggressive. They have recently been imported from tropical zones in America where a large number of deaths have been reported. Most cases of massive envenomation have shown acute tubular necrosis or renal involvement with myoglobinuria or hemoglobinuria. The renal pathology observed in our case is not usually described.
- Published
- 1998
34. [Venomous stings in the tropical world: bite and sting accident by a bumblebee swarm in a rainy Venezuelan forest].
- Author
-
Rodríguez-Acosta A, Guerrero R, Reyes M, and Szymanska B
- Subjects
- Accidents, Occupational, Female, Headache chemically induced, Headache complications, Hematemesis chemically induced, Hematemesis complications, Humans, Male, Melena chemically induced, Melena complications, Nausea chemically induced, Nausea complications, Venezuela, Bee Venoms poisoning, Insect Bites and Stings, Tropical Climate
- Abstract
Two cases of poisoning produced by the unusual attack of colonies of insects from the family Bombidae, commonly known as bumblebees, are described. This type of poisoning may become severe toxicity and it is analyzed in the light of the latest findings. It is characterized by hemorrhagical symptoms, such as hematemesis and melaena.
- Published
- 1998
35. Stinging insect allergies. Assessing and managing.
- Author
-
Glaspole I, Douglass J, Czarny D, and O'Hehir R
- Subjects
- Animals, Ant Venoms poisoning, Antivenins therapeutic use, Australia epidemiology, Bee Venoms poisoning, Humans, Hymenoptera classification, Immunotherapy, Insect Bites and Stings epidemiology, Insect Bites and Stings therapy, Wasp Venoms poisoning, Adrenergic Agonists therapeutic use, Anaphylaxis etiology, Anaphylaxis prevention & control, Arthropod Venoms poisoning, Epinephrine therapeutic use, Insect Bites and Stings complications
- Abstract
Background: Mortality secondary to insect sting anaphylaxis, though uncommon in this country, is a genuine risk to patients with venom hypersensitivity. A number of non specific and specific preventive measures are available to minimise this risk. They include proper patient counselling regarding sting avoidance and the use of self injectable adrenaline, as well as venom specific immunotherapy., Objective: This article attempts to review the spectrum of insect sting reactions, their appropriate assessment and subsequent management. Anaphylaxis is particularly emphasised with regard to first aid treatment and subsequent prevention., Discussion: The most common causes of insect stings in Australia are bees and wasps. Insect sting reactions cover a spectrum of responses, from normal to anaphylactic. Immunotherapy is indicated in those patients who experience anaphylactic responses. The presence of venom specific IgE must be demonstrated before commencing immunotherapy. Venom sensitive patients should be educated in anaphylaxis first aid with adrenaline self injectable syringes.
- Published
- 1997
36. [Renal dysfunction caused by animal poisons (snake venoms, bite and punctured poisoning)].
- Author
-
Suda M, Sato M, and Yoshikawa Y
- Subjects
- Bites and Stings complications, Humans, Bee Venoms poisoning, Kidney Diseases etiology, Snake Venoms poisoning
- Published
- 1997
37. Bee stings.
- Author
-
Simini B
- Subjects
- Animals, Desensitization, Immunologic, Humans, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees, Insect Bites and Stings
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Bee stings.
- Author
-
Bansal AS
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees, Insect Bites and Stings
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Removing bee stings.
- Author
-
Visscher PK, Vetter RS, and Camazine S
- Subjects
- Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Humans, Insect Bites and Stings physiopathology, Male, Single-Blind Method, Time Factors, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bees anatomy & histology, Insect Bites and Stings therapy
- Abstract
Background: Conventional advice on immediate treatment of honey-bee stings has emphasised that the sting should be scraped off, never pinched. The morphology of the sting suggested little basis for this advice, which is likely to slow down removal of the sting., Methods: The response to honey-bee stings was assayed with a measurement of the size of the resulting weal. Injection of known quantities of venom showed that this measurement is a good indicator of envenomisation., Findings: Weal size, and thus envenomisation, increased as the time from stinging to removal of the sting increased, even within a few seconds. There was no difference in response between stings scraped or pinched off after 2 s., Interpretation: These data suggest that advice to patients on the immediate treatment of bee stings should emphasise quick removal, without concern for the method of removal.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Direct tubular toxicity of hymenoptera venom.
- Author
-
Beccari M, Castiglione A, Cavaliere G, d'Aloya G, Fabbri C, Losi B, Ranzini C, Romagnoni M, and Sorgato G
- Subjects
- Acute Kidney Injury etiology, Animals, Bees, Humans, Insect Bites and Stings complications, Middle Aged, Bee Venoms poisoning, Kidney Tubules drug effects
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. [Poisoning by French fauna].
- Author
-
Jouglard J, Jean P, and David JM
- Subjects
- Animals, Bee Venoms poisoning, Bites and Stings diagnosis, Fish Venoms poisoning, France, Humans, Insect Bites and Stings therapy, Spider Bites, Viper Venoms poisoning, Bites and Stings therapy, Venoms poisoning
- Published
- 1981
42. Haemolytic anaemia in an adult after a wasp sting.
- Author
-
Schulte KL and Kochen MM
- Subjects
- Aged, Erythrocytes drug effects, Female, Humans, Anemia, Hemolytic chemically induced, Bee Venoms poisoning, Wasp Venoms poisoning
- Published
- 1981
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Bee venom hypersensitivity in Busselton.
- Author
-
Stuckey M, Cobain T, Sears M, Cheney J, and Dawkins RL
- Subjects
- Humans, Immunoglobulin E analysis, Radioallergosorbent Test, Bee Venoms poisoning, Hypersensitivity, Immediate mortality, Insect Bites and Stings mortality
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. [First aid in toxico-allergic reactions to wasp venom].
- Author
-
Potapova TM and Potapov AV
- Subjects
- Anaphylaxis etiology, Anaphylaxis therapy, Animals, Humans, Hypersensitivity therapy, Wasp Venoms immunology, Bee Venoms poisoning, First Aid, Hypersensitivity etiology, Insect Bites and Stings therapy, Wasp Venoms poisoning
- Published
- 1987
45. Bee-sting anaphylaxis in childhood.
- Author
-
Pearn J and Hawgood S
- Subjects
- Aerosols, Albuterol administration & dosage, Anaphylaxis therapy, Bicarbonates administration & dosage, Child, Child, Preschool, Desensitization, Immunologic methods, Epinephrine administration & dosage, Hormones administration & dosage, Humans, Hydrocortisone administration & dosage, Injections, Intramuscular, Injections, Subcutaneous, Male, Promethazine administration & dosage, Anaphylaxis etiology, Bee Venoms poisoning, Insect Bites and Stings complications
- Abstract
The syndrome of bee-sting anaphylaxis is described. Children who have suffered crescendo reactions to previous bee stings, especially children with a history of asthma, are significantly at risk. Desensitization is required in such cases; adrenaline should be kept in the home, and parents should be trained in its emergency use. The immunological mechanisms of bee-sting anaphylaxis are described. The striking seasonal incidence of anaphylaxis suggests that pollen or plant products which are incorporated in the venom may also be important in its genesis; it suggests also that antigens prepared from either whole-body or pure-venom extracts should be prepared from bees which are collected in late spring.
- Published
- 1979
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.