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Youth participation has become an important element of environmental governance and is also a way that young people learn about the expectations of citizenship. In the global South, young people are confronted with multiple understandings of citizenship as international development organisations may introduce citizenship in a liberal, democratic framing which may differ from national citizenship norms. In Vietnam, state agencies have a history of supporting youth participation linked to nation building and community service. These activities create an imaginary which highlights citizenship as a status and the national scale as being central. More recently, liberalisation policies have opened the door for activities of international organisations which extend imaginaries of citizenship to the global scale and beyond status to a process centred on creating a sense of belonging. Other forms of participation are also flourishing, thanks to the increasing reach of social media. This paper explores how the diversity of this landscape creates liminal spaces of citizenship which young people navigate, working within and between different scales and imaginaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While community-led adaptation is an increasingly important subject in both academic and development circles, the politics behind adaptation decision making receives less attention. Specifically, an absence of adaptive actions is often understood as maladaptation. This study shows how incorporating lessons from political ecology such as an analysis of historically produced socio-political structures can add value to a resilience perspective by making clearer the contextual forces that shape adaptation decision making. Using the case study of urban farming in Phnom Penh, the political reality behind adaptation decision making is explored to reveal that the decision not to adapt may be a rational response to avoid risk in a situation of significant power imbalances. This understanding is important to inform the kind of policy measures and development interventions that are appropriate to support community-led adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]